Effects of 4-tert-octylphenol on glutathione-related antioxidant status in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

( Jung-hoon Jee ),( Yoo-hwa Keum ),( Jun Sung Bae ),( Chae Won Lee ),( Chan Yeong Yang ),( Sang-hoon Choi ),( Ju-chan Kang ),( Kwan Ha Park ) 한국어병학회 2019 한국어병학회지 Vol.32 No.2

Effects on glutathione-related antioxidant parameters were examined after a chronic exposure of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus to dietary 4-tert-octylphenol (4-tert-OP). Fish were fed diets containing 4-tert-OP at 0, 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg diet for 6 weeks. Antioxidant parameters examined were reduced glutathione (GSH) contents and enzyme activities of glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in tissue homogenates of the liver, kidney and gill. It was observed that all parameters examined increased although there were some differences in dose responses and temporal patterns in the increase. GSH contents increased after exposure to 4-tert-OP in the three organs examined. However, the GSH increase was evident only after 4 weeks in the liver whereas it was elevated after 2 weeks in the kidney and gill. GR activity exhibited a significant increase in response to 4-tert-OP at 1 mg/kg in all three organs, however, its activity returned to control levels when exposed to 5 and 10 mg/kg. Hepatic GST activity showed an earlier increase at week 2 in contrast to the kidney and gill where they increased after 4 weeks of 4-tert-OP exposure. Temporal patterns in GPx activity changes to 4-tert-OP exposure were dissimilar among the organs: hepatic activity increased from week 2 through week 6; renal activity increased transiently at week 2; gill levels were higher through weeks 4 - 6. The results suggest that elevation of several GSH-related antioxidant parameters can be considered as evaluation criteria for 4-tert- OP-induced oxidative stress in a fish.

Effects of 4-tert-octylphenol on glutathione-related antioxidant status in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

지정훈,금유화,배준성,이채원,양찬영,최상훈,강주찬,박관하 한국어병학회 2019 한국어병학회지 Vol.32 No.2

Effects on glutathione-related antioxidant parameters were examined after a chronic exposure of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus to dietary 4-tert-octylphenol (4-tert-OP). Fish were fed diets containing 4-tert-OP at 0, 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg diet for 6 weeks. Antioxidant parameters examined were reduced glutathione (GSH) contents and enzyme activities of glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in tissue homogenates of the liver, kidney and gill. It was observed that all parameters examined increased although there were some differences in dose responses and temporal patterns in the increase. GSH contents increased after exposure to 4-tert-OP in the three organs examined. However, the GSH increase was evident only after 4 weeks in the liver whereas it was elevated after 2 weeks in the kidney and gill. GR activity exhibited a significant increase in response to 4-tert-OP at 1 mg/kg in all three organs, however, its activity returned to control levels when exposed to 5 and 10 mg/kg. Hepatic GST activity showed an earlier increase at week 2 in contrast to the kidney and gill where they increased after 4 weeks of 4-tert-OP exposure. Temporal patterns in GPx activity changes to 4-tert-OP exposure were dissimilar among the organs: hepatic activity increased from week 2 through week 6; renal activity increased transiently at week 2; gill levels were higher through weeks 4-6. The results suggest that elevation of several GSH-related antioxidant parameters can be considered as evaluation criteria for 4-tert- OP-induced oxidative stress in a fish.

Effects of 4-tert-octylphenol on glutathione-related antioxidant status in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

Jee, Jung-Hoon,Keum, Yoo-Hwa,Bae, Jun Sung,Lee, Chae Won,Yang, Chan Yeong,Choi, Sang-Hoon,Kang, Ju-Chan,Park, Kwan Ha The Korean Society of Fish Pathology 2019 한국어병학회지 Vol.32 No.2

Effects on glutathione-related antioxidant parameters were examined after a chronic exposure of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus to dietary 4-tert-octylphenol (4-tert-OP). Fish were fed diets containing 4-tert-OP at 0, 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg diet for 6 weeks. Antioxidant parameters examined were reduced glutathione (GSH) contents and enzyme activities of glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in tissue homogenates of the liver, kidney and gill. It was observed that all parameters examined increased although there were some differences in dose responses and temporal patterns in the increase. GSH contents increased after exposure to 4-tert-OP in the three organs examined. However, the GSH increase was evident only after 4 weeks in the liver whereas it was elevated after 2 weeks in the kidney and gill. GR activity exhibited a significant increase in response to 4-tert-OP at 1 mg/kg in all three organs, however, its activity returned to control levels when exposed to 5 and 10 mg/kg. Hepatic GST activity showed an earlier increase at week 2 in contrast to the kidney and gill where they increased after 4 weeks of 4-tert-OP exposure. Temporal patterns in GPx activity changes to 4-tert-OP exposure were dissimilar among the organs: hepatic activity increased from week 2 through week 6; renal activity increased transiently at week 2; gill levels were higher through weeks 4 - 6. The results suggest that elevation of several GSH-related antioxidant parameters can be considered as evaluation criteria for 4-tert-OP-induced oxidative stress in a fish.

Grafoil foam 기판 위의 4He 필름

남상탁 한국물리학회 2019 New Physics: Sae Mulli Vol.69 No.11

Grafoil foam 기판 위에 흡착된 액체 4He 필름에서 온도와 필름의 두께에 따라 달라지는 제삼음파의속력에 대한 이론적인 식을 Rutledge 등의 유체역학적 방법을 사용하여 나타냈다. 그리고, Grafoil foam 기판 위에 흡착된 액체 4He 필름의 제삼음속, van der Waals 상수, 필름의 두께 등의 측정값들을 사용하여액체 4He 필름의 초유체 매개변수들 s/ 와 sd/T 를 계산하였다. Grafoil foam 기판 위에 흡착된 액체4He 필름의 s/ 와 sd/T 는 각각의 기판의 전이온도에서 필름의 두께와 상관없이 각각 0.215와 0.267 사이의 값과 3:46 10 9 g/cm2K와 4:32 10 9 g/cm2K 사이의 값으로 주어지고 제삼음속은 각각의기판의 전이온도에서 필름의 두께를 증가시키면 감소함을 볼 수 있었다. 우리는 Grafoil foam 기판 위에흡착된 액체 헬륨 필름의 두께와 전이온도에 따라 필름의 치유길이와 제삼음속을 나타내는 식 내에 있는보정인자의 값이 낮은 전이온도와 얇은 두께의 필름에서 음이거나 작지만 전이온도가 높고 필름의 두께가두꺼우면 상당히 커짐을 알 수 있었다. We present the third sound-speed of liquid 4He films on Grafoil foam substrates as functions of the temperature and the film depth, which we obtained by using the hydrodynamic method of Rutledge et al.. We also calculated the superfluid parameters s/ and sd/T of the liquid 4He films on Grafoil foam substrates by using the measured values of the third sound-speed, the van der Waals constant, and the thickness of the film. We found that the parameters of s/ and sd/T in liquid 4He film on each Grafoil foam substrate at its critical temperature were between 0.215 and 0.267 and between 3:46 10 9 g/cm2K and 4:32 10 9 g/cm2K which had nothing to do with the film’s thickness. The third sound-speed for the films on each substrate at its critical temperature was found to be decrease with increasing thickness of the film. Also, the value of the complementary factor in the equation representing the film coverage and the third sound-speed as functions of the thickness and critical temperature of liquid 4He films on Grafoil foam substrates seemed to be negative or small for a thin film at its low critical temperature, but it was likely to be much large, for a thick film at its high critical temperature.

서해안 태안 어은리 갯벌의 연속관측 메탄(CH4 ) 플럭스 특성 평가

이준호(Jun-Ho Lee),노경찬(Kyoung Chan Rho),우한준(Han Jun Woo),강정원(Jeongwon Kang),정갑식(Kap-Sik Jeong),장 석(Seok Jang) 대한자원환경지질학회 2015 자원환경지질 Vol.48 No.2

2014년 8월 31일~9월 1일 충남 태안 어은리 갯벌 퇴적물의 동일한 실험 장소에서 닫힌 챔버를 이용하여 챔버내 가스들(메탄(CH4 ), 이산화탄소(CO2 ) 및 산소(O2 ))의 갯벌 표면 노출시 일조량이 있는 조석주기의 저조 시점을 기준으로 각 기체의 플럭스량을 파악하기 위해 총 6회 실험하였다. 챔버 내에서 채취된 대기 샘플 중 메탄의 농도는 6시간 이내에 지구온실가스 측정용 EG model GS-23 가스크로마토그래피로 분석하였으며 그 외 가스종은 Multi Gas Monitor를 이용하여 실시간 측정하였다. 각 가스 종들의 배출원(source (+)) 또는 흡수원(sink (-))의 플럭스 계산값 은 단순 선형 회귀분석을 이용하여 시간에 따른 각 기체의 농도변화인 1차 함수 기울기 값을 수식에 대입하여 계산하였다. 또한 주변 환경 특성을 참고하기 위해 퇴적물 함수율, 온도, 총유기탄소, 챔버내 온도 및 퇴적물 퇴적상도 측정하였다. 첫째날, 총 3회 플럭스 측정이 진행되는 5시간 20분 동안 이산화탄소는 –137.00~-81.73 mg/m 2 /hr 흡수원, 산소는 –0.03~0.00 mg/m 2 /hr 흡수원 그리고 둘째날, 이산화탄소는 –20.43~-2.11 mg/m 2 /hr 흡수원, 산소는 –0.18~ -0.14 mg/m 2 /hr 흡수원으로 모두 동일하였다. 메탄의 경우 양일간 조석주기의 저조 시점이 되기 전에는 첫째날 –0.02 mg/m 2 /hr 흡수원(SPSS 통계분석을 이용한 Pearson 상관계수는 뚜렷한 음의 선형관계인–0.555(n=5, p=0.332)) 및 둘 째날 –0.15 mg/m 2 /hr 흡수원(상관계수는 강한 음의 선형관계인 –0.915(n=5, p=0.030))으로 작용하였다. 그리고 저조 시점 이후로 메탄은 첫째날 최소 +0.00 mg/m 2 /hr 배출원(상관계수는 거의 무시될 수 있는 선형관계인 +0.713(n=5, p=0.176)) 및 둘째날 최대 +0.03 mg/m 2 /hr 배출원(상관계수는 약한 양의 선형관계인 +0.194(n=5, p=0.754))이 된 다는 플럭스 양상은 양일간 모두 같았다. 그러나 CH4 플럭스 값은 일자 및 시간별로 모두 다르게 분석되었다. 이러 한 결과는 같은 시간, 동일지역 퇴적물 일지라도 CH4 플럭스 변화율은 갯벌 근처 해수의 표층 조석주기 특성 이해를 통한 가스 방출 상관관계 및 물리화학적 퇴적물 환경과 같은 주변 변수에 따라 영향을 받음 수 있음을 보여준다. In 2014, on 31 August and 1 September, the emissions of CH 4 , CO 2 , and O 2 gases were measured six times using the closed chamber method from exposed tidal flat sediments in the same position relative to the low point of the tidal cycle in the Eoeun-ri, Taean-gun, on the Mid-western Coast of Korea. The concentrations of CH 4 in the air sample collected in the chamber were measured using gas chromatography with an EG analyzer, model GS-23, within 6 hours of collection, and the other gases were measured in real time using a multi-gas monitor. The gas emission fluxes (source (+), and sink (-)) were calculated from a simple linear regression analysis of the changes in the concentrations over time. In order to see the surrounding parameters (water content, temperature, total organic carbon, average mean size of sediments, and the temperature of the inner chamber) were measured at the study site. On the first day, across three measurements during 5 hours 20 minutes, the observed CO 2 flux absorption was -137.00 to -81.73 mg/m 2 /hr, and the O 2 absorption, measured simultaneously, was -0.03 to 0.00 mg/m 2 /hr. On the second day using an identical number of measurements, the CO 2 absorption was -20.43 to -2.11 mg/m 2 /hr, and the O 2 absorption –0.18 to -0.14 mg/m 2 /hr. The CH 4 absorption before low tide was –0.02 mg/m 2 /hr (first day, Pear-son correlation coefficient using the SPSS statistical analysis is –0.555(n=5, p=0.332, pronounced negative linear relationship)), and –0.15 mg/m 2 /hr (second day, -0.915(n=5, p=0.030, strong negative linear relationship)) on both measurement days. The emitted flux after low tide on both measurement days reached a minimum of +0.00 mg/m 2 /hr (+0.713(n=5, p=0.176, linear relationship which can be almost ignored)), and a maximum of +0.03 mg/m 2 /hr (+0.194(n=5, p=0.754, weak positive linear relationship)) after low tide. However, the absolute values of the CH 4 fluxes were analyzed at different times. These results suggest that rate for CH 4 fluxes, even the same time and area, were influenced by changes in the tidal cycle characteristics of surface sediments for understanding their correla-tion with these gas emissions, and surrounding parameters such as physiochemical sediments conditions.

Inhibition and Chemical Mechanism of Protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes KF707

Taekyeong Kang(강태경),Sang Ho Kim(김상호),Mi Ja Jung(정미자),Yong Kweon Cho(조용권) 한국생명과학회 2015 생명과학회지 Vol.25 No.5

Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes KF707에서 정제한 protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase의 특징을 조사하기 위하여 pH안정성, 화학적 저해, 화학적 수식과 pH의존성 반응 상수에 대한 실험을 수행하였다. 이 효소는 pH 4.5~10.7에서 안정하였다. L-ascorbate와 glutathione은 Kis가 각각 0.17 mM과 0.86 mM인 경쟁적 저해제였으며, DL-dithiothreitol은 Kis 1.57 mM 및 Kii 8.08 mM의 비경쟁적 저해패턴을 나타내었다. Potassium cyanide, p-hydroxybenzoate 및 sodium azide는 Kis가 각각 55.7 mM, 0.22 mM 및15.64 mM이었으며, Kii는 각각94.1 mM, 8.08 mM, 및 662.64 mM인 비경쟁적 저해패턴을 나타내었다. FeCl2는 Kis가 29 μM로 가장 우수한 경쟁적 저해제였으며, FeCl3, MnCl2, CoCl2, HgCl2, AlCl3도 각각 Kis가 1.21 mM, 0.85 mM, 3.98 mM, 0.17 mM 및 0.21 mM인 경쟁적 저해패턴을 보였다. 한편, 다른 금속이온들은 비경쟁적 저해패턴을 나타내었다. pH의존성 반응상수의 실험결과로부터 pK 6.2와 9.4의 촉매부위와 pK 5.5와 9.0의 결합부위가 존재함을 알 수 있었다. Lysine, cysteine, tyrosine, carboxyl과 histidine은 각각의 고유한 화학적 수식제에 의해 수식되었는데, 이는 이들 잔기들이 결합과 촉매에 관여한다는 것을 나타낸다. 위 결과를 토대로 화학적 메커니즘을 제시한다. We carried out pH stability, chemical inhibition, chemical modification, and pH-dependent kinetic parameter assessments to further characterize protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes KF707. Protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase was stable in the pH range of 4.5~10.5. L-ascorbate and glutathione were competitive inhibitors with Kis values of 0.17 mM and 0.86 mM, respectively. DL-dithiothreitol was a noncompetitive inhibitor with a Kis value of 1.57 mM and a Kii value of 8.08 mM. Potassium cyanide, p-hydroxybenzoate, and sodium azide showed a noncompetitive inhibition pattern with Kis values of 55.7 mM, 0.22 mM, and 15.64 mM, and Kii values of 94.1 mM, 8.08 mM, and 662.64 mM, respectively. FeCl2 was the best competitive inhibitor with a Kis value of 29 μM. FeCl3, MnCl2, CoCl2, and AlCl3 were also competitive inhibitors with Kis values of 1.21 mM, 0.85 mM, 3.98 mM, and 0.21 mM, respectively. Other metal ions showed noncompetitive inhibition patterns. The pH-dependent kinetic parameter data showed that there may be at least two catalytic groups with pK values of 6.2 and 9.4 and two binding groups with pK values of 5.5 and 9.0. Lysine, cysteine, tyrosine, carboxyl, and histidine were modified by their own specific chemical modifiers, indicating that they are involved in substrate binding and catalysis.

콘크리트 크리프 변형 예측을 위한 비선형 4-매개변수 모델의 제안

이창수(Lee Chang Soo),김현겸(Kim Hyeon Kyeom) 대한토목학회 2006 대한토목학회논문집 A Vol.26 No.1A

콘크리트 구조물의 실제적인 응력과 변형률의 관계를 알기 위해서는 크리프와 수축에 관한 구성방정식을 정량화하는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구는 콘크리트의 시간의존적인 변형 중에서 크리프 변형에 관한 현상학적인 문제를 수학적으로 전개하고 유변학적 접근방법을 사용하여 크리프에 관한 예측모델을 구성한다. 고전적인 4-매개변수 모델에 기초하여 각각의 변형성분을 조합하고, 적절한 크리프 변형을 얻어내기 위한 4개의 매개변수들을 재령영향과 겔 입자간의 연결을 제거하려는 미세프리스트레스의 영향을 고려하여 비선형 함수로 구성된 매개변수들을 전개하며 회복이 불가능한 점성변형에 대하여 습윤평형상태와 건조상태에서 모두 예측할 수 있는 유효점성계수를 유도한다. 본 연구에서 제안한 예측모델은 실험결과와 상관계수 99% 이상의 우수한 결과를 제공하고 있다. To obtain realistic stress-strain relation in concrete, it is necessary to improve the constitutive model for creep and shrinkage of concrete. This study is made up with predicting model of creep using rheological approach and mathematical development which is solution for phenomenon of concrete creep. Long-term deformation components are combined based on traditional 4-parameters model. Creep deformation is obtained adequately using 4-parameters determined by considering aging effect and microprestress among gels. And coefficient of effective viscosity is able to represent both basic creep and total creep included drying creep. This study attempt to establish mathematical model considering effects of aging, hydration, and variations of pore humidity. It can predict both basic creep and total creep. Values of result between prediction and experiment have greater than correlation factor 99%. Additionally experimental results report bad consentaneity with highway design specification adopting FIB MC 90. Rather than those are similar to FIB MC 90 rev.99.

Expression of HERC4 in Lung Cancer and its Correlation with Clinicopathological Parameters

Zeng, Wen-Li,Chen, Yao-Wu,Zhou, Hui,Zhou, Jue-Yu,Wei, Min,Shi, Rong Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.2

Background: Growing evidence suggests that the members of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) are important for tumorigenesis. HERC4, one component, is a recently identified ubiqutin ligase. However, the expression level and function role of HERC4 in lung cancer remain unknown. Our objective was to investigate any correlation between HERC4 and development of lung cancer and its clinical significance. Materials and Methods: To determine HERC4 expression in lung cancer, an immunohistochemistry analysis of a tissue microarray containing samples of 10 lung normal tissues, 15 pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas, 45 squamous epithelial cancers and 50 adenocarcinomas was conducted. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was applied to obtain a cut-off point of 52.5%, above which the expression of HERC4 was regarded as "positive". Results: On the basis of ROC curve analysis, positive expression of HERC4 was detected in 0/10 (0.0%) of lung normal tissues, in 4/15 (26.7%) of pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas, in 13/45 (28.9%) of squamous epithelial cancers and in 19/50 (38.0%) of adenocarcinomas. It showed that lung tumors expressed more HERC4 protein than adjacent normal tissues (${\chi}^2$=4.675, p=0.031). Furthermore, HERC4 positive expression had positive correlation with pT status (${\chi}^2$=44.894, p=0.000), pN status (${\chi}^2$=43.628, p=0.000), histological grade (${\chi}^2$=7.083, p=0.029) and clinical stage (${\chi}^2$=72.484, p=0.000), but not age (${\chi}^2$=0.910, p=0.340). Conclusions: Our analysis suggested that HERC4 is likely to be a diagnostic biomarker for lung cancer.

얇은 4He 필름의 초유체 매개변수들

남상탁 한국물리학회 2017 New Physics: Sae Mulli Vol.67 No.1

The properties related to the third sound of liquid helium are argued using the equation for the conservation of mass on a slab of film, the heat-flow equation, the hydrodynamical equation of motion of the incompressible superfluid component, and each traveling wave solution. We represented the third-sound velocity of thin superfluid $^4$He films on glass substrates and on polished CaF$_2$ single-crystal substrates by using the Atkins model and obtained $\bar{\rho}_s/\rho$ and $\bar{\rho}_sd/T$ for the thin superfluid $^4$He films by using the measured third-sound speed, the van der Waals constant, and the thickness of the film. We found that the superfluid parameters $\bar{\rho}_s/\rho$ and $\bar{\rho}_sd/T$ decreased both on glass and polished CaF$_2$ single-crystal substrates as the temperature was increased at temperatures below the critical temperature when the thicknesses of the films were constant. Also, the parameters $\bar{\rho}_s/\rho$ and $\bar{\rho}_sd/T$ increased both on glass and polished CaF$_2$ single-crystal substrates as the thickness of the films increased when the temperature was constant below the critical temperature. 필름 평판에서 질량의 보존을 나타내는 방정식, 열 흐름을 나타낸 방정식, 비압축성 초유체 성분의 유체 동역학적 운동방정식을 사용하고 각각에 대한 진행 파 형태의 해들을 이용해서 제삼음파와 관련된 성질에 관하여 논의한다. 유리기판과 연마된 CaF$_2$ 단결정 기판 위에 형성된 초유체 $^4$He 필름의 제삼음파의 속력을 Atkins의 모형으로부터 구하고 제삼음속, van der Waals 상수, 필름의 두께 등의 측정값들을 사용하여 초유체 $^4$He 필름의 $\bar{\rho}_s/\rho$와 $\bar{\rho}_sd/T$를 구하였다. 두 기판 위에서 초유체 $^4$He 필름은 두께 변화 없이 전이온도 보다 낮은 온도에서부터 전이온도로 온도가 올라가면 초유체 $^4$He 필름의 $\bar{\rho}_s/\rho$와 $\bar{\rho}_sd/T$는 감소하고 같은 온도에서 필름의 두께가 커지면 초유체 매개변수들 $\bar{\rho}_s/\rho$와 $\bar{\rho}_sd/T$도 커짐을 보인다.

토양수분과정을 고려한 GR4J 모형의 개량 및 국내유역 적용성 평가

임성수,유도근,김중훈 한국방재학회 2012 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.12 No.3

Soil Moisture Accounting(SMA) process is an important topic in rainfall-runoff analysis because it determines the initial discharge in hydrological models. The SMA process is used in continuous NRCS method. However, it can not explain some events due to its assumption of initial rainfall losses. In this study, a modified SMA procedure is applied to solve the problem with the initial rainfall losses assumption of the NRCS method, and a modified GR4J model is developed using the modified SMA procedure. To verify the applicability of the proposed model, the results are compared with those from existing GR4J models in three different Korean basins. In this process, Harmony Search optimization algorithm is used to calibrate model parameters. And the calibrated parameters are verified to check the representability of the target basin. The developed model shows better results than existing models do and can improve accuracy of the rainfall-runoff model. Since the modified GR4J model shows outstanding efficiency while using less parameters, it is expected to be applied to many other Korean basins. 토양수분과정은 강우사상 발생 시 유역의 반응을 결정할 때 중요하게 고려되어야 할 과정으로 저류형 수문모형에 있어서 초기 유출량을 결정하는 역할을 한다. 이 같은 토양수분과정은 연속형 NRCS 방법에 주로 사용되었으나 초기강우손실 가정의 문제점 때문에 강우발생사상에 대하여 일부 사상은 설명할 수 없다. 본 연구에서는 NRCS 방법의 초기강우손실 가정의 문제점을해결하고자 수정된 토양수분과정을 고려하여 모형을 개량하고 개량한 모형을 국내유역에 적용하여 적용성을 평가하였다. 수정된토양수분과정 개선절차 적용에 있어서 집중형 장기강우유출모형인 GR4J(Ge'nie Rural a 4 parame tres Journalier)를 선택하여개선하였다. 이를 기존의 결과와 비교하여 개선된 절차가 결과에 어떤 영향을 미치는 지 살펴보았다. 이 과정에서 모형의 매개변수 추정은 최적화 알고리즘인 화음탐색법을 사용하였으며 매개변수 검증을 수행하여 각 매개변수가 유역의 특성을 대표하는지 확인하였다. 토양수분과정 개선을 통해 더 향상된 강우-유출 값을 획득하였으며 연구 결과를 토대로 토양수분과정 개선을통해 강우-유출 과정의 정확성을 향상시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다. 유출기준저류고에 따른 토양수분과정 세분화는 유출량 추정의정확성을 높이는 데 매우 중요한 역할을 하며 본 연구에서 사용한 GR4J 모형은 비교적 적은 매개변수를 사용하여 우수한 성능을 나타내기에 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 국내유역에서 적용하기에 적합한 모형으로 기대된다.