일반 논문 : 물과 인권, 그리고 민주주의

이충한 ( Chung Han Lee ) 한국환경철학회 2015 환경철학 Vol.0 No.19

본 고는 물의 민영화가 초래한 물의 공공성 침식에 관한 문제를 다룬다. 물은 모든 생명의 근원이다. 물을 마신다는 것은 단순히 갈증이라는 신체적 상태를 해소하는 차원에 그치는 행위가 아니다. 숨을 쉬는 것과 마찬가지로 물을 마시는 것 역시 ‘살아 있음’ 과 ‘살아 감’을 뒷받침하는 필연적인 인간행위다. 때문에 물은 사적으로 소유할 수 있는 경제적 자원이기 이전에 시민 모두가 행복한 삶을 영위하기 위해 필수적으로 요구되는 필수재이자 공공재라고 할 수 있다. 최근 한국사회는 물 산업 육성화 전략을 바탕으로 물을 경제적 이윤 창출을 위한 도구나 인간에 의해 소비되는 단순 상품으로 접근하는 태도를 적극 수용하면서 물 민영화를 본격적으로 추진하고 있다. 물 민영화는 자본을 통해 물을 소유하고 공급하는 주체의 사적권력이 시장논리에 근거하여 물이라는 공공재의 평등한 분배에 개입한다는 것을 의미한다. 이것은 우리가 정치적 권리 이전에 생존권을 존중받지 못할 수 있다는 가능성을 열어 놓는다. 공공성의 침식은 시민에게 공정하고 평등하게 분배되어야할 사회·경제적 재화나 서비스가 시민 모두를 위한 것에서 그 일부나 소수의 계층들만의 이해관계나 이익을 위해 봉사하기 시작할 때 일어난다. 이것은 공공성을 지닌 재화나 가치가 항상 평등과 정의의 문제를 수반한다는 것을 의미한다. 게다가 그러한 공공성의 침식이 단순히 분배나 정의의 문제에 그치지 않고 국가권력의 주체로서 시민이 지닌 정치적 역량을 훼손하는 결과를 가져온다고 볼 때, 그것은 보다 큰 틀에서 민주주의의 문제로 파악된다고 할 수 있다. 때문에 물 민영화가 지닌 한계와 위험을 드러내고 물의 공공성을 철학적으로 규명하는 작업은 사회적 운동과 실천의 지평을 확장한다는 의미에서 요청될 수 있을 것이다.. 결론에서 필자는 물은 경제적 자원이기 이전에 모든 생명의 근원이라는 관점에서 파악되어야 하며 물 민영화는 그런 관점을 위반하는 곳에서 시작하는 반인권적이고 비민주적인 시도라고 주장할 것이다. This paper will deal with water privatization and its dangers. Water is the essence of life. Drinking water and sanitation are necessary to sustain life, and fundamental to human dignity. These mean that water is not only economic goods but also the life and human rights. Yet, people who insist economic theories of rationality want to ignore views which identify water as the essence of life. They think that water privatization is key to solve the problem of poverty and stable supply of water. But water privatization means that water companies can have the ownership of water. This might lead us to the situation that we can not control the supply of water. This means that we can not drink or use water when we cannot buy water from water companies anymore. This is to violate the superiority of human rights to economic rationality. Furthermore, this kind of violation of human rights might impoverish political liberty and civic ability to participate public realm. So we need to examine water privatization through liberal equality and democratic justice.

『준생팔전』의 "논천수(論泉水)"에 관한 연구(硏究)

홍진임 ( Jin Im Hong ),윤창열 ( Chang Yeol Yun ) 대한한의학원전학회(구 대한원전의사학회) 2014 대한한의학원전학회지 Vol.27 No.3

Objectives : Evaluating water and its comparisons to Yin(陰) and Yang(陽). In this section, we will look into this matter from Dongeuibogam(東醫寶鑑) and introduce an oriental perspective on the subject of water(水部). Methods : Translating Eumchanboksikjeon(飮饌服食全) from Junsangpaljeon. An in depth study of related contents and comparing to the water section(水部) of Dongeuibogam(東醫寶鑑)Results : According to the section of Varieties of Teas and Water(茶泉類) in The Discussion of Springs(論泉水), Goryum(高濂) divided water into five different types in Eumchanboksikjeon(飮饌服食全) of Junsangpaljeon. These different types are Water that runs between rocks, Clear and cold water, Sweet and fragrant water, Spiritual water and Well water. Dongeuibogam(東醫寶鑑) also analyzed 28 different types of water out the 33 its list. The idea is that one must use water differently according its origins, where it originated, when and what season to maximize the usage of the water because the energy of water would be different. Conclusions : By evaluating water, we have learned that water picks up energy and changes according to its surrounding environments. The different types of water used changes the medicinal ingredients and it affects the human body differently. One must keep in mind, the cycles of water, its energy and how it helps us live a healthier life.

지속가능한 물 관리를 위한 아시아 국가별 물 안보 평가

박서연,이승호,이현주,이주헌 한국수자원학회 2020 한국수자원학회논문집 Vol.53 No.S-1

Recognizing a complexity of global water challenges, such as water shortage, water pollution, water-related disasters, and degradation of water environments, this study introduces the newly established concept and definition of water security and water security assessment framework based on the review of previous works on water security. In order to critically assess the situations of water security of each country, an water security assessment framework is employed highlighting the four core areas: 1) social equity; 2) economic efficiency; 3) environmental sustainability; and 4) resilience to water-related disasters. 28 Asian countries have been selected and evaluated for the level of water security, and as a consequence, Japan, Malaysia and South Korea demonstrate a high degree of water security whereas India, Pakistan and the Philippines show a relatively low level of water security. The significance of this study lies in clarifying weak areas in water security as well as suggesting the areas that should be improved for achieving sustainable water management. 전 세계가 물 부족, 수질오염, 수재해, 물환경 생태계 파괴 등과 같은 물 문제에 직면한 상황에서 본 연구는 기존 물 문제에 대한 현실 인식을 기반으로 현재까지의 물 안보 논의를 정리하고 비판적으로 검토함으로써 물 안보에 대한 체계적인 정의를 내리고자 하였다. 또한, 각국의 물 안보 현황을 분석하기 위하여 물 안보 평가 프레임워크를 제시하여 사회적 형평성, 경제적 효율성, 환경적 지속가능성, 수재해 회복 탄력성 등 4개 핵심 분야(core area)에서 물 안보 상황을 평가하였다. 대상으로는 한국을 포함한 아시아 28개국을 선정하여 4개 핵심 분야에서 각국의 물 안보를 평가하였고 한국은 일본, 말레이시아와 함께 물 안보 상황이 좋은 상위군에 속하였고 인도, 파키스탄, 필리핀 등은 물 안보 하위권에 속하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구가 제시한 물 안보 정의와 평가 프레임워크는 각국의 물 안보 현황 인식에 도움을 줄 뿐만 아니라 향후 물 안보 향상을 위해 중점적으로 노력해야 하는 부분을 제시한다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

Water uptake in to polyanhydride devices : kinetics of uptake and effects of model compounds incorporated, and device geometry on water uptake

Park, Eun-Seok,Maniar, Manoj,Shah, Jaymin 성균관대학교 약학연구소 1996 成均藥硏論文集 Vol.8 No.1

Polyanhydrides are known as surface eroding biodegradable polymers since they are hydrophobic, which is believed to prevent penetration of water into the bulk and hence only the labile bonds on the surface are hydrolyzed. We wanted to test the hypothesis that polyanhydrides, specifically poly(fatty acid dimer-sebacic acid; FAD-SA) undergo pure surface erosion. If P(FAD-SA) does indeed undergo pure surface erosion, very little water should be present in the device since the polymer is hydrophobic and hydrolyzed on contact with water. An understanding of water uptake is also necessary to predict the stability and release of the incorporated drug. The specific aims of this study were to establish the rate of water uptake into P(FAD-SA) devices of cylinder and disk shapes at various pH conditions, and to study the effect of loaded model drug compounds (having different molecular size, aqueous solubility and dissolution rate) on water uptake. The model compounds included: mannitol, inulin and stearic acid, loaded at 10%(w/w) in disk-shaped devices. Water uptake was estimated from the amount of tritiated water found in the devices after they were soaked and gently mixed with buffers (pH 1-9) containing tritiated water (1μCi/ml) at various time intervals. The results showed that water uptake by the devide is a function of pH (pH 9>pH 7.4≫pH 1-5). Significantly higher amount of water was taken up at pH 7.4 and 9.0 (8-9% (v/v) for cylindrical devices, 15-25% (v/v) for disk-shaped device in 2 weeks), compared to less than 5% (v/v) uptake between pH 1 and 5. Disk-shaped devices showed a faster uptake rate compared to cylinder-shaped devices due to their higher surface area to volume ratio. The loaded compounds had no significant effect on either the water uptake profile or water uptake kinetics at all pH values examined. From the large amount of water (up to 20% (v/v)) found in the devices at pH 7.4 and pH 9.0, it appears that P(FAD-SA) does not undergo pure surface erosion. The photomicrographs of the devices at various stages of water uptake showed channels on the rough surface indicative of bulk erosion rather than pure surface erosion.

중앙부처 물관리 구조에 관한 이원모드 네트워크 분석: 중앙부처-물 정책기능 간 연계성 분석과 정책적 함의

김보람 서울대학교 한국행정연구소 2021 行政論叢 Vol.59 No.1

This study aims to explore the structural characteristics of the national water management system in South Korea in terms of integrated water management. In particular, this study conducts a two-mode network analysis, which is a useful tool for analyzing the relational properties between two different groups of entities, actors and events. This study analyzes the relations between five ministries and thirty water policy functions in the laws using two-mode network analysis. The network levels are divided into a whole network and three sectoral networks: water-use, water-quality, and water-disaster. The structural characteristics of the whole network and the water-use network are more similar and the central ministries and the water policy functions are much more connected in the water-use network than the other sectoral networks. Degree centrality analysis of the two node sets shows the degree centrality of the Ministry of Environment is the highest in terms of government departments. Meanwhile, the degree centrality of the Ministry of the Interior and Safety is the highest in the water-disaster sector. In terms of water policy function, research & investigation, information systems, and safety management of dams & reservoirs have high scores of degree centrality. Finally, this study describes the relations between government departments and water policy functions as complex and overlapping in the laws. Therefore, it is important to diagnose the water management system of governmental departments systematically through the two-mode network approach and manage the complexity and overlap of the water management system in a comprehensive perspective to improve integrated national water management. 본 연구는 이원모드 네트워크 분석(two-mode network analysis)을 통해 중앙부처 물관리 행정의 구조적 특징을 밝히고 국가적 차원의 통합 관리체계 구축을 위한 정책적 시사점을 도출한다. 중앙부처 간 관계를 분석한 기존의 양적 연구들은 주로 행위자 일원모드 네트워크 분석을 활용해 왔으나, 이원모드 네트워크 분석을 수행할 경우 행위자(actor)와 더불어 사건(event)을 포함한 2개 노드 집합의 연결구조를 분석할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 이원모드 네트워크 분석을 활용하여 25개의 관련 법률상 주요 정책행위자인 5개 중앙부처와 30개 물 정책기능 간 연계구조를 전체 및 이수・물환경・치수 부문으로 구분하여 실증 분석하고 소시오그램(sociogram)으로 구현한다. 분석결과, 구조적 특징은 전체 부문과 이수 부문이 가장 유사한 형태로 세 개 부문 중 이수 부문 법률에 중앙부처들의 물관리 역할과 다양한 물 정책기능이 집중되어 있었다. 또한 연결 중심성 분석결과, 중앙부처 측면에서는 전반적으로 환경부의 연결 중심성이 가장 높았으나 치수 부문의 경우 행정안전부의 연결 중심성이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 물 정책기능의 측면에서는 조사연구, 정보체계구축, 저수지 및 댐 안전관리 등이 5개 부처와의 연결 중심성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 본 연구는 이원모드 네트워크 분석의 양적지표와 소시오그램을 통해 전체 및 이수・물환경・치수 부문 법률상 중앙부처-물 정책기능 간 연계구조에 내재된 복잡성과 중첩성을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 다원화된 국가 물 정책을 통합 관리하기 위해서는 부문별 중앙부처별 물 정책기능을 정책 대상 및 목표를 중심으로 체계화하여 복잡성을 해소하고, 부문 및 부처 간 유사・중복 정책을 우선적으로 정비하여 비효율을 개선하는 것이 필요하다. 이처럼 네트워크 접근을 통해 중앙부처-물 정책기능 간 연계구조를 체계적으로 진단하고 복잡성과 중첩성을 관리하는 것은 통합 물관리와 같이 총체적인 관점에서 국가 물 정책의 효과성과 효율성, 일관성을 제고하는 데 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

서울시 물값소송 항소심판례의 분석과 연구

윤석찬 전남대학교 법학연구소 2010 법학논총 Vol.30 No.2

물의 체계적 관리와 분배문제는 우리 사회의 새로운 사회적 갈등요인으로 등장하였을 뿐만 아니라 국가간의 국제적 분쟁의 여지도 남기고 있다. 국내에서는 이미 용수와 관련된 일련의 사건들, 예를 들면 대구시의 낙동강 취수원 안동댐 이전분쟁, 인천시 물값 분쟁, 춘천시 취수 분쟁, 서울시의 청계천 물값 분쟁, 최근에는 4대강 사업찬반론까지 이어지고 있다. 대상판결로서 서울시 물값 소송은 크게 두 개의 소송물로 구성되어 있다. 첫째는 피고 서울시의 댐용수료 미납에 대한 원고 수자원공사의청구에 관한 것이고, 둘째는 피고 수자원공사의 부당이득에 대한 원고 서울시의 반환청구에 관한 것이다. 전자의 항소심에서는 항소인 서울시가 승소하였고 수자원 공사가 상고하여 지금은 대법원에 계류 중이다. 후자의 항소심에서는 수자원공사가 승소하였고, 이에 서울시는 상고하였고, 마찬가지로 지금은 대법원에 계류 중이다. 본고에서는 서울시 물값 소송에 관한 상기의 항소심 판결을 중심으로 수리권 분쟁판결을 연구하여 그 법리전개의 타당성을 검토하고자 한다. 대상판결에서는 댐사용권자인 수자원공사의 댐용수 사용료 산정의 폭리행위 등이 중점적으로 논의되었는바, 댐사용권자인 수자원공사는 댐저수의 사용에 관하여 독점적인 권리가 부여되어있기에 댐사용권자가 그 권리를 남용할 가능성이 인정되어 이를 방지하기 위하여 댐법에 댐용수 사용료의 산출방법이나 납부방법 등에 대하여 별도의 규정을 두고 있고,이를 바탕으로 수자원공사는 댐용수 사용료를 산정한 것이기에 대상판결에서의 서울시의 주장들은 설득력을 잃고 만다. 아울러 물값 산정방식에 있어서의 다툼은 상기의 용수공급계약의 유효 내지 무효에 영향을 줄 수 없다고 보여 진다. 종전의 2000년 이전에는 서울시와 수자원공사 사이에서의 물값 산정방식은 취수장별 공제방식이었다. 그러나 2000년 말경부터 취수장폐쇄, 취수량 변경 같은 상황의 발생하였지만 기득사용물량에 대한 배분조정이 이루어지지 않았다. 수자원공사는 계속 취수장별로 용수료를 산정하였고, 서울시는 그대로 용수료를 납부한 결과 기득사용물량을 공제받지 못한 것과 같은 결과를 낳은 것이고 이를 차후에 조정하려는 시도가 본 대상판결이다. 그러나 용수계약 해석법리에서그 결과는 타당하게 도출되리라 보여진다. 아울러 상고심의 판결이 기대되기도 한다. Korea Water Resources Corporation has been in conflict with some local governments, not only Seoul but also Chun-cheon regarding dam fees and there have been the movement that some cities like GyeongGi-do and In-cheon would not pay the water bill. For example, Chun-cheon filed constitutional appeal on September 20th, 1999 saying that to impose dam fees on the basis of the first clause of dam article 35 is unconstitutional but that was dismissed January 18th, 2001. The purpose of legislation that Korea Water Resources Corporation can impose dam fees is to make it easy to build dams and to manage them. The decision of the court said Korea Water Resources Corporation has the exclusive right to decide how to appropriate dam fees. It was also said that it was why there were extra regulations to prevent it from abusing the power and Seoul’s claim that there was not a legal basis for dam fee is not convincing. Clearly, it is possible to lower or reduce water rates in the case of using the water supervised by Korea Water Resources Corporation with publicity or other reasons according to “Dam Water Supply Regulations” but in other cases, it is not. During Lee’s tenure of mayor of Seoul, water rate for Cheonggyecheon was not paid and there were conflicts between Seoul and Korea Water Resources Corporation. At last, the ministry of construction and transportation admitted the water of Cheonggyecheon was supplied from the dams but decided to reduce water rates because it was for publicity. However, in this case, Seoul first made a contract with Korea Water Resources Corporation to get a permission for each stream occupation from the authorities. Therefore, it is in contravention of estoppel that Seoul insists the contract is void or nonexistence. In addition, the conflict of the calculation method for the use of water does not influence on whether the contract is valid or not. The method of measuring the use of water by each water intake had been used for Seoul before 2000. But, there were some accidents like the close of water intakes or the change of them in late 2000. In spite of that, Korea Water Resources Corporation kept using that method in the same way. So, it resulted in incorrect calculation of water use in Seoul. After the government audit criticized the loss of tax, Seoul asked Korea Water Resources Corporation to change the calculation method of water use regarding all amounts of every water intake as one. Korea Water Resources Corporation rejected it and Seoul files a suit against it. There is no wonder that the original agreement between Seoul and Korea Water Resources Corporation is the calculation method by each water intake. Also, those who will benefit have to bear the cost of the water. It is not convincing that the whole country pays for the cost of managing chungju dam for the citizens of Seoul.

2020 한국인 수분 섭취기준 설정과 앞으로의 과제

이재현,김선효 한국영양학회 2022 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.55 No.4

Water accounts for the largest proportion of body weight and is an essential element for the physiological functioning of the human body. According to 2013–2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data, the average water intake of Koreans was 2,167.3 mL/day and 62% of them did not meet the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) for water. However, the consumption of beverages is continuously increasing. KDRIs sets the adequate intake (AI) for water, but tolerable upper intake level (UL) and chronic disease risk reduction intake (CDRR) are not provided. Compared to 2015, the AI of total water from both food and fluids in the 2020 KDRIs slightly increased or decreased according to age. The AI for children 1–2 years old, boys 6–8 years and 9–11 years old, and girls 6–8 years old decreased by 100 mL/day, while that of boys 12–14 years old increased by 100 mL/day. The AI of total water was the sum of the water intake from food and fluids reported by the KNHANES, with an extra milk intake of 200 mL/day. Therefore, it is not appropriate to use the AI of total water intakes for the reference of beverage intakes. It is preferable to consume water or milk rather than beverages containing sugar and others including caffeine, sodium, etc. when drinking fluid water. We suggest the following improvements in the future KDRIs for water: improving the adequacy of the water content ratio of Korean conventional foods, supplementing the fluid water intake survey, reflecting the current water intake status by life cycle, setting KDRIs for water for the elderly considering the physiological changes, health status and dietary habits, and promotion of research on the relationship between water intake and health for Koreans.

농업용수 물절약에 대한 농업인 의식 및 행동 조사 - 포항·영덕지역 수리시설감시원을 대상으로 -

이슬기 ( Lee Seul-gi ),최경숙 ( Choi Kyung-sook ) 한국농촌계획학회 2020 농촌계획 Vol.26 No.3

While agricultural water has been declared free in Korea to ensure access to these limited resource since the year 2000, farmers have however developed lackadaisical behavior towards water saving leading to its scarcity. To overcome this problem, a variety of experience-oriented education model was developed for farmers to promote the adoption of water conservation, and preventive measure against the drought impacts. In this study, farmers’ awareness and their attitudinal behavior of agricultural water savings were investigated. The monitoring of water supply structure and the repair facilities in Pohang and Yeongdeok areas were conducted. The field visits and behavioral surveys showed a high degree of over-use and illegal water withdrawals by the farmers due to poor water-saving and management practices. We found that most of the KRC employees strongly admitted the necessity of water-saving education. On the other hand, the farmers showed good interest in the implementation of water-saving awareness through education. Besides this, most farmers agreed to adopt water-saving practices in the fields. Farmers also acknowledged the recklessness of water use was due to the aging of waterways, poor water management, and illegal water consumption. The majority of the farmers responded against imposing the water-use tariffs. However, there was a low response to paying the water-use charge. Aging agricultural facilities and the lack of institutional penalties or incentives were the major obstacles in achieving efficient water-saving. Considering the current drought frequency, urgent water-saving education of farmers was deemed necessary to prepare the farming community against the water shortages. Based on the results of this study, we have to identify the irrigation practices of farmers and provide water-saving education to enforce more efficient use and management of agricultural water.

국내 고등학교 점심식단 자료를 이용한 우리나라 음식물의 물 발자국 평가

김뇌현(Neohun Kim),김준범(Junbeum Kim),김영빈(Youngbin Kim),이종태(Jongtae Lee) 한국환경교육학회 2013 環境 敎育 Vol.26 No.2

Pressures on water resources are increasing mainly as a result of urbanization, human and industry activity, and growing competition for water. As pressures on water resources, there is growing interest in evaluating the water resource consumption and availability. Currently, an important water resources evaluation method is water footprint. The water footprint is to calculate the total amount of indirect and direct water consumption of a good and service. These days many international studies and factors for water footprint are conducted and developed. However, the water footprint researches about Korean foods and products as well as Korean factors are not well evaluated and developed. The purpose of this study is to calculate the water footprints (direct and indirect water consumption) of Korean foods based on high school lunch menu data. Our study result shows that the indirect water consumption has about 99% while the direct water consumption has below 1% in total water consumption of foods. For further study, Korean water footprint factors should be constructed and used, and this water footprint research can be connected with food mileage and carbon footprint researches.

물 공급을 위한 에너지 사용 요인분해 분석: Water-Energy Nexus 관점에서

유재호,조연희,김하나,전의찬 한국물환경학회 2022 한국물환경학회지 Vol.38 No.5

Water and energy are inextricably linked and referred to as ‘Water-Energy Nexus’. Recently, this topic has been drawing a lot of attention from various studies due to the exacerbated water availability. Korea’s water and energy consumption has been increasing consistently, which calls for better management. This paper aims to identify changes in electricity consumption in relation to water intake and purification processes. Using Log Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) Decomposition Analysis method, this study attributes the changes to major factorssuch as; Total population (population effect), household/population (structure effect), GDP/household (economic effect), and water-related energy use/GDP (unit effect). The population effect, structure effect, and economic effect contributed to an increase in water-related electricity consumption, while the unit effect contributed to a decrease. As of 2019, the economic effect increased the water supply sector’s electricity consumption by 534 GWh, the population effect increased by 73 GWh, and the structure effect increased by 243 GWh. In contrast, the unit effect decreased the electricity consumption by –461 GWh. We would like to make the following suggestions based on the findings of this study; first, the unit effect must be improved by increasing the energy efficiency of water intake and purification plants and installing renewable energy power generation facilities. Second, the structure effect is expected to increase over time, and to mitigate it, water consumption must be reduced through water conservation policies and the improvement of water facilities. Finally, the findings of this study are expected to be used as foundational data for integrated water and energy management.