법화천태학에서의 유행(遊行)과 걷기 - 전거(典據)를 중심으로 -

이기운 동국대학교 종학연구소 2021 宗學硏究 Vol.6 No.-

이 연구는 법화학(法華學)과 천태학에서의 걷기에 관한 전거를 밝히고자 하였다. 법화경에서는 삼주설법(三周說法) 비유설(譬喩說)에서 걷기에 대한 내용을 찾을 수 있다. 비유설은 법화경 법설(法說)에 대해서 중생의 성품과 능력에 맞추어 다양한 비유로 되어있다. 여기에는 부처님이 장자(長者) 인도자(導師) 등으로 등장하여 유행하면서 설법하여 중생을 제도하고 있다. 걷기는 이러한 유행설법에서 보인다. 먼저 장자궁자의 비유(長者窮子喩)에서는 장자가 궁자인 중생을 다섯 때로 유행하며 제도한다고 하여 천태(天台)는 오시교판(五時敎判)의 근본으로 삼았다. 또한 화성의 비유(化城喩)에서는 오백유순의 거리에 있는 보배성으로 대중을 인도하는 인도자(大導師)가 되어 중생들을 불도로 인도하는 유행설법을 보여준다. 천태학은 교문(敎門)과 관문(觀門)으로 구성되어 있는데, 오시교판과 원돈지관(圓頓止觀)의 사종삼매(四種三昧)에서 걷기를 기반으로 한 교학과 수행법을 다루고 있다. 교문의 오시(五時)에서는 불교의 대소승 교학을 부처님의 일대성교(一代聖敎)로 보아, 적멸도량(寂滅道場)에서 정각(正覺)을 이루고 쿠시나가라에서 열반(涅槃)에 들 때까지 다섯 때로 나누어 오시(五時)의 유행설법이라 하였다. 후대에는 오시설법 게송에서 부처의 일대설법으로 구체화하거나 역사적 사실로 해석하기도 하였다. 관문의 사종삼매에서는 상행삼매법(常行三昧法)에서 염불하면서 걸어서 본존을 도는 수행에서 걷기가 중요한 삼매행법으로 수용되었다. 또한 반행반좌삼매법(半行半坐三昧法)에서는 주송(呪誦)하면서 도는 방등삼매(方等三昧)법과 경을 독송하면서 경단(經壇)을 도는 법화삼매법(法華三昧法)이 있어서 역시 걷기가 수용되었다. 이밖에 비행비좌삼매법(非行非坐三昧法)에도 행도(行道) 좌선(坐禪)뿐만 아니라 일체에 통하는 행법으로 걷기가 수용되고 있다. 따라서 사종삼매법에는 상좌삼매법(常坐三昧法)을 제외한 3가지에서 모두 걷기 수행을 포함하여 원돈의 실상을 깨닫는 수행을 하고 있다. This study aimed to reveal the sources within the literature (典據) regarding the role of walking, as it appears in the context of the Lotus Sutra and the Tientai School. In the Lotus Sutra, a passage on walking can be found in the three stages of preaching (三周說法) and in the chapter on parables (譬喩說). The chapter on parables is composed of various analogies on the teachings of Buddha that are in accordance with the people's characters and abilities. In this, Buddha appears in the form of a Buddhist elder (長者), or a leader (導師), to teach the pupils while walking and preaching. Walking can be found in such a practice of teaching while Travel preaching. First, in the parable of the rich and the poor (長者窮子喩), Tientai was considered to be the foundation of the teachings via five periods (五時敎判), as the rich guided the poor in five different time periods while walking. In addition, in the parable of metamorphosis, walking while teaching is shown as the leader (大導師) and guides the public toward the cherished castle and the road to Buddhism that is approximately five hundred distances away. Tientai is composed out of both the doctrinal method (敎門) and the practice method (觀門), and addresses the teaching and practice methodologies, which are based on walking, in the five periods of the doctrine. Furthermore, they concern the complete and spontaneous tranquility and insight (圓頓止觀) garnered via the four ways of samadhi (四種三昧). In the five periods (五時) appearing in the doctrine, the doctrine of greater and smaller vehicles of Buddhism is seen as Buddha’s lifetime sacred teachings. Until the true awakening (正覺) was achieved at the spot of perfect serenity (寂滅道場) and Nirvana (涅槃) was attained at Kushi Nagar, the timelines were divided into five periods and taught while walking. In the latter generation, such actions were construed as a historical fact, or were specified as being part of Buddha's lifelong teachings. In the practice method of four ways of samadhi, walking was accepted as an important way of meditation in the practice of walking around the main Buddha hall while chanting a Buddhist prayer in the samadhi of immediate presence of Buddha (常行三昧法). Furthermore, in the half-moving half-sitting samadhi of immediate presence of Buddha (半行半坐三昧法), walking was also accepted as expansive and upright samadhi (方等三昧), while chanting (呪誦) and walking around, the lotus samadhi (法華三昧法) of reciting Dharma and Sutras, and walking around the tower were all introduced. Walking is also accepted as a universal way of engaging in samadhi without moving or sitting (非行非坐三昧法), in addition to moving meditation (行道), and sitting meditation (坐禪). Therefore, in the four ways of meditation, all three ways, other than practice samadhi, use walking as a means of realizing the status of perfect and immediate (常坐三昧法).

TOD(Transit Oriented Development)적용 지역의 보행환경 요소에 관한 연구

가지우 ( Jia Zhiyu ),이현성 ( Lee Hyunsung ),김주연 ( Kim Jooyun ) 한국공간디자인학회 2022 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.17 No.7

(Background and Purpose) As modernization gathers pace every year, large cities are confronted with serious urban problems. The number of cars is increasing, and the width of their roads are widening gradually, which makes walking by pedestrians increasingly difficult. After rational regional planning was implemented based on the transit-oriented development (TOD) model, an increase in walking activities by pedestrians and lower utilization of cars were seen. This study aims to examine the effect of every element in the environment on the behavior of pedestrians. In addition, it addresses the social value of public design, urban pedestrian paths, motivation to travel, and valuable references and suggestions to improve existing pedestrian paths. (Method) Keywords and descriptions of elements that affected walking behavior were identified based on three methods that evaluated the walking environment, and the analysis was based on three attributes of walking. Using case analysis, five examples of the TOD model were examined and the frequency of each element and its application were determined from interviews. To increase the objectivity of the findings, the final quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed by combining map data with walk scores. (Results) The findings of the comprehensive analysis revealed different frequencies for derived factors in the case analysis. The effects of the factors on gait behavior were also demonstrated. Overall, accessibility (10.8%) and road safety facilities (10%) had the highest score. These were followed by road conditions (9.4%), road continuity (9.4%), caring facilities (8.6%), safety facility spacing (7.9%), public facilities (7.9%), street interfaces (7.2%), street characteristics (7.2%), comfort (6.5%), and public spaces (5.7%). (Conclusions) The findings of this study showed that elements in the walking environment are closely related to diverse walking behaviors. While a high-quality walking environment can stimulate various behavioral activities, pedestrian behavior is single in a low-quality walking environment. To improve the walking environment, various factors should be considered fully. Facilities that consider the needs of pedestrians should be supplemented with access to public transportation and the establishment of a safe and reasonable walking system. In many cases, factors with low frequency were ignored, but their activation can increase social activities in pedestrians, such as rejuvenating the historical and cultural features of streets, enhancing the attractiveness of landscapes, and increasing the number of public spaces.

Active School Travel in istanbul: environmental factors influencing walking as mode of access to/from school

Ayse Ozbil,Demet Yesiltepe,Gorsev Argin 한국생태환경건축학회 2020 한국생태환경건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.20 No.2

The aim of this study is to determine builtand social environmental factors shaping walking as mode of access to/from school. Within this scope, randomly selected 6th, 7th, and 8th grade students (ages 12-14) from 20 secondary schools (N=1954) in Istanbul, Turkey were asked to complete questionnaires that asked for their full address, age, primary mode of commuting to school, and if not actively commuting, the perceived barriers to active school travel (AST). Those walking to school were asked to draw their typical route on a map. Their parents (N=1118) were also asked to report the primary reasons for disallowing their children to walk, along with their socio-economic characteristics. Walkability of home-environments (800mt buffers) was measured through a syntactic connectivity measure: global Integration. The findings show that increased home-neighbourhood walkability is associated with increased AST rates between home and school, considering the interaction between walkability, income and education. The results of questionnaires indicate that there is consensus between students’ and parents’ perceived barriers to walking. For both groups the primary builtenvironment factor obstructing walking is the distance between home and school while the primary social environmental factor is the perception of neighbourhood crime (deserted streets). Furthermore, some students reported that they are willing to walk to/from school, but that their parents would not allow them. This finding supports the argument that the main factor in shaping walking behaviour among children is parental perceptions of the neighbourhood environment. Hence, attempting to change parental perceptions through pedestrian-oriented design interventions is crucial in promoting AST.

Cultural Meaning of the Craze for Walking Jeju Olle Trail

민주식 한국전시산업융합연구원 2017 한국과학예술융합학회 Vol.31 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to explore the cultural significance of the Jeju Ollegil Trail, which has recently sparked the craze for walking in Korea. Jeju Olle trail achieved fame as a travel destination through the development and promotion of planned course. Not only did it contribute to tourism in Jeju Island, it also brought about a nationwide craze for walking. As many philosophers and poets walk along, walking is a good opportunity to organize ideas and to come up with new ideas. People who want to make a new start in life also visit Jeju Olle. They look forward to seeing themselves in front of nature, and having the courage to go to the world with comfort and hope. Although Jeju Olle has the characteristics of a walking trip, it just walks along the trail without any burden. It is enough to enjoy various beautiful sceneries such as the ocean, the field and the ascent there. We can read three cultural codes in the Jeju Olle craze: the change in leisure and tour pattern, the break from daily life, and the unity of body rhythm and spiritual reflection.

주택유형과 대중교통 접근성의 불균등 요인이 통행목적별 보행활동에 미치는 영향분석

성현곤(Sung, Hyungun),이수기(Lee, Sugie),천상현(Cheon, SangHyun) 대한국토·도시계획학회 2014 國土計劃 Vol.49 No.6

This study analyzed the inequality factors of housing type and transit accessibility that influence walking time and frequency for one-weekday travel. Using the 2010 household travel survey data for the residents in the city of Seoul, in particular, the study has focused on articulating moderation effects of housing type and transit accessibility with regard to personal and household characteristics in walking activity by purposes. This study employed two-level (personal and household levels) regression modeling with dependent variables such as daily walking time, fulfillment of recommended daily physical activity time, and walking frequencies by travel purposes (daily life and non-daily life). Based on each dependent variables data distribution, this study utilized linear, tobit and poisson regression models. Analysis results demonstrated that housing type and transit accessibility interacting with personal and household characteristics affect individual walking activities. That is, walking time and frequency by travel purpose are moderated through interactions between housing type and household income as well as interaction between bus transit accessibility and rail one. We suggested policy implications for walking activity with respect to housing type and transit accessibility.

Cultural Meaning of the Craze for Walking Jeju Olle Trail

Min, Joo Sik(민주식) 한국전시산업융합연구원 2017 한국과학예술융합학회 Vol.31 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to explore the cultural significance of the Jeju Ollegil Trail, which has recently sparked the craze for walking in Korea. Jeju Olle trail achieved fame as a travel destination through the development and promotion of planned course. Not only did it contribute to tourism in Jeju Island, it also brought about a nationwide craze for walking. As many philosophers and poets walk along, walking is a good opportunity to organize ideas and to come up with new ideas. People who want to make a new start in life also visit Jeju Olle. They look forward to seeing themselves in front of nature, and having the courage to go to the world with comfort and hope. Although Jeju Olle has the characteristics of a walking trip, it just walks along the trail without any burden. It is enough to enjoy various beautiful sceneries such as the ocean, the field and the ascent there. We can read three cultural codes in the Jeju Olle craze: the change in leisure and tour pattern, the break from daily life, and the unity of body rhythm and spiritual reflection.

지도 바깥의 여행, 유동하는 장소성

임정연(Lim, Jung-youn) 국어국문학회 2018 국어국문학 Vol.0 No.184

본고는 2000년대 해외여행서사의 장소적 속성과 내러티브 방식을 통해 여행이라는 형식에 반영된 유동적 근대의 징후를 읽어내려는 시도에 해당한다. 2000년대 여행서사에서 장소는 로컬 단위로 다양화·세분화되는 데 비해 장소 정체성은 점점 불투명해지고 역사적 의미가 지워진 비장소적 속성을 드러내고 있기 때문이다. 장소의 고유성이 지각되지 않는 여행에서 개별 도시의 상징이나 역사적 경관은 무의미한 전시품이며 타자의 존재 역시 익명성으로 경험된다. ‘여행한다’라는 술어가 과거의 상실과 상처의 회복이라는 목적어와 필연적으로 결합하지 않은 채 현재적 사실로만 존재하는 이런 여행의 내러티브는 귀환을 내정하지도 세계와 자아 발견을 최종 목적지로 삼지도 않는다. 무엇보다 장소에 대한 시각의 우위나 배타적 소유를 주장하는 여행주체의 욕망이 부재한다는 점에서 이 새로운 여행 이야기는 근대 시각주의에 대한 반성적 성찰이라는 측면에서 이해될 수 있다. 상처의 기원 찾기가 잘못된 주소나 지도로 지연·실패하는 지도의 오류 모티프 역시 여행서사의 비장소성과 유동성이라는 탈근대적 속성을 함축적으로 보여준다. 지도의 무용함은 무의미한 걷기 행위를 수반하고 이 과정에서 여행 주체는 지도 바깥에 있는(off the map) 장소와 장소의 의미를 재발견한다. 새롭게 발견된 장소의 의미는 상투적으로 고정되거나 완결되기보다 여행자의 감수성과 일시적이고 유동적인 접속을 통해 형성되었다가 또다시 허물어진다. 근대적 의미의 여행서사가 지도 ‘안’에서 미지의 대상의 좌표를 설정하는 여정이었다면, 21세기 탈근대적 여행서사는 지도 ‘밖’에서 장소의 의미를 재발견하는 새로운 소통과 공존의 이야기라 할 수 있다. This paper intends to investigate the characteristics of the fluid modernity projected on the journey through the ‘non-place’ of the 21st century travel narrative. In the 2000s, tourists living in a locality, rather than the National, appropriated the diversified and fragmented places with the rhythm of the residence and the sense of everyday life, while the place identity is becoming increasingly unclear. These places are more like "non-places" that have no uniqueness or historical significance that can not be replaced by other names. In a trip where the uniqueness of the place is not perceived, the symbol of the individual city or the historical landscape is a meaningless exhibit, and the existence of the other is also experienced as anonymity. The narrative of this trip only the current fact that "I travel" exists, does not necessarily combine with the object of past loss and recovery of wounds, Nor do they pursue discovery. Above all, there is no travel agent"s desire for visual superiority or exclusive ownership of the place. The origin or trail of a wound is delayed or failed due to errors in the address or map. However, the uselessness of the map unexpectedly leads the tourists to places off the map, and the travel agent finds a place off the map through a temporary walk or walk with a stranger. At this time, the meaning of the place is formed through the temporal and fluid connection with the sensibility of the traveler rather than being fixed or completed in a routine manner. If the travel narrative of modern meaning was a journey to set the coordinates of the unknown object in the map, it could be said that the traveler of the 21st century practiced postmodern thinking of finding a way off the map.

여행 경험 서사를 활용한 트랜스미디어 스토리텔링 연구 - 최부의 <표해록>을 중심으로

윤인선 ( Yoon In-sun ) 한국기호학회 2021 기호학연구 Vol.66 No.-

본고는 최부의 <표해록>을 문화 콘텐츠로 확장하는 과정에서 나타나는 트랜스미디어 스토리텔링의 가능성에 대해 논의한다. 이를 위해 최부의 <표해록>을 중심으로 재구성된 스토리텔링 콘텐츠인 < 명대의 운하길을 걷다-항주에서 북경 2500Km 최부의 ‘표해록’ 답사기 >와 < EBS 세계테마기행 중국 명대 운하길을 가다 >에 주목한다. 이 두 텍스트는 최부의 <표해록>에 나타나는 장소에 대한 인식과 행위, 감정 등을 창작자가 여행을 바라보는 틀로 삼아, 그것을 재매개하는 매체에 따라 서로 다른 의미를 형성한다. 이때 <명대의 운하길을 걷다>는 문자 매체를 통해 여행 경험을 재매개하는 과정에서 최부의 <표해록>을 매개로 재구성되는 역사에 기반한 스토리텔링 양상을 보인다. 이에 반해, <명대의 운하길을 가다>는 영상 매체를 통해 여행 경험을 재매개하며 최부의 <표해록>을 관광에 기반한 스토리텔링으로 확장한다. 본고에서 살펴본 세 텍스트는 각각 최부가 작성한 명대의 운하길 여행기, 명대 운하길에 대한 역사 스토리텔링, 명대 운하길에서 나타나는 관광 스토리텔링이라는 독립적인 가치를 지닌다. 하지만 동시에 이 세 텍스트는 최부라는 인물을 중심으로 전개되는 명대 운하길에 대한 과거의 역사, 현재의 관광이라는 맥락에서 거대한 이야기 세계를 형성하는 트랜스미디어 스토리텔링이라고 할 수 있을 것이다. 아울러 본고에서 살펴본 세 텍스트의 상호 관련성 양상은 추후 문학을 활용한 트랜스미디어 스토리텔링 콘텐츠 기획을 위한 하나의 가능성으로 기능할 수 있을 것이다. This paper discusses the possibility of trans-media storytelling that appears in the process of retelling Choi-Bue’s Pyohae-rok to storytelling contents. To this end, we pay attention to Walking along the Waterway of the Ming Dynasty and Going along the Waterway of the Ming Dynasty retelled around Pyohaerok. These two texts use the perception of the place, actions, and emotions that appear in Choi-Bue’s Pyohae-rok as a framework for the creator’s perception of the travel. And it forms different meanings depending on the medium that remediates it. Walking along the Waterway of the Ming Dynasty remediates the travel experience through letter media, and retells Choi-Bue’s Pyohae-rok into a storytelling based on history. And Going along the Waterway of the Ming Dynasty remediates the travel experience through video media, and retells Choi-Bue’s Pyohae-rok into a storytelling based on tourism. Each of the three texts has an independent value: the travelogue on the Waterway of the Ming Dynasty, the historical storytelling on the Waterway of the Ming Dynasty, and the tourism storytelling appearing on tthe Waterway of the Ming Dynasty. At the same time, however, these three texts can be said to be trans-media storytelling that forms a huge story-world in the context of the history of the past and tourism of the Waterway of the Ming Dynasty centered on the Choi-Bue’s Pyohae-rok. In addition, the relationship between the three texts can function as a possibility for planning trans-media storytelling contents using literature.

‘걷기’를 통한 국토 상상의 체화 — 중국 여행 다큐멘터리 <기묘한 도시 奇妙之城>를 중심으로

황정혜 한국중문학회 2024 中國文學硏究 Vol.- No.96

최근 중국 다큐멘터리는 국가 비전을 직접 말하지 않더라도 성실한 삶, 소박한 일상, 유토피아적으로 묘사된 중국의 모습을 통해 시청자에게 그것을 주입하는 스토리텔링 방식을 주로 운용하고 있다. 또한, 국가적 신념이나 정책전략을 직접 언급하는 것이 아니라 시청자의 감각과 정동을 자극하고, 그것에 설득⋅동화되도록 정동을 조정함으로써 교육과 홍보라는 다큐멘터리의 제작 목적을 달성한다. <기묘한 도시>에서도 이러한 현상을 찾아볼 수 있다. 인기 스타가 고향에 돌아와 누리는 진정한 휴식, 편안함, 행복과 같은 감정은 수시로 이들의 말로 표현되며 시청자에게 고향에의 소속감을 확인케 한다. 화려하고 주목받는 삶을 살아감에도 고향에서 이들은, 고향―도시에 대한 애정과 문화적 자신감을 드러내는 평범한 여행자에 불과할 뿐이다. 일상에서 예술을 실천하는 도시인들 역시 도시에서의 삶에서 문화⋅예술적 소양을 실천하며 이 여행기에 감수성을 더한다. 그런데 <기묘한 도시>는 걷기를 매개로 스토리텔링을 전개한다. 도시를 걷는다는 것은, “어떤 기계 동력이나 정보 매체를 통하지 않고 내 몸이 먼저 도시와 만나는 경험”이다. 출연자들의 도시 체험은 시청자에게 상황적 감각을 제공하고, 이렇게 형성된 감정은 장소에 대한 기억을 구축하게 된다. <기묘한 도시>가 의도한 스토리텔링의 수사적 함의는 바로 여기에 있다. 도시의 기묘함은 궁극적으로 낯선 도시와 사람 사이에 연결망을 형성하고자 하는, 제작자의 의도가 반영된 결과물이라 판단되기 때문이다. Recently Chinese documentaries mainly operate a storytelling method in which they inject them into viewers through a sincere life, a simple daily life, and a utopian image of China, even if they do not directly talk about the national vision. In addition rather than directly mentioning national beliefs or policy strategies, they achieve the purpose of producing a documentary called education and publicity by stimulating the viewer’s sense and affection and adjusting the affection to be persuaded and assimilated. This phenomenon can also be found in “Stranger City”. The feelings of true rest, comfort, and happiness that a popular star enjoys back home are often expressed in their words, allowing the viewer to confirm a sense of belonging to his hometown. Even though they live a colorful and spotlighted life, they are merely ordinary travelers who show affection and cultural confidence in their hometowns and cities. Urban people who practice art in everyday life also practice cultural and artistic literacy in life in the city and add sensitivity to this travel period. However “Stranger City” unfolds storytelling through walking. Walking through the city is “the experience that my body first meets the city without passing through any mechanical power or information medium.” The cast’s urban experience provides the viewer with a situational sense, and the emotions formed in this way build memories of the place. This is where the rhetorical implications of the storytelling intended by “Stranger City” are. This is because the weirdness of the city is ultimately judged to be the result of reflecting the creator’s intention to form a network between unfamiliar cities and people.

僧家文學에 있어 自我表出과 그 문학사적 의의

김승호(Kim Seung-ho) 불교학연구회 2008 불교학연구 Vol.20 No.-

The purpose of this study is to illuminate a point in the aspect of literature history that Buddhist monks had been positive in revealing "me" from the early times compared to the literature in Confucian scholars. What reveals self as the narrative entity and hero is said to be Oriental tradition. However, Buddhist monks didn"t hesitate comparatively to clarify own past, inner world, and journey through travel sketches, letters and others. The works belonging to it are typical in the travel sketches by the monk Hyecho, letter by the monk Uicheondaesa, Yusangi(遊山記) and letter by the monk Cheonchaek, and the letter by the monk Seosan. Among those things, the travel sketches by the monk Hyecho and the monk Cheonchaek allow the hero to be in the position of well reporting directly the strange world as the narrator and simultaneously as the entity of travel. Also, the letters by the Daegakguksa(national preceptor with great enlightenment) and the monk Cheonchaek are clarifying to other person based on self-experience about how the person of first entering the Buddhist priesthood reached the deep world of Buddhism and about what the characteristics in Buddhism are. Finally, the monk Seosan saw the world as a dream, and enjoyed expressing by comparing to the existence of walking aimlessly in it. Given arranging this, heros are shown to be entity in report, transcendental, and sleep-walking. Through this, the Buddhist literature is revealed to mobilize diverse sights even in expressing "me". Writing in this method of seeking for self seems to be one of important characteristics in Buddhist literature, which is distinguished from Confucian literature, as well as being conformed to autobiography in a modern sense.