3D영상에 정합되는 스테레오 오디오

박성욱(Sung-Wook Park),정태윤(Tae-Yun Chung) 한국지능시스템학회 2011 한국지능시스템학회논문지 Vol.21 No.2

본 연구에서는 동일한 내용의 영상을 2D로 감상할 때와 3D로 감상할 때 함께 재생되는 음향이 어떻게 달라져야하는지를 확인하는 주관적 실험을 수행하고 그 결과를 고찰하였다. 먼저 음향 정보는 음원이 자체적으로 제공하는 정보인 음원의 거리와 방위각(즉 위치) 그리고 음원의 환경 혹은 장면(scene)이 제공하는 정보인 공간감으로 분리가 가능하므로 이에 맞게 동일 내용의 2D/3D 영상이 음원의 위치 선정에 미치는 영향 평가 실험과 동일한 내용의 2D/3D 장면이 음향 공간감에 주는 영향 평가 실험을 수행하였다. 첫 번째 실험 결과 3D 영상을 감상하는 경우 2D 영상을 감상할 때 보다 스크린을 기준으로 음원의 거리와 방위각을 확대하여 인지한다는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 이는 2D 영상용 소리보다 거리와 방위각이 큰 3D 영상용 소리를 만들어야 한다는 것을 의미한다. 또한 3D 영상용 소리는 3D 영상뿐만 아니라 2D 영상과도 잘 어울린다는 결과를 얻었다. 두 번째 실험 결과, 3D 영상을 감상하는 경우 2D 영상을 감상할 때 보다 잔향이 더 많은 소리를 선호함을 알 수 있었다. 이는 3D 영상을 감상할 때 공간감이 강화되기 때문으로 해석된다. 본 연구의 결과는 기본적으로 2D 영상용 음향을 제작하던 음향엔지니어가 3D영상용 음향을 제작하는 데 활용할 수 있으며, 2D to 3D 음향을 자동으로 변형하는 연구의 기초가 될 것이다. 더 나아가서 본 연구의 결과를 기반으로 제한된 대역폭에서 2D 와 3D를 동시에 지원하는 방송 시스템을 설계하는데 적용해 본다면, 방송 데이터 규격은 스테레오 영상, 음원의 위치가 강조된 3D 음향과 공간감을 주는 잔향 정보로 구성하는 것이 적절하다고 할 수 있다. This paper presents subjective experimental results to understand how audio should be changed when a video clip is watched in 3D than 2D. This paper divided auditory perceptual information into two categories; distance and azimuth that a sound source contributes mostly, and spaciousness that scene or environment contribute mostly. According to the experiment for distance and azimuth ,i.e. sound localization, we found that distance and azimuth of sound sources were magnified when heard with 3D than 2D video. This lead us to conclude 3D sound for localization should be designed to have more distance and azimuth than 2D sound. Also we found 3D sound are preferred to be played with not only 3D video clip but also 2D video clip. According to the experiment for spaciousness, we found people prefer sound with more reverberation when they watch 3D video clips than 2D video clips. This can be understood that 3D video provides more spacial information than 2D video. Those subjective experimental results can help audio engineer familiar with 2D audio to create 3D audio, and be fundamental information of future research to make 2D to 3D audio conversion system. Furthermore when designing 3D broadcasting system with limited bandwidth and with 2D TV supportive, we propose to consider transmitting stereoscopic video, audio with enhanced localization, and metadata for TV sets to generate reverberation for spaciousness.

Improving electrochemical active area of MoS₂ via attached on 3D-ordered structures for hydrogen evolution reaction

Kim, Kisun,Tiwari, Anand P.,Hyun, Gayea,Novak, Travis G.,Jeon, Seokwoo Elsevier 2019 International journal of hydrogen energy Vol.44 No.52

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>To date, researchers have revealed that the electrocatalytic activity of 2-dimensional (2D) layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) such as MoS<SUB>2</SUB> can be improved by making free standing vertical structures to expose edge sites for efficient water splitting. However, poor electrical conductivity and structural instability restrict the practical application of vertical structures for efficient electrocatalytic activities. Here, a homogeneously attached MoS<SUB>2</SUB> structure on well-ordered 3-dimensional nickel (3D-Ni) is reported for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). This homogeneously attached structure of MoS<SUB>2</SUB> leads to abundant active sites and well-ordered 3D-Ni structures, solving the conductivity issue of MoS<SUB>2</SUB> and ensuring the structural stability during electrocatalytic processes. By controlling the amount of MoS<SUB>2</SUB> on the 3D-Ni, it is found that the electrochemical active area (ECSA) is increased by 5 times (50 cm<SUP>2</SUP> of active sites) compared to normal MoS<SUB>2</SUB> grown on 2D-Ni (9 cm<SUP>2</SUP> of active sites). It is also found that the charge transfer resistance (R<SUB>ct</SUB>) of attached MoS<SUB>2</SUB> structures on 3D-Ni (1 Ω) is 16 times lower than MoS<SUB>2</SUB> grown on 2D-Ni (16 Ω). In addition, the proposed attached structure of MoS<SUB>2</SUB> is stable in acidic electrolytes for continuous electrocatalytic activity and can be mass producible for practical applications.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A well-ordered 3-dimensional metal (3D-Ni) nanostructures is developed. </LI> <LI> 2D-MoS<SUB>2</SUB> sheets are homogeneously grown on the 3D-Ni by solvothermal method. </LI> <LI> Homogeneously attached 2D-MoS<SUB>2</SUB> on 3D-Ni abundant active sites for hydrogen evolution. </LI> <LI> Well-ordered 3D-Ni ensures stability and high electrochemical conductivity. </LI> <LI> The 2D/3D structure combo can be used in other electrochemical TMDC applications. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

2D to 3D 애니메이션 캐릭터에 나타난 언캐니 밸리 효과의 사례분석 연구

김남훈 한국디지털디자인학회 2012 디지털디자인학연구 Vol.12 No.3

최근 영화, 애니메이션, 게임 등 디지털 컨텐츠는 3D로 진화하고 있고, 애니메이션에 있어서 CG는 2D에 비해 3D에서 사실화 경향이 두드러진다. 3D 애니메이션의 사실성은 날이 갈수록 하이 퀄리티를 추구하므로 특히 인간형 캐릭터의 경우 사실성이 언캐니 밸리 효과에 미치는 영향에 대한 고려가 필수적이다. 본 연구는 카툰으로부터 2D 애니메이션을 거쳐 3D 애니메이션으로 표현된 작품을 분석했고, 그것을 지칭하는 '2D to 3D' 애니메이션 캐릭터의 최근 사례를 찾아 3D화로 진화되는 내용을 파악했다. 사례조사된 결과를 기반으로 언캐니 밸리 효과의 관점에서 캐릭터들을 분석했다. 2D to 3D 애니메이션 캐릭터들의 최근 사례는 Astro Boy(2009), The Smurfs(2011), The Adventure of Tintin(2011)이다. 3D 컨텐츠에서 작품에 대한 관객의 심리적 반응관 관련된 언캐니 밸리 효과는 CG 캐릭터들의 그래픽적인 문제의 주된 초점이 되고 있다. 이 경우의 언캐니 밸리 효과는 인간 유사성과 친근성 사이에 존재하는 3D 그래픽으로 표현된 애니메이션 캐릭터의 모습과 행동에 대한 부정적 반응을 말한다. 그것은 인간과 닮은 CG 캐릭터들의 사실적 표현이 언캐니 곡선의 부정적 영역에 빠지는 것을 피해야 한다는 것을 시사한다. 이것은 언캐니밸리 효과에 영향을 줄 수 있는 직접적 요인이다. 결과적으로 Astro Boy, Smurf, Tintin의 3D 캐릭터를 비교해 볼 때, Tintin의 경우 언캐니 밸리 효과를 피하기 가장 어려웠고, 다음으로 Astro Boy,는 피했으며, 그리고 마지막으로 Smurf는 관련이 거의 없어보였다. Recent digital contents have envolved into 3D trend such as film, animation, games, etc.. And CG for animation tend to stand out from the realism in 3D than in 2D. Realism of 3D animation is seeking high-quality day by day. In this regard, especially in the case of human type characters, realism and affecting the uncanny valley effect should be considered essential. This study has analyzed through the changed works from cartoon and 2D animation to 3D animation. And it refers to '2D to 3D ' animation character and evolved through analysis of works found in a recent case. Based on the results of case study of the uncanny valley effect was analyzed in terms of character. As a recent case, 2D to 3D animation characters are Astro Boy(2009), The Smurfs(2011), and The Adventure of Tintin(2011). The graphic problem of CG characters are the main focus in 3D contents. It is related with the uncanny valley effect, psychological response of audience on works. In this case, the uncanny valley effect says the negative response between the human likeness and familiarity that exist between the 3D animation character's appearance and behavior. It suggests that the realistic expression of CG characters are better avoid falling into the negative zone of uncanny curve with human likeness. This could affect the uncanny valley effect is a direct factor. As a result, when compared with Astro Boy, Smurf, Tintin as the 3D characters, Tintin never avoid the uncanny valley effect. And Astro Boy avoid the problem, and Smurf is not nearly related.

2D materials: increscent quantum flatland with immense potential for applications

Ranjan Pranay,Gaur Snehraj,Yadav Himanshu,Urgunde Ajay B.,Singh Vikas,Patel Avit,Vishwakarma Kusum,Kalirawana Deepak,Gupta Ritu,Kumar Prashant 나노기술연구협의회 2022 Nano Convergence Vol.9 No.26

Quantum flatland i.e., the family of two dimensional (2D) quantum materials has become increscent and has already encompassed elemental atomic sheets (Xenes), 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), 2D metal nitrides/carbides/carbonitrides (MXenes), 2D metal oxides, 2D metal phosphides, 2D metal halides, 2D mixed oxides, etc. and still new members are being explored. Owing to the occurrence of various structural phases of each 2D material and each exhibiting a unique electronic structure; bestows distinct physical and chemical properties. In the early years, world record electronic mobility and fractional quantum Hall effect of graphene attracted attention. Thanks to excellent electronic mobility, and extreme sensitivity of their electronic structures towards the adjacent environment, 2D materials have been employed as various ultrafast precision sensors such as gas/fire/light/strain sensors and in trace-level molecular detectors and disease diagnosis. 2D materials, their doped versions, and their hetero layers and hybrids have been successfully employed in electronic/photonic/optoelectronic/spintronic and straintronic chips. In recent times, quantum behavior such as the existence of a superconducting phase in moiré hetero layers, the feasibility of hyperbolic photonic metamaterials, mechanical metamaterials with negative Poisson ratio, and potential usage in second/third harmonic generation and electromagnetic shields, etc. have raised the expectations further. High surface area, excellent young’s moduli, and anchoring/coupling capability bolster hopes for their usage as nanofillers in polymers, glass, and soft metals. Even though lab-scale demonstrations have been showcased, large-scale applications such as solar cells, LEDs, flat panel displays, hybrid energy storage, catalysis (including water splitting and CO2 reduction), etc. will catch up. While new members of the flatland family will be invented, new methods of large-scale synthesis of defect-free crystals will be explored and novel applications will emerge, it is expected. Achieving a high level of in-plane doping in 2D materials without adding defects is a challenge to work on. Development of understanding of inter-layer coupling and its effects on electron injection/excited state electron transfer at the 2D-2D interfaces will lead to future generation heterolayer devices and sensors.

2차원 패턴 디자인 모듈과 Octree 공간 분할 방법을 이용한 3차원 의복 시뮬레이션 시스템에 관한 연구

김주리(Ju-Ri Kim),정석태(Suck-Tae Joung),정성태(Sung-Tae Jung) 한국멀티미디어학회 2007 멀티미디어학회논문지 Vol.10 No.4

??본 논문에서는 의복의 2차원 패턴을 이용하여 3차원 의복 모델을 제작하고 생성된 3차원 의복을 3차원 인체 모델에 자동으로 착의하는 3차원 패션 디자인 시스템을 제안한다. 이 시스템에서는 먼저 2차원 격자의 코너 점을 이용하여 2차원 옷감 조각을 디자인한 다음에 2차원 옷감 조각들 사이에 재봉되어야 할 제약점들을 기술함으로써 3차원 의복을 디자인한다. 그 다음에는 3차원 인체 모델 파일과 3차원 의복을 읽어 들인 다음 질량-스프링 모델에 기반한 물리적 시뮬레이션에 의해 의복을 착용한 3차원 모델을 생성한다. 본 논문의 시스템은 사실적인 시뮬레이션을 위하여 인체 모델을 구성하는 삼각형과 의복을 구성하는 삼각형 사이의 충돌을 검사하고 반응 처리를 수행하였다. 인체를 구성하는 삼각형의 수가 매우 많으므로, 이러한 충돌 검사 및 반응 처리는 많은 시간을 필요로 한다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위하여, 본 논문에서는 Octree 공간 분할 기법을 이용하여 충돌 검사 및 반응 처리 수를 줄였으며 수초 이내에 가상 인체 모델에 의복을 입힐 수 있었다. This paper proposes a 3D fashion design system that generates a 3D clothes m어el by using 2D patterns of clothes and drapes the 3D clothes model on a 3D human model. In the proposed system, 2D patterns of clothes are designed by selecting corner points of 2D mesh. After designing 2D patterns a 3D clothes model is designed by describing the control points to be connected between 2D patterns. The proposed system reads a 3D human body model file and the designed 3D clothes model and creates a 3D human model putting on the clothes by using the mass-spring model based physical simulation. It calculates collision and reaction between the triangles of human body model and those of clothes for realistic simulation. Because the number of triangles is very large, the collision and reaction processing need a lot of time. To solve this problem, the proposed system decreases the number of collision and reaction processing by using the Octree space subdivision technique. It took a few seconds for generating a 3D human model putting on the designed 3D clothes.

2D X-선 조영영상에서 정확한 혈관 구조 추출 기법

임선혜,박태용,정희렬,이정진 한국차세대컴퓨팅학회 2017 한국차세대컴퓨팅학회 논문지 Vol.13 No.1

본 논문에서는 2D X-선 조영영상의 혈관 구조를 정확하게 추출하는 방법을 제안한다. X-선 조영영상에 혈관 증강 필터를 적용하여 혈관 그래프를 생성하고, 다익스트라 알고리즘을 사용하여 최적의 혈관 경로를 탐색한다. 혈관 경 로 트리의 각 서브트리를 혈관 길이에 따라 반복적으로 자르고, 병합한다. 2D 조영영상에서 추출된 혈관 구조를 3D CT 조영영상에서 분할된 혈관과 강체 정합을 수행하고, 2D 혈관 트리 구조와 3D 혈관 구조에 대한 유사도를 측정한다. 그리고 3D 혈관 세그먼트의 후보군들을 2D 세그먼트의 초기 분할 구조를 기반으로 유사도를 재측정하여 2D 혈관 트리 구조를 재구성한다. 실험으로 10명의 환자 데이터에 대하여 실험한 결과 제안 기법은 혈관 분지에 대한 precision은 평균 0.911765이고, recall은 평균 0.403644로 정확한 혈관 구조 추출 결과를 보여주었다. In this paper, we propose an accurate method for extracting the vessel structures in 2D X-ray angiogram. As the vessel enhancement filter is applied to X-ray Angiogram, the vessel graph is generated. Using Dijkstra’s algorithm, the optimum vessel path is investigated. Each Sub-tree of the vessel path tree is pruned and merged repeatedly according to the vessel length. The rigid registration is performed for the vessel structures that are extracted in 2D X-ray Angiogram and 3D CT Angiogram. Then, the similarity between the 2D and 3D vessel structures is measured. And the similarity remeasurement is performed between 3D vessel segment and the candidates of 3D vessel segment based on the initial segmentation structure of 2D segments. The 2D vessel tree structure is reconstructed according to the result of similarity remeasurement. In the experiment, our method showed the accurate vascular structure extraction result using ten patients' data. Precision and recall of vessel branches were 0.911765, 0.403644 in average, respectively.

Horizontal-to-Vertical Transition of 2D Layer Orientation in Low-Temperature Chemical Vapor Deposition-Grown PtSe₂ and Its Influences on Electrical Properties and Device Applications

Han, Sang Sub,Kim, Jong Hun,Noh, Chanwoo,Kim, Jung Han,Ji, Eunji,Kwon, Junyoung,Yu, Seung Min,Ko, Tae-Jun,Okogbue, Emmanuel,Oh, Kyu Hwan,Chung, Hee-Suk,Jung, YounJoon,Lee, Gwan-Hyoung,Jung, Yeonwoong American Chemical Society 2019 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.11 No.14

<P>Two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDs) in the form of MX<SUB>2</SUB> (M: transition metal, X: chalcogen) exhibit intrinsically anisotropic layered crystallinity wherein their material properties are determined by constituting M and X elements. 2D platinum diselenide (2D PtSe<SUB>2</SUB>) is a relatively unexplored class of 2D TMDs with noble-metal Pt as M, offering distinct advantages over conventional 2D TMDs such as higher carrier mobility and lower growth temperatures. Despite the projected promise, much of its fundamental structural and electrical properties and their interrelation have not been clarified, and so its full technological potential remains mostly unexplored. In this work, we investigate the structural evolution of large-area chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown 2D PtSe<SUB>2</SUB> layers of tailored morphology and clarify its influence on resulting electrical properties. Specifically, we unveil the coupled transition of structural-electrical properties in 2D PtSe<SUB>2</SUB> layers grown at a low temperature (i.e., 400 °C). The layer orientation of 2D PtSe<SUB>2</SUB> grown by the CVD selenization of seed Pt films exhibits horizontal-to-vertical transition with increasing Pt thickness. While vertically aligned 2D PtSe<SUB>2</SUB> layers present metallic transports, field-effect-transistor gate responses were observed with thin horizontally aligned 2D PtSe<SUB>2</SUB> layers prepared with Pt of small thickness. Density functional theory calculation identifies the electronic structures of 2D PtSe<SUB>2</SUB> layers undergoing the transition of horizontal-to-vertical layer orientation, further confirming the presence of this uniquely coupled structural-electrical transition. The advantage of low-temperature growth was further demonstrated by directly growing 2D PtSe<SUB>2</SUB> layers of controlled orientation on polyimide polymeric substrates and fabricating their Kirigami structures, further strengthening the application potential of this material. Discussions on the growth mechanism behind the horizontal-to-vertical 2D layer transition are also presented.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>

완전시차 집적 영상 배경을 가지는 2D-3D 겸용 디스플레이 시스템

홍석표,신동학,김은수,Hong, Suk-Pyo,Shin, Dong-Hak,Kim, Eun-Soo 한국정보통신학회 2009 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.13 No.2

본 논문에서는 완전 시차 배경 영상을 가지는 새로운 형태의 2D-3D 겸용 디스플레이 시스템을 제안한다. 제안하는 시스템의 집적 영상 시스템과 기존의 2D 평면 디스플레이 구성이 되며, 3D 모드와 2D 모드에서 구동이 가능하다. 3D 모드에서는 집적 영상 기술을 이용하여 배경영상을 만들어서 주요 영상과 결합함으로써 3D 영상을 만든다. 2D 모드에서는 집적영상 시스템이 2D 평면 디스플레이의 백라이트 역할을 수행하고 2D 평면 디스플레이에 2D 영상이 표시된다. 제안하는 방법의 유용함을 보이기 위해서 기초 실험을 수행하고 성공적인 실험 결과를 보고한다. In this paper, we propose a 2D-3D convertible display system having a background of full-parallax integral images. The proposed system is composed of integral imaging system and conventional 2D flat display and is able to operate either 3D mode or 2D mode. In 3D mode, the 3D image is generated by combining the 2D main image with the background image based on integral imaging. In 2D mode, the integral imaging system plays a role as the back-light of 2D flat display and then 2D image is observed through 2D flat display. To show the usefulness of the proposed system, we carry out the preliminary experiments and present the successful experimental results.

한국인 폐암환자와 대조군의 CYP2D6 유전적 다형성에 관한 연구

전진호,이창희,엄상화,손병철,박준한,정귀옥,손창학,윤혜경,손춘희,김형인,정진숙,Chun, Jin-Ho,Lee, Chang-Hee,Urm, Sang-Hwa,Son, Byung-Chul,Park, Jun-Han,Jung, Kui-Oak,Sohn, Chang-Hak,Yoon, Hye-Kyoung,Son, Choon-Hee,Kim, Hyung-In,Jeong, J 대한예방의학회 1998 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.31 No.1

The genetically determined CYP2D6 activity as considered to be associated with cancer susceptibility with inter-individual variation. Genetic polymorphism of CYP2D6(B) and CYP2D6(T) was determined by the two polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and BstN1 and EcoN1 restriction fragment length polymorphisms(RFLP) for 67 lung cancer cases and 95 healthy volunteer controls. The cases were composed of 26 squamous cell carcinoma, 14 small cell carcinoma, 10 adenocarcinoma, 3 large cell undifferentiated carcinoma, and 14 not histologically diagnosed. The results were gained from the 142 subjects (57 cases and 85 controls) who observed successfully in two PCR and BstNl/EcoN1 RELP. Only one and no mutant allele of the CYP2D6(B) and CYP2D6(T) gene was detected, that is, the frequency of mutant allele was very low; 0.7%(1/142) and 0%(0/142), respectively. Detected mutant allele of the CYP2D6(B) was beterozygous type(WM). The odds ratios for lung cancer susceptibility with CYP2D6(B) and CYP2D6(T) genotype were not calculated. These results are similar to the previous understanding that the mutant allele is very rare in Orientals compared to Caucasians, therefore, it considered that CYP2D6(B) and CYP2D6(T) genotypes have maybe no association with lung cancer susceptibility in Koreans. This is the basic data of CYP2D6(B) and CYP2D6(T) genotypes for Koreans. It would be hepful for further study to determine lung cancer susceptibility of Koreans with the data about CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTM1 from future study.

Multifunctional Two-Dimensional PtSe₂-Layer Kirigami Conductors with 2000% Stretchability and Metallic-to-Semiconducting Tunability

Okogbue, Emmanuel,Han, Sang Sub,Ko, Tae-Jun,Chung, Hee-Suk,Ma, Jinwoo,Shawkat, Mashiyat Sumaiya,Kim, Jung Han,Kim, Jong Hun,Ji, Eunji,Oh, Kyu Hwan,Zhai, Lei,Lee, Gwan-Hyoung,Jung, Yeonwoong American Chemical Society 2019 NANO LETTERS Vol.19 No.11

<P>Two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenide (2D TMD) layers are highly attractive for emerging stretchable and foldable electronics owing to their extremely small thickness coupled with extraordinary electrical and optical properties. Although intrinsically large strain limits are projected in them (i.e., several times greater than silicon), integrating 2D TMDs in their pristine forms does not realize superior mechanical tolerance greatly demanded in high-end stretchable and foldable devices of unconventional form factors. In this article, we report a versatile and rational strategy to convert 2D TMDs of limited mechanical tolerance to tailored 3D structures with extremely large mechanical stretchability accompanying well-preserved electrical integrity and modulated transport properties. We employed a concept of strain engineering inspired by an ancient paper-cutting art, known as kirigami patterning, and developed 2D TMD-based kirigami electrical conductors. Specifically, we directly integrated 2D platinum diselenide (2D PtSe<SUB>2</SUB>) layers of controlled carrier transport characteristics on mechanically flexible polyimide (PI) substrates by taking advantage of their low synthesis temperature. The metallic 2D PtSe<SUB>2</SUB>/PI kirigami patterns of optimized dimensions exhibit an extremely large stretchability of ∼2000% without compromising their intrinsic electrical conductance. They also present strain-tunable and reversible photoresponsiveness when interfaced with semiconducting carbon nanotubes (CNTs), benefiting from the formation of 2D PtSe<SUB>2</SUB>/CNT Schottky junctions. Moreover, kirigami field-effect transistors (FETs) employing semiconducting 2D PtSe<SUB>2</SUB> layers exhibit tunable gate responses coupled with mechanical stretching upon electrolyte gating. The exclusive role of the kirigami pattern parameters in the resulting mechanoelectrical responses was also verified by a finite-element modeling (FEM) simulation. These multifunctional 2D materials in unconventional yet tailored 3D forms are believed to offer vast opportunities for emerging electronics and optoelectronics.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>