수인성 암모니아 급성노출에 의한 향어, Cyprinus carpio nudus의 반수치사농도, 혈액학적 성상 및 혈장성분의 영향

정지호,은지수,주창훈,조아현,홍수민,김준환,Jeong, Ji-Ho,Eun, Ji-Su,Joo, Chang-Hoon,Jo, A-Hyun,Hong, Su-Min,Kim, Jun-Hwan 한국어병학회 2022 한국어병학회지 Vol.35 No.1

Mirror carp, Cyprinus carpio nudus (weight 26.2±3.1 g, length 11.8±0.5 cm) were exposed to waterborne total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128 mg TAN/L. The lethal concentration 50 (LC₅₀) of mirror carp, C. carpio nudus exposed to waterborne ammonia was 60.38 mg TAN/L. The red blood cell (RBC) count was significantly reduced by ammonia exposure, whereas there was no significant changes in the hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit value. In the plasma components, glucose, total protein, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly increased by ammonia exposure. The results of this study suggest that the ammonia exposure to C. carpio nudus affects the survival rates, hematological parameters and plasma components as toxicity.

암모니아 급성노출에 따른 대왕범바리(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀×E. lanceolatus ♂)의 혈액성상 및 혈장성분의 변화

김광민,이희진,윤한빈,조재황,김석렬,이경미,김준환,Kim, Kwang-Min,Lee, Hee-Jin,Yun, Han Bin,Cho, Jae-Hwang,Kim, Seok-Ryel,Lee, Kyung Mi,Kim, Jun-Hwan 한국환경생물학회 2020 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.38 No.1

Hybrid grouper(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀×E. lanceolatus ♂) (mean weight 25.7±3.5g, mean length 11.2±0.9cm) were exposed to different ammonia concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40mg L^-1 for 96 hours. The hematological hematocrit and hemoglobin parameters of the hybrid grouper were significantly decreased by 20 mg L^-1 ammonia exposure. In the organic plasma components, calcium was significantly decreased, whereas there was no change in magnesium. In the organic plasma components, the glucose and cholesterol values of the hybrid grouper were significantly increased by ammonia exposure. In the enzymatic plasma components, the ALP(Alkaline phosphatase) value of the hybrid grouper was also significantly increased by ammonia exposure. The results of this study demonstrate that acute ammonia exposure to hybrid grouper induced changes in hematological parameters and plasma components. Therefore, acute ammonia exposure over 20 mg L^-1 appears to be toxic to hybrid grouper and the results can be used as a major indicator in breeding hybrid grouper. 본 실험에서 암모니아 급성 노출은 대왕범바리의 혈액학적 성상 및 혈장 성분에 유의적 변화를 나타내었다. 본 실험의 결과 20mg L^-1 이상의 급성 암모니아 노출은 대왕범바리의 혈액학적 성상 및 혈장 성분에 영향을 주어 생리적 변화를 일으키며, 40mg L^-1의 급성 암모니아 농도는 대량 폐사를 유발할 수 있음을 나타낸다. 향후 대왕범바리 바이오플락 양식기술 적용을 위한 양식연구에 이러한 결과를 지표로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

능성어(Epinephelus septemfasciatus) 치어의 생존율과 혈액학적 특성 변화에 미치는 암모니아 노출의 영향

김정현 ( Jung Hyun Kim ),박종연 ( Jong Youn Park ),이정용 ( Jeong Yong Lee ),이진환 ( Jin Hwan Lee ),황형규 ( Hyung Kyu Hwang ),조재권 ( Jae Kwon Cho ) 한국어류학회 2017 韓國魚類學會誌 Vol.29 No.1

본 연구는 능성어 (Epinephelus septemfasciatus)를 해수 순환여과양식시스템 (RAS)에 적용하는데 문제가 되는 암모니아의 농도 기준을 제시하기 위하여 96시간 동안 암모니아 노출에 따른 생존율 및 혈액학적 특성 변화를 조사하였다. 생존율 실험구의 암모니아 농도는 대조구, 0.35, 0.4, 0.5, 0.8 mg/L였으며, 96-h LC₅₀ 농도는 0.6 mg/L로 나타났다. 능성어 치어의 암모니아 96-h LC₅₀ 농도인 0.6 mg/L에서 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96시간 간격으로 12마리씩 혈액 샘플링을 하였다. 실험구의 암모니아 노출 시간이 경과할수록 혈장 코티졸, 글루코스, GOT 및 GPT 농도가 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 혈장 암모니아와 총 단백질은 암모니아 노출 12시간째까지는 증가하였고 이후로는 감소하였지만, 대조구와 비교하여 유의하게 높은 값을 나타내었다. 또한 혈장 전해질이온 (Na⁺, Cl^-)과 삼투압은 감소하는 경향이 관찰되었다. We investigated that changes of survival rate and hematological factors in sevenband grouper (Epinephelus septemfasciatus), exposed to ammonia. First, the fish was exposed and was observed survival rate. We observed the survival rate of the fish when exposed at each ammonia concentrations (0, 0.35, 0.4, 0.5, 0.8 mg/L, NH₃) for 96 hours. The 96-h LC₅₀ (lethal ambient concentration for 50% of the population) of NH₄⁺ and un-ionized ammonia (NH₃) for sevenband grouper were 26.7 and 0.6 mg/L, respectively. Secondly, we exposed the fish to 96-h LC₅₀ ammonia concentration (0.6 mg/L) for 96 hours, then sampled the blood of groupers for analysis of cortisol, glucose, NH₃, GOT, GPT, total protein (TP), electrolytes (Na⁺, Cl_-) and osmolality in plasma. The plasma cortisol, glucose, GOT and GPT were increased with increasing of elapsed time and ammonia concentration. In addition, the NH₃ and total protein in plasma were significantly increased to 12 hours exposed to ammonia, and then decreased. But, the values were significantly higher than the control. The plasma electrolytes (Na⁺, Cl^-) and osmolality were decreased with increasing of elasped time. The results in the present study suggest that the continuous exposure of ammonia to juveniles of sevenband grouper may be a stressor and negative influence.

암모니아 가스가 병아리의 생리반응과 성장성적에 미치는 영향

이상락,김성중 건국대학교 동물자원연구센터 2000 動物資源硏究誌 Vol.21 No.-

암모니아가스가 병아리의 생리반응과 성장 성적에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 실험을 실시하였다. 생후 14일에서 21일령 사이의 병아리를 호흡가스 측정 chamber에 공시하여 0, 20∼35, 45∼85, 87∼165ppm의 암모니아가스를 주입하고, 열발생량, 혈액중의 호르몬 및 대사물질을 측정하였다. 또한, 생후 8일령의 병아리를 시판 병아리 사료로 급여하여 8일간 암모니아가스 농도가 0과 15∼25ppm인 사육실내에서 사육하고 사료 섭취량 및 증체량을 측정하였다. 이들 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 암모니아가스 노출 전·후에서의 열발생량 간에는 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 암모니아가스 농도가 증가함에 따라 다소 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 2. 암모니아가스에 노출시킨 병아리의 plasma hormone은 T₄(thyroxine)의 경우 암모니아가스 농도가 20∼35ppm에서 유의하게 증가하였으나(p<0.05), 다른 농도에서는 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았다. Cortisol은 대조구와 실험구에서 모두 검출되지 않았다. 3. 혈중대사 물질중의 NEFFA(non-esterified free fatty acid)농도는 45∼85ppm 처리구에서 증가하였으나 (p<0.05), 87∼165ppm처리구에서는 오히려 감소하였다(p<0.05). 4. 사료섭취량은 대조구와 실험구에서 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았으나, 대체적으로 암모니아가스 처리구가 낮은 경향을 보였다. 5. 일당 증체량은 유의차를 나타내지 않았으나, 대체적으로 암모니아가스 처리구에서 약간 낮은 경향을 보였다. 6. 사료효율도 처리구간에 유의한 차이는 없었으나, 암모니아가스 처리구에서 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. To examine effects of ammonia-gal exposure on the physiological responses and growth performance in chicks, two separated experiments were done. In the first experiment, twenty six, 16∼21 days old broiler chicks were exposed to 0, 20∼35, 45∼85 and 87∼165 ppm of dried ammonia gas for 80 min, and then there heat production, plasma hormones and metabolites were measured. In the second experiment, fourty, 7days old layer chicks were assigned in a two treatment with four replication in each, and reared in two rooms set with a 0 and 15∼25 ppm of ammonia gas for 8 days, feed consuraption and body weight gain were measured. Heat productions in chicks were not changed by ammonia gas exposure, however, heat production tended to increase according to the increase of exposure concentration. Plasma T₄ concentration of the chicks exposed to ammonia gas was significantly increased in 20∼50 ppm range(p<0.05), but any particular trend was not found in other ammonia concentrations. Cortisol was not detected both in control and treatments. The concentration of NEFFA(non-esterified free fatty acid) in plasma increased in 45∼85ppm treatment(p<0.05), however, decreased in 87∼165 ppm treatment(p<0.05). There were no significant differences in feed intake, daily body weight gain and feed efficiency between chicks reared under 0 or 15∼25 ppm ammonia gas concentration, although those were trended to decrease slightly in the 15∼25 ppm ammonia gas treated group.

암모니아 노출에 따른 조피볼락(Sebastes schlegeli)의 생리학적 반응

민병화 ( Byung Hwa Min ),박미선 ( Mi Seon Park ),신윤경 ( Yun Kyung Shin ),도용현 ( Yong Hyun Do ),명정인 ( Jeong-in Myeong ) 한국환경생물학회 2014 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.32 No.4

본 연구에서는 암모니아 노출에 따른 조피볼락의 생리학적 반응을 조사하고자 아가미 Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA)활성을 비롯한 혈장 parameters를 분석하였다. 실험구의 암모니아 농도는 대조구(자연해수), 1, 2, 4, 8 mg L-1였으며, 조피볼락을 각각의 실험구에 3시간동안 노출한 다음혈액 및 아가미 조직을 샘플링하였다. 실험구의 암모니아 농도가 높아질수록 혈장 암모니아 농도가 증가하였으며, 아가미 NKA 활성 또한 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 혈장 Cl-를 제외한 외부의 암모니아 영향을 받지 않았으나, 4, 8 mg L-1구의 Na+, K+ 및 삼투질농도는 대조구및 1, 2 mg L-1구보다 유의하게 높았다. 암모니아 노출에 따른 조피볼락의 혈장 코티졸은 암모니아 농도와 선형관계를 보였으며, 혈장 글루코스 또한 코티졸과 동반상승하는 것으로 나타났다. 1, 2 mg L-1구의 hematocrit는 대조구와 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 4, 8 mg L-1구는 나머지 실험구보다 유의하게 높았다. 암모니아 농도가 높을수록 아가미 조직 손상은 심하였으며, 특히 4, 8 mg L-1구에서는 상피세포의 과증식, 분리, 괴사 및 2차새변의 곤봉화(club-shaped lamella) 현상이 관찰되었다. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of ammonia on physiological responses in Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Interestingly, no mortality were observed when the specimens (301.1±8.0 g) were exposed to five levels of un-ionized ammonia (NH3) (control, 1, 2, 4,8 mg L-1) for 3 hours. Furthermore, a significantly higher increase in gill Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) pump activity with was detected due to the ammonia exposure. The activity of the fishes were found to be 4 and 8 mg L-1 NH3, which was significantly high compared to normal 1 mg L-1 NH3. Although ammonia exposure had no effect on plasma Cl-, exposure to both 4 and 8 mg L-1 NH3, however it led to increase in the plasma Na+, K+ and osmolality levels. Also, prolong ammonia exposure cause increase of plasma cortisol and glucose levels. The increase in glucose was accompanied by an increase in cortisol. The fish exposed to 4 and 8 mg L-1 NH3 showed significantly higher hematocrit than control group than those exposed to 1 and 2 mg L-1 NH3. The intensity of cell damage increased with the increase concentration and exposure to ammonia. Furthermore, hyperplasia, separation and epithelial necrosis were also observed in gill tissues. Taken together, the results showed that direction of changes to the investigated parameters can be used to determine the physiological responses of Korean rockfish to ammonia.

암모니아 노출에 따른 조피볼락(Sebastes schlegeli)의 생리학적 반응

민병화,박미선,신윤경,도용현,명정인 한국환경생물학회 2014 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.32 No.4

The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of ammonia on physiological responses in Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Interestingly, no mortality were observed when the specimens (301.1±8.0 g) were exposed to five levels of un-ionized ammonia (NH3) (control, 1, 2, 4, 8 mg L-1) for 3 hours. Furthermore, a significantly higher increase in gill Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) pump activity with was detected due to the ammonia exposure. The activity of the fishes were found to be 4 and 8 mg L-1 NH3, which was significantly high compared to normal 1 mg L-1 NH3. Although ammonia exposure had no effect on plasma Cl-, exposure to both 4 and 8 mg L-1 NH3, however it led to increase in the plasma Na+, K+ and osmolality levels. Also, prolong ammonia exposure cause increase of plasma cortisol and glucose levels. The increase in glucose was accompanied by an increase in cortisol. The fish exposed to 4 and 8 mg L-1 NH3 showed significantly higher hematocrit than control group than those exposed to 1 and 2 mg L-1 NH3. The intensity of cell damage increased with the increase concentration and exposure to ammonia. Furthermore, hyperplasia, separation and epithelial necrosis were also observed in gill tissues. Taken together, the results showed that direction of changes to the investigated parameters can be used to determine the physiological responses of Korean rockfish to ammonia.

암모니아 누출사고 시 주민대피 및 알림 결정을 위한 피해영향거리 산정식 개발 연구

김현섭,전병한,이명지,윤정현,이현승,정웅열,조정아 한국산학기술학회 2020 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.21 No.10

This study attempted to derive an equation for calculating the damage impact distance using CARIS so that local governments can quickly determine evacuation and notification of residents in the event of an ammonia-release accident. Ammonia is an accident-causing substance and one of 16 substances to prepare for resident evacuation. It is the most frequently occurring chemical with 58 chemical accidents from 2014~2019. The study derives an equation for calculating the damage impact distance according to the exposure time of ammonia based on AEGL, an acute exposure standard applicable to the general population, which is includes vulnerable groups such as infants, children and the elderly and designated by the EPA. The calculation formulas for each concentration and exposure time to classify the hazardous area according to AEGL-3 and the semi-dangerous area according to AEGL-2 were derived. A comparison of the relative standard deviation between the damage impact distance values of CARIS revealed that is was in the range of 0~2%. Local governments should consider the actual accident situation and apply the appropriate damage-affected distance calculation formula derived from the study to evacuate residents near the origin of the accident or use for protective measures such as indoor evacuation notification. 본 연구에서는 암모니아 누출사고 발생 시 지방자치단체에서 신속하게 주민대피 및 알림을 결정할 수 있도록 화학물질사고대응정보시스템(CARIS)을 활용한 피해영향거리 산정식을 도출하고자 하였다. 암모니아는 화학물질관리법상 사고대비물질이자 화학물질안전원에서 정한 주민대피 대비물질 16종 중 하나이며, 2014년부터 2019년 기간 동안 화학사고가 58건으로 가장 빈번하게 발생한 화학물질이다. 연구에서는 미국환경보호국(EPA)에서 지정하고, 유아 및 어린이, 노인 등의 취약집단을 포함하며 일반 인구에 적용 가능한 급성노출기준인 AEGL을 기준으로 암모니아의 노출시간에 따른 피해영향거리 산정식을 도출하였다. AEGL-3 농도기준에 따른 위험지역 구분과 AEGL-2 농도기준에 따른 준위험지역을 구분을 할 수 있는 농도별, 노출시간별 산정식을 도출하였으며, 도출된 산정식으로 얻어진 피해영향거리 수치와 화학물질사고대응정보시스템의 피해영향거리 수치간의 상대표준편차를 비교한 결과 0~2 % 범위인 것으로 조사되었다. 따라서 지방자치단체에서는 실제 사고 현장 상황을 고려하고 연구에서 도출된 적합한 피해영향거리 산정식을 적용하여 사고 원점 인근의 주민을 소산하거나 실내대피 알림 등의 보호조치에 활용될 수 있도록 하여야 한다.

Evaluation of Short-Term Exposure Levels on Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide During Manure-Handling Processes at Livestock Farms

Park, Jihoon,Kang, Taesun,Heo, Yong,Lee, Kiyoung,Kim, Kyungran,Lee, Kyungsuk,Yoon, Chungsik Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2020 Safety and health at work Vol.11 No.1

Background: Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are harmful gases generated during aerobic/anaerobic bacterial decomposition of livestock manure. We evaluated ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentrations generated from workplaces at livestock farms and determined environmental factors influencing the gas concentrations. Methods: Five commercial swine farms and five poultry farms were selected for monitoring. Real-time monitors were used to measure the ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentrations and environmental conditions during the manure-handling processes. Monitoring was conducted in the manure storage facility and composting facility. Information on the farm conditions was also collected through interview and walk-through survey. Results: The ammonia concentrations were significantly higher at the swine composting facilities (9.5-43.2 ppm) than at other manure-handling facilities at the swine and poultry farms, and high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide were identified during the manure agitation and mixing process at the swine manure storage facilities (6.9-19.5 ppm). At the poultry manure-handling facilities, the ammonia concentration was higher during the manure-handling processes (2.6-57.9 ppm), and very low hydrogen sulfide concentrations (0-3.4 ppm) were detected. The air temperature and relative humidity, volume of the facility, duration of manure storage, and the number of animals influenced the gas concentrations. Conclusion: A high level of hazardous gases was generated during manure handling, and some levels increased up to risk levels that can threaten workers' health and safety. Some of the farm operational factors were also found to influence the gas levels. By controlling and improving these factors, it would be possible to protect workers' safety and health from occupational risks.

암모니아의 실제 누출 화학사고로 인한 만성 건강위해성평가

정지윤,박시현,이철민 환경독성보건학회 2022 한국독성학회 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.2022 No.5