The criterion-referenced fitness standards for community-dwelling older men: Korea Institute of Sport Science Fitness Standards Project

( Saejong Park ),( Soo-hyun Park ),( Mihyun Lee ),( Seunghee Lee ) 한국체육학회 2016 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.1

Purpose: Frailty in older adults is closely related to adverse health outcomes such as falls, disability, hospitalization, institutionalization and mortality. Frailty is defined as the geriatric syndrome resulting from cumulative declines of multiple physiologic functions. Physical function is considered to be a major modifiable factor to prevent or delay transition to frailty and disability. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop age-adjusted criterion-referenced fitness standards for community-dwelling older adults in Korea. Method: The study participants were community-dwelling older men (n=588; 71±4.75years) from the Korea Institute of Sport Science Fitness Standards (KISS-FitS, 2014-2015) Project. The functional fitness was assessed using fitness measurement items of the National Fitness Awards for the elderly (handgrip strength, chair stand test, sit-and-reach, timed up-and-go, walking around two corns in a figure-8, 2-minute step test and 6-minute walk test). Frailty status was classified by the Japanese LTCI system. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analyses were used to determine functional fitness standards using function fitness z-scores as the test and frailty as the criterion. Result: The area under the ROC curve (AUC) values were good (63.0% to 76.4%) except sit-and-reach for classifying frailty status with functional fitness. The resulting z values for the fitness standards were then converted back to each functional fitness measurement item. The values of handgrip strength ranged from 33.8 kg to 28.2 kg. The values of chair stand test and 2-minute walk test ranged from 17 reps/30sec to 13 reps/sec, and 110 reps to 98 reps, respectively. The values of timed up-and-go and walking around two corns in a figure-8 were 5.2 sec to 5.9 sec, and 23.2 sec to 29 sec, respectively. Conclusion: Functional fitness can be used with moderate accuracy to differentiate between older men with and without frailty. The criterion-referenced fitness standards for community-dwelling older men might be used to identify risk groups using fitness training for frailty prevention.

고령자의 기능적 체력과 인지기능 저하와의 관련-10년간의 장기종단연구

이성철(Sungchul Lee),니시타 유키코(Yukiko Nishita),탄게 치카고(Chikako Tange),오츠카 레이(Rei Otsuka),안도 후지코(Fujiko Ando),시모카타 히로시(Hisoshi Shimokata),장명재(Myong-Jae Chang),최현민(Hyun-Min Choi) 한국생활환경학회 2016 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.23 No.5

The purpose of this study was to examine whether functional fitness predicts subsequent cognitive decline in community dwelling older adults. The subjects were 1094 (556 men and 538 women) adults aged 60 years or older who completed the baseline (2000-2002) and ten years later (2010-2012) examinations of the National Institute for Longevity Science-Longitudinal Study of Aging (NILS-LSA) in Japan. We examined associations at baseline and over a 10-year follow-up period between seven functional fitness measures: gait speed, step length, one leg standing, reaction time, leg extension power, grip strength and knee extension strength and mini-mental state examination (MMSE). Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the relationships between functional fitness and cognitive function decline every two years. There was a significant association between the reaction time and risk of becoming decrease to 23 points of MMSE in both model Ⅰ and model Ⅱ of all waves in men and women for 10 years. Gait speed was related to decrease in the cognitive function from after six years (5th wave) in both men (OR, 0.72; CI, 0.53-0.95) and women (OR, 0.79; CI, 0.54-0.97). Leg extension power and grip strength of the physical function were associated with cognitive function decline from after six years it was found in men only. In the women case, it was showed after 10 years. Functional fitness was identified as factors that can predict the decrease in cognitive function. But it turned out that the functional fitness related to cognitive function decreases depending on the time and gender are different.

시설에 거주하는 노인의 정신기능에 따른 활동체력의 비교 연구

엄기매,배영숙 한국노인복지학회 2009 노인복지연구 Vol.0 No.43

The purpose of this study was to investigate the comparison of mental function and functional fitness in Community-dwelled woman older person. The participants of the this study was 130 woman elderly person over 65 years old that was dwelled at facility. The measured items were cognition, depression and functional fitness. The functional fitness measured upper and lower strength, aerobic endurance, upper and lower flexibility and agility, dynamic balance. The degree of MMSE-K score, KGDS score and functional fitness analyzed the ANOVA test. The results of this study showed that the degree of MMSE-K score and upper strength, aerobic endurance, agility and dynamic balance were statistically difference(p<0.05). Also, The degree of KGDS score and aerobic endurance, agility and dynamic balance were statistically difference(p<0.05). In conclusion, this study showed that mental function does correlate functional fitness in woman elder persons. This indicates that reduced cognition and depression is an negative effect on functional fitness on Community-dwelled older person. 본 연구는 시설에 거주하는 여성 노인의 정신기능인 인지기능과 우울정도에 따른 활동체력을 비교하여 노인시설의 생활환경과 노인의 건강 증진을 위한 노인복지 정책의 방향을 제시하고자 하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 노인복지시설 3곳에 거주하는 여성 노인 130명을 대상으로 인지기능은 MMSE-K, 우울증은 노인우울측정도구로 측정하였고, 활동체력은 6개 항목으로 측정하였다. 인지기능과 우울정도에 따라 각 3군으로 나누었으며, 인지기능과 우울정도에 따른 활동체력은 One way ANOVA로 비교․분석하였다. 연구결과, 인지기능의 정도에 따라 활동체력의 비교 결과 상지근력, 지구력, 민첩성과 동적균형에 유의한 차이가 있음을 확인하였고, 우울정도 또한 활동체력에 따라 지구력, 민첩성과 동적균형에 유의한 차이가 있음을 확인하였다.

태극권 운동이 여성치매노인의 인지기능 및 기능체력에 미치는 영향

오산산 ( Shan Shan Wu ),강동근 ( Dong Keun Kang ),계홍경 ( Hong Qing Ji ),박정준 ( Jung Jun Park ) 한국운동생리학회 2015 운동과학 Vol.24 No.2

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Tai Chi on cognitive function and functional fitness in elderly women with dementia. METHODS: The subjects were 40 elderly women with dementia, aged over 65 years old. They were randomly divided into Tai Chi group (TG, n=20) and control group (CG, n=20). Tai Chi exercise was composed of 60 min/day, 3 days/week, for 12 weeks. The intensity of Tai Chi exercise was 10-11 RPE for week-1 to 6 and 12-13 RPE for week-7 to 12. Before and after Tai chi exercise training, Mini-Mental State Examination-Korea (MMSE-K) test and Senior Fitness Test (SFT) were performed to measure cognitive function and functional fitness, respectively. SPSS Ver. 21.0 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: After 12 weeks of Tai Chi exercise program, there was a significant interaction between group and time in MMSE-K (p <.001). TG significantly increased MMSE-K (p <.001), but CG did not. There were also significant interactions between group and time in arm curl (p=.028), chair sit-and-reach (p <.001), 6-min walking (p <.001), and 2.44 m up-and-go (p <.001). TG significantly improved chair sit-and-reach test (p <.001), 6-min walking test (p <.001), and 2.44 m up-and-go test (p <.001), but did not change others. In CG, however, arm curl (p <.001), 30-second chair stand (p=.028), back scratch (p=.01), chair sit-and-reach (p <.001), 6-min walking (p <.001), and 2.44 m up-and-go (p <.001) had gotten worse significantly. The change in MMSE-K was not related with the changes in any functional fitness. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that cognitive function and most of functional fitness in elderly women with dementia can be improved by Tai Chi exercise, but can become worse without exercise in even 12 weeks. Thus, it suggests that Tai Chi is a good exercise to be recommend to elderly women with dementia to improve their cognitive function as well as functional fitness.

클래스핏 트레이닝이 아동의 체력과 전전두엽 실행기능에 미치는 영향

김형철,김경래 학습자중심교과교육학회 2023 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.23 No.1

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the 12-week Class-fit training exercise program on physical fitness and prefrontal executive function in elementary school students and provide base data needed to use Class-fit training as physical fitness and prefrontal executive function improvement program of students. Methods In order to accomplish the purpose of this study, 36 sixth-grade students at E elementary school located in Seoul, were selected by convenience sampling and allocated 18 students each for the exercise group and the control group. Each group was measured for physical fitness and prefrontal executive function before and after the exercise. Class-fit training was implemented for 40 minutes of 3 times each week for 12 weeks. Results The results obtained through this study are as follows. First, muscle endurance, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, power showed interaction effects in the group and time. Second, raw color-word score showed interaction effects in the group and time. Word raw score, color raw score showed significant differences in timing, particularly the post score of exercise group increased significantly. Conclusions In conclusion, 12-week Class-fit training had positive effect on elementary school students for physical fitness and prefrontal execution function. Class-fit training will make a contribution to the exercise program to help improve physical fitness and cognitive function. 목적 본 연구에서는 클래스핏 트레이닝(주 3회 40분씩, 총 12주간)의 참여가 아동의 체력과 전전두엽 실행기능에 미치는 영향을규명함으로써 학교 현장에서 체력 및 실행기능 향상 프로그램으로 클래스핏 트레이닝을 활용하는 데 필요한 기초 자료를 제공하였다. 방법 실험 참여자는 자발적 참여 의하를 밝힌 초등학교 6학년 2학급을 편의 표집(운동집단 18명, 비교집단 18명)한 후 연구의 목적, 절차, 예상효과를 설명하고 학부모의 연구 참여 동의서를 받은 후 실험에 참여하였으며, 운동 전과 후의 체력과 전전두엽 실행기능을측정하였다. 측정 자료는 SPSS 21 통계 프로그램을 이용하여 분석하였다. 결과 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 체력은 근지구력, 심폐지구력, 유연성, 순발력 모든 하위 변인에서 집단과 측정시기별 상호작용 효과가 나타났다. 둘째, 전전두엽 실행기능은 하위 변인 중 색상-단어 점수 변인에서 집단과 측정시기별 상호작용 효과가 나타났다. 단어 점수와 색상 점수 변인은 측정시기에서 유의한 차가 나타났고, 특히 운동집단의 사후 결과 값이 통계적으로 유의하게 증가하였다. 결론 12주간의 클래스핏 트레이닝은 초등학생의 체력과 전전두엽 실행기능 향상에 긍정적인 영향을 미친 것으로 나타났다. 이는클래스핏 트레이닝이 학교 현장에서 학생들의 체력 및 인지기능 향상을 위한 운동 프로그램으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

중학교 축구선수의 BMI 수준에 따른 기능 체력과 등속성 근기능의 비교

유동훈,구희곤 한국체육과학회 2022 한국체육과학회지 Vol.31 No.3

The purpose of this investigation was to compare functional fitness and isokinetic muscle function according to BMI (body mass index) in middle school soccer player. For this purpose, 34 male middle school soccer players[underweight group(n=12), BMI>18.5 kg/m2; normal weight group(n=15), BMI 18.5~23.0 kg/m2; overweight group(n=7), BMI 23.0~25.0 kg/m2] participated in this study. Measurement items were BMI, functional fitness (sargent jump, trunk flexion, eyes one leg standing, semo agility test), and isokinetic muscle function (peak torque, peak torque per body weight, hamstrings/quadriceps ratio, bilateral ratio). The results of our study are as follows: 1) The low BMI group showed excellent flexibility and agility than the high BMI group. 2) In the isokinetic muscle function according to the BMI level, peak torque was higher in the normal weight group than in the underweight group, and peak torque per body weight was lower in the overweight group than in the normal and underweight group. 3) The ipsilateral and bilateral muscle strength ratios were within the normal range for all groups. Therefore, in the case of male middle school soccer players, it was found that overweight had a more negative effect on functional fitness and isokinetic muscle function. Soccer players should try to maintain a normal weight for the best performance.

노인들의 건강관련체력, BDNF와 인지기능의 상관관계

윤병곤(Byung Kon Yoon) 한국레저사이언스학회 2022 한국레저사이언스학회지 Vol.13 No.3

본 연구의 목적은 노인들을 대상으로 건강관련체력, 뇌신경인자 그리고 인지기능과의 상관관계를 분석하는 것이다. B 광역시에 거주하는 노인 58명(남자 27명, 여자 31명)을 대상으로 건강관련체력(6-min walking, 30-second chair stand, back scratch), 신체조성(BMI, % fat), 혈액분석 그리고 인지기능 검사를 실시하였다. 변인들의 상관관계 분석을 위해 Pearson’s correlation coefficient를 사용하였으며, 모든 통계적 유의수준은 .05로 설정하였다. 연령이 증가함에 따라 심폐지구력, 근력, 유연성. 인지기능검사 수치가 유의하게 감소하는 것으로 나타났으나, BMI 수치와 체지방률은 체력요인들과 유의한 상관관계가 없었다. 그러나 체지방률은 BDNF와 유의한 관계가 있었다. 심폐체력과 근력은 인지기능과 유의한 상관관계를 보였으나 유연성은 관련이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로, 노인들의 인지기능저하 및 치매예방을 위한 운동 프로그램은 심폐체력, 근력, 그리고 체지방률을 향상시킬 수 있도록 구성하여야 할것이다. The purpose of this study was to analyse the correlation among the health-related fitness, BDNF, and cognitive function in elderly. 27 male and 31 female participants who live in B city were performed health-related fitness test, body composition, blood analysis, and cognitive functional test. It was used Pearson’s correlation coefficient to verify the correlation among the variables. Cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, flexibility and the score of cognitive functional test decrease according to aging. There was no correlation between BMI and health-related fitness factors. However, % of body fat was significantly correlated with BDNF. Cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength had statistically significant relationship with cognitive function, but flexibility was no relation with cognitive function. In conclusion, The exercise program which is to prevent from decreasing cognitive function and dementia for elderly may consist of improving cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, and % of body fat.

노인의 기능 체력과 경도 인지 장애와의 연관성

한진희 ( Jin Hee Han ),강현식 ( Hyun Sik Kang ) 대한스포츠의학회 2015 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.33 No.2

In a cross-sectional design, this study examined the relationship between functional physical fitness and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in older adults. A total of 306 older adults (91 men and 215 women) aged 65 years or older were recruited from our local community. A senior fitness test (SFT) was used to assess functional domains of physical fitness consisting of upper and lower body strength, endurance, upper and lower body flexibility, and agility/dynamic balance. Korean version of mini-mental state examine for dementia screening and short-form geriatric depression scale were used to assess global cognitive performance and depression, respectively. Age, sex, education, body mass index, percent body fat, blood lipids, glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were assessed. A composite score of physical fitness was calculated as a sum of z scores for each domain of the SFT parameters. Based on the composited score of physical fitness, subjects were classified as low fit (lower 25 percentile), moderate fit (middle 50 percentile), and high fit (high 25 percentile). Linear contrast analysis using one-way analysis of variance showed significant linear trends for age (p<0.001), education (p<0.001), cognitive function (p<0.001), and depression scale (p=0.006) across incremental composite score of physical fitness. Functional physical fitness was positively associated with age, years of education and global cognitive performance and negatively with depression scale. Logistic regression analyses showed that compared to the low fit group, the moderate (p=0.004) and high fit (p=0.010) groups had significantly lower odds ratios for having MCI even after adjusted for age, sex, education, and body fatness parameters. However, the odds ratios of the moderate (p=0.101) and high fit (p=0.191) groups were not significant when additionally controlling for depression scale and HOMA-IR. The current findings suggest that physical fitness promotion along with treatments of depression and HOMA-IR should be key components of interventions to prevent and/or treat MCI with normal aging.

체육측정평가 : 성인 남성의 건강체력수준의 평가: 판별분석의 적용

이미숙(LeeMi-Sook),강상조(KangSang-Jo),田中喜代次(KiyojiTanaka) 한국체육학회 1998 한국체육학회지 Vol.37 No.1

일상생활 중 신체활동의 감소에 따른 건강체력 수준의 저하가 활력있는 건강한 장수를 위한 잠재 능력을 쇠퇴 시킨다는 이론적인 배경 하에, 개개인의 체력수준에 대한 폭 넓은 검토가 고령화 사회의 중요한 과제로서 대두되고 있는 실정이다. 이 연구의 목적은 건강체력 (health-related physical fitness) 검사 결과로부터 일반군, 운동군, 비만군으로 분류된 세 집단을 통계적으로 가장 적절하게 판별할 수 있는 추정식을 작성하는데 있다. 신체활동 수준이 다른 성인 남성 75명을 연구 대상으로 하였으며 성인 남성의 체력을 건강체력 관점에서 정의하고, 선행연구의 결과를 기초로 하여 근력, 전신지구력, 유연성, 신체구성 요인을 건강체력수준 평가에 필요한 체력요인 및 항목으로 선정하였다. 이들 각각의 체력요인을 대표하는 항목은 타당성 및 신뢰성을 고려하여 악력, 최대산소섭취량, 체전굴, 체지방 등의 검사항목을 선택하였다. 판별분석을 적용하여 검토 한 주요 분석내용은 1) 선정된 체력검사 결과에 근거하여 집단 구성원은 우연에 의한 예언보다 어느 정도 높은 수준에서 정확하게 해당 집단에 소속된 것으로 예언할 수 있는가?, 2) 유의한 판별함수의 수와 각 집단별 판별함수 점수의 평균 즉 집단평균치, 3) 어떠한 체력검사가 판별함수와 높은 상관이 있는가?, 4) 해당 집단에 정확하게 분류하기 위해 각 독립변인의 점수에 어떤 가중치를 주어야 하는가? 등이다. 건강관련 체력측정 항목 상호 간의 상관 행렬을 검토하고, 판별분석을 적용하여 4항목으로 구성된 판별함수를 산출한 결과 세 집단이 복수의 체력측정 항목에 있어서의 성적으로부터 정확하게 판별 될 확률은 86.6%였다. 이 결과는 신체활동 수준별로 정확하게 분류된 성인 남성들은 우연에 의해 분류될 수 있는 확률 33.5% 보다 현저하게 높은 수치를 나타냈다. 또한, 판별함수를 이용하여 산출한 각 개인의 판별득점을 신체적 건강도로 간주하였으며 그 득점과 각 체력 항목 간의 상관계수를 산출한 결과, 전신지구력 및 신체구성 지표와 신체적 건강도 간에 높은 관련성이 시사되었다. 따라서 성인 남성의 경우 일상생활에 있어서 전신지구력과 신체구성의 변화가 신체적 건강도의 지표로서 공헌도가 크고 중요하다는 것이 시사되었다. 향후 이 연구에서 제시한 판별함수를 이용하여 교차타당도에 대한 검토가 후속되어야 할 것이다. The purposes of this study were; 1) to discriminate the three different groups categorized by physical health status and physical activity level using discriminant function analysis, 2) to examine the degree of relationship between physical health status and physical fitness and the contribution of each element of physical fitness to the physical health status of middle-aged men. This study was achieved by classifying the original subject pool into three different experimental subgroups based on physical examination results and self-reported activity levels; a normal group (I), a regularly exercise group (II), and an obese group (III). The health status was assessed by physicians. Physical fitness tasks were selected from health-related physical fitness components; maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max; X1), grip strength (X2), body fat (X2), and trunk flexion from a standing position (X4). Discriminant function analysis was applied to determine if the selected physical fitness tasks were sensitive to differentiate among the three groups and successfully classify individual in the appropriate physical activity levels and physical health status. Correct discriminant probabilities of multiple discriminant functions to discriminate the I, II,and III group were 86.6%. These results suggested that there was a relatively strong relationship between physical health status and the level of physical fitness. The contribution of each element of physical fitness to physical health status was evaluated by correlation between the discriminant score representing physical health status, and performance on each element of the physical fitness test. It was concluded that discriminant function provided a valid model for evaluating differences among the three different physical health status and physical activity levels. Therefore, our data suggests that commonly used measures of health-related physical fitness can be utilized as a valid index of physical health status in exercise and health science.

변전소의 개선된 고장복구를 위한 의 최적 적합도 함수 결정

이경민,홍재영,채창기,강태원,박철원 대한전기학회 2020 전기학회논문지 Vol.69 No.6

This article, as a part of the research for intelligent fault recovery in substation, studied the determination of Genetic Algorithm (GA)'s the best fitness function for improved fault recovery of substation. First, in order to apply GA for improved fault recovery, constraints and fitness functions were chosen in consideration of Main Transformer (M.Tr) overload brake, blackout area minimizing. A GA-based fault recovery support system is designed through the selected constraints and fitness functions. The initial settings for the proposed GA system were population, survival rate, maximum number of generations, and mutation probability. In order to determine the optimal fitness function, the simulation is performed by varying the weights of the proposed three fitness functions from 10 to 50. Finally, as a result of the simulation, an the best fitness function is determined, and through this, an optimal recovery path is searched for substation fault recovery.