용언(用言) 활용(活用)의 불완전성(不完全性)에 대한 소고(小考)

윤예진(尹藝珍) ( Yoon Ye-jin ) 한국어문교육연구회 2021 어문연구(語文硏究) Vol.49 No.4

이 글에서는 기존에 ‘不完全 用言, 不備用言, 不具用言’으로 연구되어 온 용언 활용의 不完全性에 대하여 살펴본다. 일반언어학에서 不完全 용언은 불가능한 活用形의 존재로 정의된 것에 반해, 한국어학에서 불완전 용언은 극소수의 활용형만을 가지는 것으로. 좁게 정의되어 왔는다. 그러나 이러한 협의의 단절적인 정의는 중간적인 存在를 인정하지 않는다는 定義上의 문제와 더불어 형성 과정을 설명하기 어렵다는 難點을 가진다. 여기에서는 활용의 불완전성을 程度性 개념으로 파악하고, 한국어학의 불완전 용언은 그 첨단에 해당한 것이라 보고 이를 바탕으로 불완전성을 야기하는 요인을 고찰하였다. 이때 대상 자료는 말뭉치와 설문조사를 바탕으로 조사하였다. 그 결과 불완전성은 준말과 같이 형성 과정의 形態·音韻論的 制約에 말미암아 형성되기도 하며, 構文化, 文法化, 死語化 등의 변화에 의해 심화되기도 한다는 것을 밝혔다. 그 과정에서 활용의 불완전성은 예외적인 현상이 아니며 通時的 변화에 수반되는 당연한 현상일 수 있음을 밝혔다. In this article, we examine the defectiveness of Korean verb conjugation. Previous studies have only concentrated on “possible form.” However, in this paper, we argueboth “possible form” and “impossible form” areimportant to explain the phenomenon. In general linguistics, defectiveness is defined as the gap of an inflectional paradigm, whereas in Korean linguistics, defective verb is narrowly defined as the verb thathas only few forms (between 1 and 3). However, these disconnected definitions of defectiveness are limited as they do not explain its formation, nor can intermediate cases(verbs that ha Therefore, we define defectiveness as a gradual concept. Usingthis definition, we examine the causes of formation intensification of defectiveness. Consequently, it was revealed that defectiveness is formed by the morphological/phonological constraints of the (word) formation, such as abbreviations. Additionally, it has been intensified by historical changes such as constructionalization, grammaticalization, and decreased usage (loss/ of word). In the analysis, we found that defectiveness is not an abnormal phenomenon, but may be a natural phenomenon accompanied by diachronic changes.

중국의 제조물책임 관련법규에서의 제조물결함에 관한 연구

이시환(Lee Shie Hwan) 한국무역상무학회 2007 貿易商務硏究 Vol.34 No.-

Product liability law lies at the center of the modern world. This law concerns liability for damages arising from the commercial sale of a product that causes personal injury or property damage because it was defective or falsely represented. One engaged in the business of selling or otherwise distributing products who sells or distributes a defective product is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caused by the defect. In short, product defectiveness is the heart of products liability law. Regardless of the underlying cause of action, the plaintiff in nearly every products liability case must prove that the defendant"s product contained an unnecessary hazard that caused the harm. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the meaning of the product defectiveness to products liability claims in China. In China, Product to include most movable personal property, but to exclude services. And a product is defective when, at the time of sale or distribution, it contains a manufacturing defect, is defective in design, or is defective because of inadequate instructions or warnings.

제조물 결함사고에 따른 제조물책임 관리활동 방안

장석주 ( Seog Ju Chang ) 대한설비관리학회 2010 대한설비관리학회지 Vol.15 No.2

The rapid introduction of product liability has recently been a prevalent phenomenon, as global changes arising from rapid development in science and the economy have resulted in a highly interconnected world economy. This paper was based on current literature and business cases in the position of companies, and is one of the operating subjects in a system for legal responsibility in manufactured products. We analysed the customer`s behavior about the product defectiveness. There are limitations in the fact that research theories are only able to present a theoretical model and directions. In this context, managers and personnel of multiple companies cannot adequately respond to the recently enforced Product Liability Act (PL Act).

未知의 한자어 의존명사에 대하여

이선웅(Yi, Seon-ung) 형태론 2004 형태론 Vol.6 No.2

국어의 고유어 의존명사에 대한 연구 업적은 매우 많으나 한자어 의존명사에 대한 연구는 거의 전혀 없었는데, 그것은 앞서 연구한 고유어 의존명사가 대개 통사적 의존성과 의미적 형식성/추상성을 함께 지니고 있기 때문에 두 가지 특성을 분리하려는 시도를 하지 않은 데에서 기인한다. 본고에서 행한 바는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 의존명사와 형식명사의 개념을 분리하여 인식함으로써 한자어 의존명사는 통사적으로는 의존적이되 의미적으로는 형식적/추상적이지 않은 부류로 파악할 것을 주장하였다. 둘째, 기존 논저와 사전에서 거의 다루지 않았던 한자어 의존명사의 목록을 제시하고 각 항목의 특성을 기술하였다. 셋째, 문제의 대상이 접미사나 어근으로 볼 수 없고 의존명사 부류로 보아야 함의 타당성을 논하였다. A great deal of research has appeared on pure Korean dependent nouns, but very works have been published on Sino-Korean dependent nouns. This is because pure Korean dependent nouns, which were studied earlier than Sino-Korean dependent nouns, usually show both syntactic dependency and semantic defectiveness/abstractness; researchers were slow to distinguish these two characteristics. In this paper I argue that 1) Sino-Korean dependent nouns are syntactically dependent but not semantically defective/abstract by distinguishing the notions of ‘dependent noun’ and ‘defective noun’. 2) I give a list of Sino-Korean dependent nouns which have not previously been described in dictionaries or research literature and then describe the character of each item. 3) I argue that the category of forms in question is neither suffix nor root, but is instead ‘dependent noun’.(Ewha Women's University).

NASA MDP 데이터 집합의 결함도 모호성 분석

홍의석(Euyseok Hong) 한국IT서비스학회 2013 한국IT서비스학회지 Vol.12 No.2

Public domain defect data sets, such as NASA data sets which are available from the NASA MDP and PROMISE repositories, make it possible to compare the results of different defect prediction models by using the same data sets. This means that repeatable and general prediction models can be built. However, some recent studies have raised questions about the quality of two versions of NASA data set. and made new cleaned data sets by applying their data cleaning processes. We find that there are two ways in the NASA MDP versions to determine the defectiveness of a module, 0 or 1, and the two results are different in some cases. This serious problem. to our knowledge, has not been addressed in previous studies. To handle this ambiguity problem, we define two kinds of module defectiveness and two conditions that can be used to determine the ambiguous cases. We meticulously analyze 5 projects among the 13 NASA projects by using our ambiguity analysis method. The results show that JMl and PC4 are the best projects with few ambiguous cases.

Random topological defects in double-walled carbon nanotubes: On characterization and programmable defect-engineering of spatio-mechanical properties

A. Roy,K. K. Gupta,S. Dey,T. Mukhopadhyay Techno-Press 2024 Advances in nano research Vol.16 No.1

Carbon nanotubes are drawing wide attention of research communities and several industries due to their versatile capabilities covering mechanical and other multi-physical properties. However, owing to extreme operating conditions of the synthesis process of these nanostructures, they are often imposed with certain inevitable structural deformities such as single vacancy and nanopore defects. These random irregularities limit the intended functionalities of carbon nanotubes severely. In this article, we investigate the mechanical behaviour of double-wall carbon nanotubes (DWCNT) under the influence of arbitrarily distributed single vacancy and nanopore defects in the outer wall, inner wall, and both the walls. Large-scale molecular simulations reveal that the nanopore defects have more detrimental effects on the mechanical behaviour of DWCNTs, while the defects in the inner wall of DWCNTs make the nanostructures more vulnerable to withstand high longitudinal deformation. From a different perspective, to exploit the mechanics of damage for achieving defect-induced shape modulation and region-wise deformation control, we have further explored the localized longitudinal and transverse spatial effects of DWCNT by designing the defects for their regional distribution. The comprehensive numerical results of the present study would lead to the characterization of the critical mechanical properties of DWCNTs under the presence of inevitable intrinsic defects along with the aspect of defect-induced spatial modulation of shapes for prospective applications in a range of nanoelectromechanical systems and devices.

객체 탐지 기술을 통한 휠 너트 제품의 단조 공정에서 불량 검출

김창대,백승욱,정완진,이창환 한국정밀공학회 2024 한국정밀공학회지 Vol.41 No.4

This study developed a defect-detecting system for automotive wheel nuts. We proposed an image processing method using OpenCV for efficient defect-detection of automotive wheel nuts. Image processing method focused on noise removal, ratio adjustment, binarization, polar coordinate system formation, and orthogonal coordinate system conversion. Through data collection, preprocessing, object detection model training, and testing, we established a system capable of accurately classifying defects and tracking their positions. There are four defect types. Type 1 and type 2 defects are defects of products where the product is completely broken circumferentially. Type 3 and type 4 defects are defects are small circumferential dents and scratches in the product. We utilized Faster R-CNN and YOLOv8 models to detect defect types. By employing effective preprocessing and post-processing steps, we enhanced the accuracy. In the case of Fast RCNN, AP values were 0.92, 0.93, 0.76, and 0.49 for types 1, 2, 3, and 4 defects, respectively. The mAP was 0.77. In the case of YOLOv8, AP values were 0.78, 0.96, 0.8, and 0.51 for types for types 1, 2, 3, and 4 defects, respectively. The mAP was 0.76. These results could contribute to defect detection and quality improvement in the automotive manufacturing sector.

The evaluation of healing patterns in surgically created circumferential gap defects around dental implants according to implant surface, defect width and defect morphology

임세웅,홍지연,채경준,정의원,김창성,이용근,조규성,김종관,최성호 대한치주과학회 2008 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.38 No.2

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors affecting healing patterns of surgically created circumferential gap defects around implants in dogs. Materials and Methods: In four mongrel dogs, all mandibular premolars were extracted. After 8 weeks of healing periods, implants were submerged. According to the surface treatment, turned surface was designated as a group A and rough surface as a group B. In each dog, surgical defects on the left side were made with a customized tapered step drill and on the right with a customized paralleled drill. Groups were also divided according to the width of the coronal gaps: 1.0mm, 1.5mm, or 2.0mm. The dogs were sacrificed following 8 weeks and the specimens were analyzed histologically and histomorphometrically. Results: During the postoperative period, healing was uneventful and implants were well-maintained. As the size of the coronal gap was increased, the amount of bone-to-implant contact was decreased. The bone healing was greater in rough surface implants compared to the turned ones. About the defect morphology, tapered shape showed much bone healing and direct bone to implant contact even in the smooth surface implants. Conclusion: Healing of the circumferential defect around dental implant is influenced by the implant surface, defect width and the morphology of the defect. When using rough surface implants, circumferential gap defects within 2 mm do not need any kinds of regenerative procedures and the healing appeared to be faster in the tapered defect morphology than the paralleled one. (J Korean Acad Periodontol 2008;38:385-394) Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors affecting healing patterns of surgically created circumferential gap defects around implants in dogs. Materials and Methods: In four mongrel dogs, all mandibular premolars were extracted. After 8 weeks of healing periods, implants were submerged. According to the surface treatment, turned surface was designated as a group A and rough surface as a group B. In each dog, surgical defects on the left side were made with a customized tapered step drill and on the right with a customized paralleled drill. Groups were also divided according to the width of the coronal gaps: 1.0mm, 1.5mm, or 2.0mm. The dogs were sacrificed following 8 weeks and the specimens were analyzed histologically and histomorphometrically. Results: During the postoperative period, healing was uneventful and implants were well-maintained. As the size of the coronal gap was increased, the amount of bone-to-implant contact was decreased. The bone healing was greater in rough surface implants compared to the turned ones. About the defect morphology, tapered shape showed much bone healing and direct bone to implant contact even in the smooth surface implants. Conclusion: Healing of the circumferential defect around dental implant is influenced by the implant surface, defect width and the morphology of the defect. When using rough surface implants, circumferential gap defects within 2 mm do not need any kinds of regenerative procedures and the healing appeared to be faster in the tapered defect morphology than the paralleled one. (J Korean Acad Periodontol 2008;38:385-394)

The evaluation of healing patterns in surgically created circumferential gap defects around dental implants according to implant surface, defect width and defect morphology

Im, Se-Ung,Hong, Ji-Youn,Chae, Gyung-Joon,Jung, Ui-Won,Kim, Chang-Sung,Lee, Yong-Keun,Cho, Kyoo-Sung,Kim, Chong-Kwan,Choi, Seong-Ho Korean Academy of Periodontology 2008 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.38 No.2

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors affecting healing patterns of surgically created circumferential gap defects around implants in dogs. Materials and Methods: In four mongrel dogs, all mandibular premolars were extracted. After 8 weeks of healing periods, implants were submerged. According to the surface treatment, turned surface was designated as a group A and rough surface as a group B. In each dog, surgical defects on the left side were made with a customized tapered step drill and on the right with a customized paralleled drill. Groups were also divided according to the width of the coronal gaps: 1.0mm, 1.5mm, or 2.0mm. The dogs were sacrificed following 8 weeks and the specimens were analyzed histologically and histomorphometrically. Results: During the postoperative period, healing was uneventful and implants were well-maintained. As the size of the coronal gap was increased, the amount of bone-to-implant contact was decreased. The bone healing was greater in rough surface implants compared to the turned ones. About the defect morphology, tapered shape showed much bone healing and direct bone to implant contact even in the smooth surface implants. Conclusion: Healing of the circumferential defect around dental implant is influenced by the implant surface, defect width and the morphology of the defect. When using rough surface implants, circumferential gap defects within 2 mm do not need any kinds of regenerative procedures and the healing appeared to be faster in the tapered defect morphology than the paralleled one.

Software Defect Model Based on Similarity and Association Rule

Wan Jiang Han,He Yang Jiang,Tian Bo Lu,Xiao Yan Zhang,Weijian Li 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Vol.10 No.7

In order to detect defects efficiently and improve the quality of products, this paper puts forward the concept about defect classification model and defect association model by a lot of defect data. The technology of similarity is applied to defect classification model, and the idea of Knowledge Discovery in Database is applied to defect association model. Defect classification model can analyze the defect efficiently and provides the basis of solving problems quickly while defect association model can be used to detect early and prevent problem, which can make effective improvements for testing and development. This paper summed up GUI defect model based on a large number of interface defects. The model is useful to improve the accuracy of forecast and be used for test planning and implementation through the practice of several projects.