일반인들의 Public Relations의 개념과 기능에 대한 인식 연구

조삼섭 한국소통학회 2021 한국소통학보 Vol.20 No.1

본 연구는 일반인들이 PR에 대하여 가진 일반적인 이미지나 목적을 설문조사를 통 하여 탐색하였다. 본 연구는 설문을 기존 이론이나 정의에 의한 폐쇄형 문항대신에 개 방형으로 질문하여 될 수 있으면 일반인들이 가진 인식을 실제적으로 탐색하였다. 조사 결과, 일반인들은 PR에 대하여 가지는 뉘앙스나 이미지는 대부분 자기PR 혹은 광고를 가장 먼저 떠올리고, 포장하기, 기업 이미지 제고, 설득을 떠올리는 것으로 나타났다. 조사결과 응답자들은 광고와 PR을 거의 동일시 하였고, 광고와 PR에 대하여 거의 구 분을 하고 있지 않았다. 일반인들은 PR을 널리 알리는 기능적인 역할에 주목하여 광고 와 PR은 거의 동일한 역할로 인식하고 있었다. 이 같은 결과는 일반인들이 가진 PR에 대한인지나, 지식은 이론에서 정의하는 것과 는 많이 다름을 나타낸다. PR의 이론적 정의에서 강조하는 요소로 볼 수 있는 쌍방향 성, 상호 호혜성, 조직-공중 관계성과 같은 근본적인 개념과는 상당히 거리가 있는 결 과로 볼 수 있다. 이같이 일반인이 가진 이미지와 인식은 향후에 PR이 국내에서 학문적 논의를 진행 해나가는데 부정적인 요소로 작용할 가능성이 크다고 할 수 있다. 학회차원에서는 각 대학의 학과명칭이나, 학과 커리큘럼, 정부, 기업의 홍보담당 관리자 명칭에 대하여 제 고할 수 있는 공론장을 활성화 시킬 필요가 있고 장기적으로 홍보, PR, 커뮤니케이션, 공중관계학의 정확한 개념적 정의를 학계에서는 마련해야 할 필요성을 제기하고 있다. The study examined the general public’s perception on public relations image and its purpose. The study explored the public’s perception using open-ended questions instead of closed questionnaire to explore natural image on public relations. The results showed that public perceive as image making, self-promotion, packaging, management of corporate image, and persuasion when it comes to public relations. The most respondents equated advertising with public relations, did not distinguish them. Most perceived that the advertising and public’s role are the same in terms of function. The results suggest that general public’s perception on public relations differ from the theoretical definition in academia. The theoretical words such as two-way communication, control mutuality, organization-public relationship in public relations seem to be quite different from public’s perception. The public’s present perception on public relations seems to hinder the theoretical advancement on public relations in Korea. The study suggests that Korean public relations academia needs to activate open discussion on college department name, public relations curriculum, name of public relations professionals. Furthermore, the public relations scholars need to elaborate public relations definition, difference between public relations and Hong-Bo, organization-public relationship in Korea.

위계선형 모형 사용을 통한 시민의 경찰 인식 영향 요인 분석

류준혁 ( Jun Hyuk Ryu ) 대한범죄학회 2013 한국범죄학 Vol.7 No.2

The public``s perception toward the police is very important research area because it is related to several important outcomes, including compliance and public cooperation with police. Since 1960, research of public perception in police is receiving increasing attentions from scholars of other counties. As a result, a body of literature has emerged to analyze about public perceptions in police for several decades. On the other hand, few research had been conducted on citizen perceptions of the police in south Korea. To fill the void of current research limitation, this study tried to estimate the determinants of citizens perception toward police under five models that have been commonly adopted in previous researches: socio-economic characteristics model, police contact model, quality of life model, social context model, and police strategy model. On the basis of survey data on 1,977 randomly selected in Seoul at 2013, hierarchical linear modeling found that male and more educated people have positive perception toward the police. This study also found that people who voluntarily contacted the police are more likely have a positive perception toward the police. Most important finding in this study is that police strategy model has very strong influence on public perception. More specifically, public perceptions about ability of crime control, patrol activity, community policing activity and ability of response a crime are positively related public perception toward the police. Finally, at macro level, this study also found that fear level of crime in neighborhood are negatively related with pubic perception toward the police and residents with higher informal social control in neighborhood are more likely to show a positive public perception toward the police.

텍스트마이닝을 통한 공공디자인 인식 조사 연구

홍태의,이현성,김주연 더나은도시디자인포럼 2022 도시디자인저널 Vol.- No.4

The concept of public design began in earnest in Korea after the "Act on the Promotion of Public Design" was established in 2016. Previously, the concept of design was used as a means of supporting the industry. The reason why public design was created is to meet the social needs in which design is used to solve social problems and form public values, not to support the revival of industries. Public design is aimed at various citizens, not consumers. From this point of view, until now, awareness of public design has been conducted in a simple survey method. In this study, the purpose of this study is to investigate, analyze, and present the perception of public design using text mining techniques based on big data analysis in order to more objectively analyze the perception of public design. The scope of this study is selected as the part of the basic status and concepts of public design since 2016 when the Public Design Act was implemented. As a research method, it analyzes how the perception of public design has changed through literature review on public design, and analyzes and investigates users' perception of public design through text mining through social network services. Finally, based on these analysis results, the user's perception of public design is grasped. First of all, public design attempts to expand its area and perception through external activities such as contests and events. Second, public design is recognized as a way to solve social problems and improve public values. Third, it can be seen that public design is mainly implemented by the government, but the beneficiary is the general public. First, public design can be used as a means to implement various ideas, not just facilities. Second, public design is centered on people, not on the physical environment. Third, public design can be expanded to various fields. Fourth, it is expanding in a way that beneficiaries directly participate. Through this, public design should have scalability in various ways for future development.

평판 인식 차이에 근거한 2원적 태도 공중의 유형화 가능성에 관한 연구

엄혜진(Hye Jin Uhm),한은경(Eun Kyoung Han) 한국광고홍보학회 2012 광고연구 Vol.0 No.95

이 연구에서는 공중이 기업에 대해 갖는 태도가 호의나 비호의 한쪽으로 치우치는 1원적 태도를 보이는지, 호의와 비호의를 함께 갖는 2원적 태도를 보이는지를 살펴보았다. 그리고 공중의 태도의 구분에 따라 기업에 대한 평판 인식에 차이가 있는지를 살펴보았다. 먼저 1원적 태도 공중과 2원적 태도 공중이 구분되는가를 살펴보았다. 연구결과에서 삼성에 대해 호의 적인 태도와 비호의적인 태도를 함께 갖고 있는 공중, 즉 2원적 태도를 가진 헤징(hedging) 공중이 절대적으로 많은 것으로 나타났다. 이는 기업에 대해 긍정과 부정의 어느 한 쪽으로 치우치지 않고 긍정과 부정을 모두 인정하는 양가적 태도를 가진 공중이 많다는 것이다. 다음으로 헤징(hedging) 공중의 기업 평판 인식에 차이가 있는지를 살펴보았다. 헤징 공중이 평가한 삼성에 대한 평판 점수의 중위수를 기준으로 평판이 높은 집단과 평판이 낮은 집단을 구분했을 때, 중위수미만 공중이 167명, 중위수 이상 공중이 110명으로 상대적으로 삼성의 평판을 낮게 평가한 수가 더 많았다.헤징 공중의 평판에 대한 인식 차이에서 평판이 높은 공중이 중요시하는 평판 요소들과 평판이 낮은 공중이 중요시하는 평판 요소는 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 평판이 높은 공중들은 기업의 제품서비스, 근무환경, 재무성과, 리더십을 중요하다고 생각하는 반면 평판이 낮은 공중들은 혁신성, 지배구조, 시민정신 등을 더 중요하다고 생각하는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로, 인구통계학적 분류에서는 헤징 공중의 기업 평판 인식에 연령, 성별, 학력으로 인한 차이는 나타나지 않는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 2원적 태도를 갖고 있는 공중이라도 부정이나 긍정의 선택이 강요되는 경우, 예를 들면 투표 행위 등의 상황에서는 어떤 태도의 공중이 어떠한 평판 요소를 중요시할 것인지에 대한 연구를 시도해 볼 필요가 있을 것이다. This study is to identify whether the public indicate unidimensional attitudes, presenting either positive or negative perceptions of the corporate, or bidimensional attitudes, presenting both positive and negative ones. It also looks into differences of perceptions of corporate reputation among the public with bidimensional attitudes. Firstly, we exam if the public with bidimensional attitudes can be segmented. The research finds that there are absolute numbers of the public showing bidimensional attitudes-both positive and negative attitudes-toward Samsung, which can be called the public with ``hedhing``. This suggests that there are more people with ambivalent attitudes, admitting both positive and negative attitudes toward companies, than people admitting only one-sided attitudes. Then, we looked into differences of perceptions of corporate reputation among the public with bidimensional attitudes. While categorizing the public with ``hedhing`` into two groups, high scored group and low scored group, on the basis of the median that the public score Samsung`s reputation, there are 167 people who relatively under-evaluate Samsung`s reputation, which is the bigger number in comparison with 110 people who over-evaluate it. It turns out that there are differences between the public with high reputation perceptions and the one with low reputation perceptions on what they place a high value. The public with high reputation perceptions consider product service, workplace, financial performance and leadership important, whereas the public with low reputation perceptions believe innovation corporate governance and citizenship more important. Lastly, the possibility of demographic categorization turns out that the public with ‘hedhing`` are not distinguished from age, sex and education while perceiving corporate reputation. There should be a further research on what reputation factors the public with bidimensional attitudes would place emphasis on, when they are forced to make a positive or negative choice such as a vote.

국가 탄소중립 추진전략 이행기반 강화 및 활성화 방안

이상엽,양유경,김소희,신혜지,선민우 한국환경연구원 2022 수시연구보고서 Vol.2022 No.-

Ⅰ. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 □ 2050 탄소중립 시나리오와 “2030 국가 온실가스 감축목표 상향안”이 확정·발표됨에 따라 이를 달성하기 위한 정부의 추진전략 마련이 중요한 현안이 됨 ㅇ 정부의 추진전략은 국가 현실과 미래를 고려해 어떤 단계로 어떻게 추진해 나아갈 것인가에 관한 것으로서 국민 공감대에 기반해 마련하는 것이 중요함 ㅇ 탄소중립은 대전환적 비전 공유를 바탕으로, 각계각층의 이해관계와 시장·정책·기술 등의 불확실성을 최소화하여 포용적 선진국가로 발돋움하는 계기가 되도록 국가전략을 마련하는 것이 핵심임 - 즉, 탄소중립은 대전환적 관점에서 기존의 일반적인 정부 추진전략과는 차별화되어야 하며, 추진전략이 지속적으로 전개될 수 있도록 환경을 조성하는 정부 역할이 특히 중요함 □ 본 연구는 대전환 관점의 바람직한 탄소중립 추진전략 활성화 방안을 분석함 ㅇ 정부 부처별 병렬적 추진전략을 극복하고 전략 간 연계 및 환류, 전략 이행의 국가 환경 조성을 반영하는 활성화 방향을 모색함 Ⅱ. 탄소중립 추진전략 현황 분석 1. 탄소중립 추진전략 평가지표 □ 선행연구 ㅇ REN21(2021) - 각 국가의 재생에너지 목표 및 정책을 각 NDC에서 제시하였는지, 재생에너지 보급·확산을 위한 규제정책과 재정적 인센티브·공공재정을 도입하였는지 평가함 ㅇ Narassimhan et al.(2018) - 배출권거래제 이행과 관련하여 환경 효과성, 경제적 효율성, 시장 관리, 수익 관리, 이해관계자 참여의 5가지 주요 기준에 따라 각각 상·중·하로 평가를 수행함 ㅇ UNEP(2019) - 13가지 지표(효과성/목표 달성도, 의도하지 않은 영향, 베이스라인, 기존 정책과의 일관성/수렴성/시너지, 공편익, 공정성, 활성화 제약요인, 비용 효율성 등)에 따라 정책 효과성에 대하여 정성적인 평가를 진행함 ㅇ Nicholls et al.(2014) - 개발도상국의 재생에너지 보급정책을 평가하기 위하여 효과성, 효율성, 형평성, 제도적 타당성이라는 4가지 기준에 따른 평가지표를 도출함 ㅇ REN21(2021)은 사전적 평가를 진행하고, 이에 환경적 측면에서 목표 제시 여부를 묻고 있으며, 제도 이행적 측면에서 규제정책 및 재정적 인센티브 도입 여부를 평가기준으로 제시함. Narassimhan et al.(2018), UNEP(2019), Nicholls et al. (2014)은 크게 환경 효과성 측면, 경제 효율성 측면, 그리고 제도적 측면과 수용성(이해관계자) 측면에서의 평가기준을 제시함 □ 탄소중립 추진전략 평가지표 선정 ㅇ 환경 효과성 - (감축목표의 명확성) 전략상에 온실가스 감축목표 및 감축목표의 근거 ㅇ 경제 효율성 - (비용 효율성) 전략 이행과 관련한 비용 검토 후 비용 효율적 전략 수립 여부 - (사회적 편익 고려) 전략 이행에 따른 사회적 편익을 고려한 순비용 효율적 전략 수립 여부 ㅇ 제도적 기반 - (제도적 환경) 이행 및 모니터링을 위한 제도적 역량 고려 여부 - (정책 믹스) 정책 이행을 위한 적절한 재정적 인센티브와 규제정책 도입 고려 여부 ㅇ 국민 수용성 - (직접적 이해관계자 참여) 설계·수립 과정에서 직접적 이해관계자의 적극 참여 여부 - (간접 영향권 내 계층 고려) 전략 수립 시 전략 이행에 따른 광범위한 영향을 받을 다양한 계층(간접적 이해관계자)을 고려했는지 여부 2. 탄소중립 추진전략 평가지표 현황 및 평가 □ ‘2050 탄소중립 추진전략(안)’(관계부처 합동, 2020)에서 제시한 3+1 전략 10대 중점과제에 대하여 부처별 세부과제 추진 현황을 검토하고, 2021.12.15 기준으로 수립 완료된 전략 중 전략·계획·로드맵 성격이 강한 주요 전략을 선별함 ㅇ ① 에너지 탄소중립 혁신전략, ② 탄소중립 산업 대전환 추진전략, ③ 전통 중소기업 저탄소 경영 지원방안, ④ 그린 분야 혁신 벤처·창업 생태계 조성방안, ⑤ 수소경제 이행 기본계획, ⑥ 중소벤처기업 신사업 개척 및 재도약 촉진방안, ⑦ 기후리스크 관리·감독 추진계획, ⑧ 금융권 녹색금융 핸드북, ⑨ 탄소중립 R&D 전략, ⑩ 2050탄소중립 10대 R&D 프로젝트, ⑪ CCU 로드맵, ⑫ 탄소중립 R&D 투자전략 등 총 12가지 전략을 평가함 Ⅲ. 탄소중립 인식조사 □ 기후·에너지 및 탄소중립 정책에 대한 일반국민과 전문가 인식을 구체적으로 파악하고 실효성 있는 대안을 제시하고자 ‘탄소중립 대국민·전문가 인식조사’를 시행함 ㅇ (일반국민) 무작위 추출한 1,600명을 대상으로 ① 기후위기 및 탄소중립 일반 인식, ② 기후·에너지 및 탄소중립 정책 인식, ③ 탄소중립 이행과 비용 부담 의지에 대하여 설문조사를 수행함 ㅇ (전문가) 민·관·산·학계 전문가 100명을 대상으로 ① 기후위기 대응 제도, ② 온실가스 감축기술 및 에너지전환에 대하여 설문조사를 수행함 □ 조사결과 ㅇ (목표 실현 가능성) 일반국민 82.9%, 전문가 86%는 탄소중립 목표 실현이 ‘어렵지만 실현을 위해 노력해야 할 것’ 혹은 ‘어렵지만 실현 가능할 것’이라 응답함 ㅇ (탄소중립 달성경로) 일반국민 47.1%는 ‘시기별 동일한 감축 노력 유지(선형)’가 필요하다고 응답하였으며, 전문가 60%는 ‘초기보다는 중·후기 감축 강화(볼록형)’가 필요하다고 응답함 - 일반국민, 전문가 모두 국내 여건 고려, 기후위기 대응 시급성, 국내 정책 도입 단계를 고려하여 달성경로를 선택하였다고 응답하였으며, 일반국민의 경우 전문가보다 국제사회의 요구를 고려하였다는 응답 비중이 높음 ㅇ (국민 의견 수렴과정 평가 및 적정 방식) 국민 의견 수렴과정에 대하여 일반국민의 46.5%는 내용은 적합하나 형식은 절차에 불과하였다고 응답함 - 또한, 일반국민의 47.9%가 국가 탄소중립 전략 설정 시 상향식의 방식을 택해야 한다고 응답함 ㅇ (일반국민의 탄소중립 정책 영향력과 우려 인식) 기후·에너지 관련 정책은 국민의 경제적 상황에 가장 큰 영향을 줄 것으로 예상하며, 정책을 실현하는 과정에서는 추가비용 발생에 가장 크게 우려하는 것으로 나타남 ㅇ (전문가의 에너지전환 정책 우선순위) 전문가의 에너지전환 정책 우선순위는 일반국민이 탄소중립 과정에서 우려하는 부분(탄소세, 전기요금, 세금 등 추가비용 발생)과 비슷한 양상을 보임 ㅇ (세대별 탄소중립 이행 비용 부담 의지) 일반국민 중 60세 이상 그룹은 탄소중립 정보를 가장 많이 취득했음에도 전체 세대 중 탄소중립 이행 비용 부담에 가장 소극적인 것으로 나타남 ㅇ (현행 대비 월평균 전기요금 상승 수용 가능 정도) 맞벌이 4인 가족 기준, 탄소중립 과정에서 발생하는 발전사의 비용을 소비자가 부담하는 경우 수용 가능 정도를 질의하였을 때, 일반국민은 ‘0~5,000원 이하’를 54.3% 비중으로 응답하였으며, 전문가는 ‘15,000원 초과’를 41% 비중으로 응답하였음 ㅇ (기술별 전문가 의견) - (CCUS) 2030년 CCUS 기술의 시장성을 온실가스 감축 기여도와 상용화, 연구개발 단계에 비해 낮게 평가하고 있음(전체 응답률 92%) - (수소 생산·발전) 상용화와 연구개발 단계 모두 CCUS에 비해 2040년, 2050년에 더 많은 발전을 기대하고 있음(전체 응답률 89%) - (에너지 저장 기술) 다른 기술보다 온실가스 감축 기여도가 높으며, 꾸준한 성장으로 2050년에는 5단계에 이를 것이라 응답함(전체 응답률 92%) - (암모니아 전소) 2050년 온실가스 감축 기여도는 4단계로 급격히 성장할 것이나 시장성과 상용화 측면에서는 그렇지 않을 것이라 응답함(전체 응답률 77%) - (소형모듈원전) 응답한 전문가의 약 34%가 기준 연도 사이에 시장성과 상용화 측면에서 크게 발전할 것으로 예측함(전체 응답률 86%) ㅇ 인식 요약 및 시사점 - 시민들의 기후위기 인식·환경 감수성은 이미 상당한 수준에 이른 것으로 분석됨 - 과학적 기반의 이해관계자 간 유기적 협력으로 정책 추진 탄력성을 증대할 필요가 있음 - 시민참여형 숙의를 통해 비용에 대한 사회적 이해도를 제고할 필요가 있음 Ⅳ. 국가 탄소중립 추진전략 이행기반 강화 및 활성화 1. 활성화를 위한 국가 과제 □ 국가계획적 관점 ㅇ 탄소중립 추진계획은 녹색성장의 시행착오를 되풀이하지 않으면서도, 녹색성장 개념을 뛰어넘는 국가 대전환적 반영이 핵심이 되어야 함 ㅇ 중장기적인 근본적 관점에서 혁신적인 차별성이 있어야 하며, 이를 실천하려는 정부의 강한 의지가 반영되는 것이 필요함 □ 미래 신기술 개발 및 확산 관점 ㅇ 정부 R&D 예산의 지속적 확대 추세에 맞게 R&D 효율성 제고와 시장에 실질적으로 활용될 수 있는 제도적 환경 조성 동반이 중요함 ㅇ 개별 기술 개발의 접근을 뛰어넘는 기술적·제도적·시장 구조적 관점의 기술 확산 로드맵의 구체화가 필요함 □ 사회적 공감대 확산 관점 ㅇ 기존 소통방식에 대한 지속적인 고민과 더욱 획기적인 공론화 메커니즘이 필요함 ㅇ 공론화의 내용적 측면에서는 특히 감축비용 분담에 관한 사회적 논의과정이 중요함. 특히 전기요금 현실화 논의가 중요함 - (발전단가 상승에 대한 대비) 신재생에너지 확대 과정상의 계통 보강 및 통합 비용, SMP 급변동, 변동성 전원의 정산제도 정비 등 2. 국가 탄소중립 추진전략 이행기반 강화 및 활성화 방향 □ 탄소중립 환경 조성을 위한 대전환적 접근 ㅇ 시장의 대전환(전환 이론적 관점) - 전환 이론 ㆍ (전환 개념) 사회시스템 요소 간의 상호작용으로 구조적 특성이 점진적·지속적으로 변화하는 과정 ㆍ (추진방향) 위기를 기회의 창구로 삼아 변화 추구. 새로운 사회체제의 탄력성을 구축하는 과정으로 전개되는 것이 바람직함 ㆍ (필요 근거) 현존 시스템이 작동하지 않거나 문제 해결의 당사자들이 과거 지향적일 때, 현존 문제가 심각하게 악화하거나 시스템이 지속 작동하지 못할 것으로 예상되어 미래 대비가 필요하거나, 사회구성원들이 현안뿐 아니라 미래에 발생할 문제까지 고려하려는 경향이 강할 때 필요함 - 전환 이론과 국내 에너지시장 구조 ㆍ (국내 에너지시장시스템) 과거 수십 년 동안 선진국들이 추진한 경쟁체제의 확립 흐름에 뒤처져 있으며, 새롭게 밀어닥친 에너지전환 시대 3D를 위해 빨리 적응해야 하는 이중고 문제에 직면함 ㆍ 전력시장을 포함한 에너지시장 문제는 에너지전환시스템이 원만하게 작동할 수 있도록 미래를 대비한다는 측면에서 전환 이론 성격에 부합함 - 전기요금 현실화와 공정전환(비용 분담) ㆍ 대전환 시대, 비정상의 정상화 + 혁신적인 전기요금체계 ㆍ(비정상의 정상화) 일인당 전력수요와 전기요금, 업종별 요금제(종별 원가회수율), 연료비연동제 등 ㆍ(혁신 수단) 기후환경요금, 전기요금의 지역 차등화, 실시간요금제 등 ㆍ(기후정책과 에너지정책 간 연계) 탄소배출권 가격이 전력시장 도매가격에 영향을 미치지 못하는 한, 배출권거래제 도입의 정책적 효율성 미보장 ㅇ 사회의 대전환(정책공동체 이론적 관점) - 정책공동체 이론 ㆍ이해관계 집단이 증가하고 사회가 고도로 다원화하면서 하향식 정부 결정은 한계에 부딪힘 ㆍ(H. Heclo) 정부 정책이란 단순히 정부 의사결정이나 행위라기보다는 의제 설정, 정책 결정, 정책 집행, 정책 평가, 정책 환류 등 일련의 과정임 ㆍ(Voorberg et al.) 네트워크 이론. 문제 해결을 위한 일종의 플랫폼적 성격으로서, 정책의 공동생산(co-production), 공동기획(co-initiation), 공동설계(co- design)의 중요성을 강조함 - 정책공동체 이론과 탄소중립 가치간극 ㆍ사회구성원 간의 가치간극을 최소화하는 탄소중립 구현체제 확립, 즉 사회혁신적 접근이 필요함 ㆍ (정부·시장·국민 역할의 시스템적 균형 배분) 직접적인 온실가스 배출 감축 부문 뿐 아니라 이와 간접적으로 연관된 사회 전 과정을 고려함 ㆍ (사회시스템 전반의 대전환) 탄소중립 전략의 보조적 수단이 아니라, 필수 불가결한 병행적 기본 수단으로 접근해야 함 □ 이행기반 강화 및 활성화 방향 ㅇ 전략별 활성화 방향 - 비용 효율적 전략 강화 ㆍ에너지전환 비용, 기술개발 비용, 사회인프라 구축 비용, 실천 비용 등 직간접 비용을 고려한 전략 마련 - 제도적 기반 강화 ㆍ(예: 탄소중립 도시계획) 지자체 주도 계획은 국가 차원의 근거 법령과 지원제도 미비 → 중앙·지방정부 간 조율과정에서 발생할 수 있는 시간과 비용에 대한 대비가 중요. 현재의 건물 단위 에너지 관리체계를 도시지역으로 확장하여 배출량을 측정·관리할 수 있는 기술시스템 로드맵 마련 - 국민 수용성 강화 ㆍ(정의로운 전환 공감대 강화) 정부(현실 유지 및 일자리 보호 우선) ↔ 관련 단체(양질의 일자리 문제뿐 아니라 양극화 해소, 사회공공성 강화 등 종합적 관점 지향) ㆍ지역별 또는 산업별·계층별로 참여 가능한 적합한 논의체계 마련 검토 ㆍ국민이 체감할 수 있는 성과 항목 및 지표를 발굴하고 지속적으로 고도화하는 방안 필요 ㅇ 전략 간 연계 활성화 방향 - 정부 부처 간 및 지방자치단체와의 유기적 협조방안 구체화 ㆍ(지자체와의 유기적 연계) 환경부는 탄소중립 녹색성장 기본계획 수립 작성 지침을 시·군·구에 제공, 각 시·군·구는 시·군·구 탄소중립 녹색성장 기본계획을 환경부와 탄소중립녹색성장위원회에 제출 → 지방의 주무부서인 해당 환경과만으로는 대응에 한계가 있으므로 지역 특성을 고려한 각 시·군·구의 유기적 연계 거버넌스가 필요함 ㆍ(부처 간 연계 필요 사례) 탄소중립 도시계획, 수송부문 전략 등 ㅇ 대전환 관점의 전력시장 혁신과 사회혁신 활성화 방향 - 전력시장 개편은 제도적·기술적·사회적 수용성 현안을 모두 포함하는 과제로서, 그동안의 비정상적 상황을 정상화하는 동시에 탄소중립 구현을 위한 혁신적 방안을 동시에 추구하는 국가 생태계적 전환임 - 사회혁신의 핵심은 기존 기술·시장 중심의 기후·에너지 정책을 공동체 중심으로 전환하는 데 있으며, 시민에게 자율적인 권한을 부여하기 위해 중간 조직인 네트워크를 형성하여 정부, 기업, 개인 간 상호작용과 협력의 장을 구체화하는 방향으로 접근하는 것이 중요함 Ⅴ. 결론 및 시사점 □ 부처별 전략 추진과 더불어, 국가 대전환을 위해 현 병렬적 계획 중심 추진체계를 통합 연계하는 방향으로 추진전략을 개선할 필요가 있음 ㅇ 이와 같은 접근은 기존의 일반적인 국가 추진 계획과 차별화된 전략이며, 탄소중립 구현을 위한 정부의 책임과 신뢰 강화 측면에서도 매우 유용할 것임 Ⅰ. Research Background and Objectives □ As the 2050 carbon neutrality achievement scenarios and the 2030 national reduction goals had been finalized and announced, preparing implementation strategies has become one of important agenda items for the Korean government. ㅇ It is important for the government to prepare implementation strategies based on public consensus on what steps should be taken taking into account the nation’s current situation and future. ㅇ The key to achieving carbon neutrality is to prepare government strategies for opening a door to an advanced, inclusive nation by minimizing uncertainties of market/policy/technology and interests of people of various ranks and classes based on the shared visions of the Great Transition. - In other words, the carbon neutrality strategy should be differentiated from the government’s existing regular implementation strategies from a perspective of the Great Transition, and the government’s role in creating an environment for continuous implementation of the strategies is especially important. □ This study examined ways to actively establish desirable carbon neutrality implementation strategies from a perspective of the Great Transition. ㅇ This study sought ways to solve the problem of promoting implementation strategies by department in parallel and to set the direction for strengthening the linkages between the strategies, preparing for a feedback system, and creating an environment for implementation. Ⅱ. Analysis of the Status of Carbon Neutrality Implementation 1. Assessment metrics for carbon neutrality implementation □ Related work ㅇ REN21(2021) - Assessed whether the renewable energy goals and policies of each nation are presented in their respective NDCs and whether regulations and financial incentives/public finance for increasing the use of renewable energy were introduced ㅇ E. Narassimhan et al.(2018) - Evaluated the emission trading system as “good”, “fair”, and “poor” according to five major criteria: environmental effectiveness, economic efficiency, market management, revenue management, and stakeholder engagement. ㅇ UNEP(2019) - Conducted qualitative assessment of policy effectiveness based on 13 metrics (effectiveness/goal accomplishment, unintended effect, baseline, consistency/convergence/synergy with existing policies, public benefits, fairness, constraints of applicability, cost efficiency, etc). ㅇ Nicholls et al.(2014) - Derived assessment metrics based on four criteria―effectiveness, efficiency, equity, and institutional feasibility―to evaluate renewable energy deployment policies. ㅇ REN21(2021) checks whether goals were presented with regard to environment in its preliminary evaluation; in the aspect of legal system implementation, whether regulations and financial incentives were introduced was proposed as a criterion. E. Narassimhan et al. (2018), UNEP(2019), and Nicholls et al. (2014) suggested environmental effectiveness, economic efficiency, legal system, and stakeholder acceptance as criterion in general. □ Selection of assessment metrics for carbon neutrality implementation strategy ㅇ Environmental effectiveness - (Clarity of reduction goals) The greenhouse gas reduction goals in the strategy and the rationale for the goals. ㅇ Economic efficiency - (Cost efficiency) This refers to whether a cost-efficient strategy was established after reviewing the costs related to the implementation of the strategy. - (Consideration of social benefits) This refers to whether a net-cost-efficient strategy was established taking into consideration the social benefits of implementing the strategy. ㅇ Institutional basis - (Institutional environment) This refers to whether the institutional circumstances for the execution and monitoring were considered. - (Policy mix) This refers to whether the introduction of appropriate financial incentives and regulations was considered. ㅇ People’s acceptance - (Direct stakeholder engagement) This refers to whether direct stakeholders were actively involved in the designing/establishment process. - (Consideration of classes in the sphere of indirect influence) This refers to whether the strategy was established taking into account various classes, in light of the broad impacts of strategy implementation. 2. Status and evaluation of carbon neutrality implementation strategies □ We reviewed the implementation status of specific tasks of each government agency under ten major tasks of the 3+1 Implementation Strategies presented in the 2050 Carbon Neutrality Implementation Strategies (Plan) (Joint Ministries, 2020), and selected major strategies that have the characteristics of a strategy/plan/roadmap among those that had been established as of December 15, 2021. ㅇ We evaluated the following 12 strategies: ① carbon-neutral energy innovation strategy, ② visions and strategies of the Great Transition for carbon neutrality in industry, ③ plans for supporting low-carbon business management of traditional small and medium companies, ④ plans for creating an ecosystem for innovative ventures/start-ups in the green field, ⑤ basic plans for hydrogen economy, ⑥ promotion plans for new business development and revitalization of small and medium venture companies, ⑦ climate risk management/reduction implementation plan, ⑧ a green finance handbook for the financial sector, ⑨ carbon neutrality R&D implementation strategy, ⑩ ten R&D projects for 2050 Carbon Neutrality, ⑪ CCU roadmap, and ⑫ carbon neutrality R&D investment strategy. Ⅲ. Survey on the Perception of Carbon Neutrality □ A survey was conducted to understand the perception of the general public and experts on climate, energy, and carbon neutrality policies and suggest effective solutions. ㅇ (General public) The survey was conducted among 1,600 persons selected randomly to investigate ① their general perception on the climate crisis and carbon neutrality, ② their perception on climate, energy, and carbon neutrality policies, and ③ their willingness to implement carbon neutrality and bear costs. ㅇ (Experts) 100 experts in the private, government, and academic sectors were surveyed to gather information about ① climate crisis response mechanisms and ② greenhouse gas reduction technology and energy transition. □ Survey results ㅇ (Feasibility of goals) 82.9% of the general public and 86% of the experts responded that “it will be difficult to achieve the carbon neutrality goals, but efforts should be made to achieve them” or “it will be difficult to achieve them but the goals are still feasible”. ㅇ (Zero-carbon achievement path) 47.1% of the general public responded that “maintaining the same level of effort for each period (linear type)” is needed, whereas 60% of the experts responded that “the strengthening of reduction in the middle and later periods compared to the early period (block type)” is needed. ㅇ (Evaluation of the public poll conducted and the desirable format ) 46.5% of the general public replied that the content of the poll was appropriate whereas the way it was carried out seemed like a mere formality. ㅇ (General public’s perception on the impact of the carbon neutrality policies and relevant concerns) The general public think that the climate and energy policies will have the greatest impact on the economic aspect and their biggest concern was found out to be the additional costs incurred during the process of policy implementation. ㅇ (Willingness of each generation to bear the cost of implementing carbon neutrality) It was found that although the over-60 age group obtained the most information on carbon neutrality among other age groups of the general public, → they were least willing to bear the cost of implementing carbon neutrality. ㅇ (Acceptable level of average monthly electricity rates compared to the current rates) When asked about how much they are willing to pay for in terms of the power generation costs incurred due to carbon neutrality implementation (double income family of four), 54.3% of the general public chose 0 to less than 5,000 KRW, while 41% of the experts chose more than 15,000 KRW. ㅇ (Expert opinions by technology) - (CCUS) The marketability of the CCUS technology is evaluated as “low” compared to its contributions to greenhouse gas reduction, commercialization, and its current developmental stage (total response rate: 92%). - (Hydrogen production/generation) The experts expect more progress in both commercialization and R&D of this technology in 2040 and 2050 compared to those of CCUS (total response rate: 89%). - (Energy storage technology) The experts responded that it contributes more to greenhouse gas reduction than other technologies and that the contribution will reach Level 5 in 2050 with the continuous growth (total response rate: 92%). - (Ammonia combustion) The experts replied that its contribution to greenhouse gas reduction will reach Level 4 in 2050 while its marketability and commercialization levels will not (total response rate: 77%). - (Small modular reactors) 34% of the experts who responded expect that there will be significant progress every year in terms of the marketability and commercialization (total response rate: 86%). ㅇ Summary and implications - According to the analysis, citizens’ perception on the climate crisis and environmental susceptibility have already reached a considerable level. - It is necessary to enhance the resilience of policy implementation through science-based, organic cooperation between stakeholders. - It is necessary to enhance social understanding of costs by involving citizens in the discussion. Ⅳ. Strengthening the Basis for the Implementation of the National Carbon Neutrality Strategies 1. Government projects for the promotion of strategies □ National planning ㅇ It is essential not to repeat the same mistakes made in the promotion of green growth in carbon neutrality implementation, and reflecting the National Great Transition which goes beyond the concept of green growth should be the key element. ㅇ It is necessary to reflect innovative distinctiveness in the mid-to-long-term fundamental perspective and the government’s strong commitment to practicing it. □ New technology development and proliferation in the future ㅇ It is important that R&D efficiency is accompanied by the creation of an institutional environment that can be practically used in the market in line with the ongoing expansion trend of government R&D budgets. ㅇ It is necessary to provide detailed roadmaps for technology proliferation from technical/institutional/market structure perspectives beyond the approach of individual technology development. □ Social consensus expansion ㅇ Continuous examination of existing communication methods and more groundbreaking public deliberation mechanisms are needed. ㅇ In public deliberation, the social discussion process for the sharing of the reduction costs is especially important. In particular, the discussion on adjusting electricity rates so as to make them correspond to reality is important. - (Preparation for the increase in power generation cost) System reinforcement and integration costs in the process of expanding renewable energy, rapid changes in SMP, maintenance of settlement system for variable energy resources, etc. 2. Direction for strengthening the basis for the implementation of the National Carbon Neutrality Strategies □ The Great-Transition approach for the creation of net-zero environment ㅇ Great Transition of market (perspective of the transition theory) - Transition theory ㆍ (Concept of transition) The process of changing the structural characteristics gradually and continuously based on the interactions between the elements of a social system. ㆍ (Direction of implementation) Changes are pursued using the crisis as a window of opportunity. It is desirable to promote the transition as the process of building the resilience of a new social system. ㆍ (Rationale) The transition is needed when 1) the current system is not working, 2) the stakeholders are past-oriented, 3) it is necessary to prepare for the future due to the exacerbation of the current problems or the system not functioning continuously, and 4) members of society have a strong tendency to consider not only current issues but also future issues. - Transition theory and South Korea’s domestic energy market structure ㆍ (Domestic energy market system) It is not catching up with the advanced countries in the competitive system established by them over the past several decades and facing a double challenge of quickly adapting to 3D in the newly emerging energy transition era. ㆍ The problem of energy market including the electric power market is in line with the transition theory in terms of preparing for the future to ensure that the energy transition system will work smoothly. - Electric bills corresponding to reality and process transition (cost-sharing) ㆍ Great Transition Era, normalization of abnormalities + innovative electric bill scheme. ㆍ (Normalization of abnormalities) Power demand and electric bill per person, electric bill scheme for each industrial sector (cost recovery rate for each sector), fuel cost linkage system, etc. ㆍ (Means of innovation) Climate environment charges, regional differentiation of electric bills, real-time charges, etc. ㆍ (Linkage between climate policies and energy policies) The policy efficiency of ETS adoption is not guaranteed unless the carbon emission price affects the wholesale price. ㅇ Society’s Great Transition (perspective of policy community theory) - Policy community theory ㆍ As stakeholder groups increase in size and the society becomes highly pluralized, top-down government decisions are limited. ㆍ (H. Heclo) A government policy refers to a series of processes, such as setting agendas, deciding on a policy, enforcing the policy, assessing the policy, and feedback on the policy. ㆍ (Voorberg et al.) A network theory: the importance of co-production, co-initiation, and co-designing of policies as a sort of platform for problem-solving. - The policy community theory and the gap between the carbon neutrality values ㆍ The establishment of a carbon neutrality implementation system that minimizes the gap between values of social members, i.e., a social innovation approach, is needed. ㆍ (Systematic and balanced distribution of roles between government, market, and people) It considers not only direct greenhouse gas emission reduction but also all social processes related to this directly/indirectly. ㆍ (Great Transition across the social system) It should be approached from a perspective of an indispensable, parallel, and basic means, not an auxiliary means of carbon neutrality strategies. - Inspection and reinforcement of social innovation ㆍ Arranging a specific place for interaction and cooperation between governments (central and local), companies, and individuals by forming an intermediate organization network to grant citizens the autonomous authority. ㆍ Transition from the perspectives of supporting costs and maintaining legal systems → the construction/operation of a governance system for field-oriented discussion and resident involvement. ㆍ Identification and implementation of successful business models based on the New Deal for regional balance. ㆍ Development and operation of various models for each sector and government agency. □ Direction for strengthening the implementation basis ㅇ Direction for promoting each strategy - Strengthening of the cost-efficient strategies ㆍ Strategies should be developed taking into account direct and indirect costs, such as energy transition costs, technology development costs, social infrastructure construction costs, and practice costs. - Strengthening of the institutional basis ㆍ (E.g., a zero-carbon city plan) Plans established by local governments lack laws, regulations, and support systems at the national level → The time and cost required in the coordination between the central and local governments should be considered. A technology system roadmap should be developed which expands the current energy management system on a building-by-building basis to a city basis to monitor/manage emissions. - Strengthening public acceptance ㆍ (Strengthening of consensus for just transition) Government (priorities: maintaining the status quo and protecting jobs) ↔ related organizations (comprehensive perspective, such as strengthening social public interests and resolving polarization as well as creating high-quality jobs). ㆍ Preparation of an appropriate discussion mechanism to allow participation by each region, industry, or class should be reviewed. ㆍ Methods are needed to discover and continuously enhance performance items and metrics that the public can understand. ㅇ Direction for establishing the linkages between strategies - Specific methods of organic cooperation between each government agency and local governments. ㆍ (Organic linkage with local governments) The Ministry of Environment (MoE) establishes the basic plan for carbon neutrality and provides cities/towns/districts with guidelines, and each city/town/district submits the basic plan for carbon-neutral green growth to the MoE and the Carbon-Neutral Green Growth Committee → The Environment Departments, the competent authorities in local governments are often short-handed. Governance securing organic linkages between each city/town/district and taking into account the characteristics of each region is needed. ㆍ (Cases where the linkage between government agencies is needed) Zero-carbon city plans, transportation sector strategies, etc. ㅇ Direction for facilitating power market innovation and social innovation from the Great Transition perspective - Power market reorganization is a task that includes all institutional, technical, and social acceptance issues, and a transition of the national ecosystem that pursues an innovative approach for the implementation of carbon neutrality, normalizing abnormal situations of the past at the same time. - The key to social innovation is the transition from conventional technology/market-oriented climate/energy policies to communityoriented policies. It is important to approach it from the perspective of arranging specific places for interaction and cooperation between governments, companies, and individuals by forming a network which serves as an intermediate organization to grant citizens the autonomous authority. Ⅴ. Conclusions and Policy Suggestions □ Implementation strategies should be improved from the perspective of integrating and linking the elements of the current parallel implementation system focusing on plans for the national Great Transition, along with the implementation of each government agency strategy. ㅇ This strategy is different from the traditional national implementation plans in general and will be very useful in terms of strengthening the responsibility and credibility of the government for the implementation of carbon neutrality.

공공기관 종사자의 공공성 인식유형 연구:Q 방법론을 활용하여

이서호,김다솜,홍성우,배수호 서울대학교 한국행정연구소 2024 行政論叢 Vol.62 No.1

This paper goes further than the previously discussed publicness discourse and seeks to examine the types and characteristics of publicness based on an individual’s subjective perception. Specifically, we aim to derive public interest implications for our society by targeting employees in public enterprises who can expect more public value than any other occupational groups, and typifying their perceived publicness. For this purpose, we used the Q methodology, which can quantitatively understand an individual’s subjectivity. The specific analysis results are as follows. First of all, the perception of publicness is largely divided into the three types. Type I was named ‘Publicness based on procedural fairness’, Type II was named ‘Publicness based on deliberation’, and Type III was named ‘Publicness based on utilitarianism’. Respectively, each type of publicness emphasizes the process aspect, the reflection and deliberation aspect, and the public interest aspect in recognizing publicness. This typification exhibits different content properties from the discourse of publicness according to conceptual implications, thus allowing a clearer understanding of the social orientation value of publicness that reflects an individual’s subjectivity and providing useful social implications in the field of public policy.

계층과 공공서비스 인식의 구조적 관계

김선희,김현준,진윤아 고려대학교 정부학연구소 2017 정부학연구 Vol.23 No.3

Governments provide a variety of public services to society to achieve public value. It is important to adequately provide public services that can meet the needs of the public. Based on the assumption that the expectations and preferences of the public service are differentiated according to the class, this study presents a theoretical model explaining the association between class and public service perception and conducts an empirical analysis by using the structural equation modeling approach. The results show that class has no statistically significant direct effect on the overall satisfaction of public life. However, depending on which tier of class a citizen belongs to, the reliability of the public service provision system operated by the government and the quality of public service gained from the operation process vary significantly. Such differences further affect the overall satisfaction of public life, resulting in indirect effects of class on the satisfaction of public life. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate if the public service provision system is designed and operated adequately to fulfill the needs and preferences of each class to enhance the satisfaction of public life. In the process of public service provision, efforts should be made to ensure differentiated accessibility, responsiveness, and participation opportunities for each class. 정부는 공공의 가치를 실현하기 위하여 다양한 공공서비스를 공급한다. 이때 국민들의 공공서비스에 대한 요구에 부응할 수 있는 공공서비스를 적절하게 공급하는 것이 무엇보다 중요하다. 본 연구는 국민들이 가지는 공공서비스에 대한 기대와 선호가 계층에 따라 차별화된다는 가정에 근거하여 계층과 공공서비스 인식 간의 관계를 이론적 모형으로 제시하고, 이를 구조방정식 모형을 활용하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과는 계층이 포괄적인 공적 생활 만족도에 통계적으로 유의미한 직접적인 영향을 미치지 못하고 있음을 보여준다. 그러나 어떠한 계층에 속하는지에 따라 정부가 운용하는 공공서비스 공급 체계의 신뢰성과 공공서비스의 질에 대한 평가가 달라진다는 점을 확인하였다. 이러한 차이는 다시 공적 생활 만족도에 영향을 주게 되어 결과적으로 계층은 공적 생활 만족도에 간접적인 효과를 발생시킨다는 것을 발견하였다. 따라서 계층을 초월하여 국민들의 공적 생활에 대한 만족도를 고루 높이기 위해서는 공공서비스 공급 체계가 각 계층의 필요와 선호를 충실하게 반영하여 설계되어 운용되고 있는지 점검할 필요가 있다. 또한 공공서비스 공급 과정에서 계층별로 차별화된 접근성과 대응성, 그리고 참여의 기회를 보장하기 위한 노력이 수반되어야 할 것이다.

언론보도 어조와 관여 유형이 공중인식 변화에 미치는 영향

최은비 ( Eun Bi Choi ),김효숙 ( Hyo Sook Kim ) 한국PR학회 2011 PR연구 Vol.15 No.1

This study examined the effect of publicity tones and involvement types on the changes of publics` perceptions. To do so, this research, first, investigated how the publicity tones impact publics` perceptions of organizations. Also, the effects of two types of involvement, enduring involvement and situational involvement, on publics` perceptions was examined. A 2*2 factorial design experiment was conducted to test the hypotheses of this study. The results of the study revealed that negative publicity has more influence on publics than than positive publicity. Also, it was shown that the perceptions of publics with situational involvement were more severly influenced by publicity tones.

시민들의 정부정책과 역할에 대한 인식이 정부신뢰에 미치는 영향

김지영 ( Kim Kyung-ah ),김경아 ( Kim Ji-young ) 한국자치행정학회 2018 한국자치행정학보 Vol.32 No.4

The study conducted an empirical analysis of the public's attitude toward government expenditure, role, awareness of government policies, and confidence in public officials. The sample is citizens' response based on Administrative Awareness Survey conducted by the Korea Institute for Public Administration in 2016. The sample size that used for analysis is 996. The perception of the government's role and the public's perception of the group of public officials had positive impacts on the government's confidence. The more positive the public rated the government for corporate support and the usage of regulations, corporate protection and legislation and reduction of government expenditure, the more positive the public is confident in the government. The better public officials' work capacity and awareness of public positions, the more confidence they have in the government. However, the more the government is in charge of welfare equality, and the more the need for government expenditure on basic services such as environment, health, security, defence, and education, the more negative the public is confident in the government. The perception of government expenditure on the pension and culture sectors and the public's perception of economic and environmental policies were not statistically significant in explaining the government's confidence.

조직문화와 인권인식 간 관계에 관한 연구: 서울소재 A지방공기업을 중심으로

정성환,이수화,김종근 한국경영컨설팅학회 2023 경영컨설팅연구 Vol.23 No.5

Data were collected from members of regional public corporation to empirically approach how various types of organizational culture affect human rights awareness. Organizational culture was composed of four types: collective culture, development culture, hierarchical culture, and rational culture, and human rights perception was also consisting of three variables: human rights awareness, human rights damage, and respect for human rights. A research hypothesis was established that three of the four organizational culture types, excluding rational culture, would positively affect human rights perception. An online survey was conducted on members of regional public corporation in Seoul, and the research hypothesis was verified using survey data. As a result of the verification, the research hypothesis was supported when a single variable for human rights perception that integrated three variables were set as a dependent variable. Further analysis, showed that the level of organizational culture and human rights perception was formed in various ways according to different characteristics such as position, occupation, department, working period, gender and age. This study is the first to examine how organizational culture affects human rights perception. It is highly appreciated that it was conducted in the public sector, where human rights have recently become more important. In addition, despite being included in major management performance in the management evaluation of regional public corporations, human rights studies conducted on regional public corporations can provide implications for improving the human rights of regional public corporations. Currently, many regional public corporations are trying to improve the level of human rights through the management of human rights, and cultural approaches to human rights along with these efforts will create synergy for the performance of human rights management.