상표권침해의 구성요건으로서의 거래상 사용

안효질 ( Hyo-jil Ahn ) 단국대학교 법학연구소 2016 법학논총 Vol.40 No.4

이 논문은 독일과 유럽연합의 판례와 문헌을 중심으로, 그리고 보충적으로 미국과 일본의 판례와 문헌을 비교법적 시각에서 검토함으로써, 상표의 각 사 용 유형별로 `거래상 사용`이 무엇인지 연구하고자 한다. 독일의 판례를 구체 적으로 보면, 영업상 거래가 아닌 사례유형으로서는 (ⅰ) 생업 및 직업행사의 범위 이외의 사적인 행위, (ⅱ) 관공서 또는 국가의 행위, (ⅲ) 오직 비경제적 인 목적을 위하여 하는 단체활동, (ⅳ) 순수 학문적 활동, (ⅴ) 정치적, 사회적, 종교적, 소비자계몽적, 스포츠적인 활동, (ⅵ) 언론매체에서 상표를 언급하는 행위 등을 들고 있다. 반면, 영업상 거래인 사례유형으로는 어떤 자가 저자로 서 출판사에 특정 표지하에서 어떤 저작물을 제공한다면, 그는 영업상 거래에 서 행위하는 것이다. 또한 어떤 자가 제3자에게 라이선스를 부여하거나 판매 하기 위하여 상표, 저작물의 제호 또는 인터넷 도메인이름을 출원 또는 신청 하였다면, 그는 곧바로 영업상 거래에서 행위하는 것이다. 이른바 `기관내부` 의 행위와 관련해서는 보다 자세한 분석이 필요한데, 자기사용, 기업 또는 기 관내부의 행위는 판례와 문헌에서는 일반적으로 상표권침해가 되지 않는다고 보고 있다. 그러나 일부문헌에서는 순수한 기업내부의 행위도 상표권침해가 될 수 있다고 보고 있다. 독일 상표법 제14조 제3항 제2호(우리 상표법 제108 조 제1항 제4호에 상응)와 제4항 제2호(우리 상표법 제108조 제1항 제2호에 상응)는 판매할 목적으로 타인의 상표가 표시된 상품을 소지하고 있는 행위와 타인의 상표를 부착한 용기, 포장 또는 표시수단을 판매할 목적으로 소지하고 있는 행위도 상표권침해로 보고 있는데, 이는 아직 영업상 거래로 보기는 어렵고, 순수한 기업내부의 행위이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 상표법은 이를 상표권 침해로 보고 있다. 일본 판례 중에는 상표란 `업으로 상품을 생산, 증명 또는 양도하는 자가 그 상품에 대하여 사용하는 것`(일본 상표법 제2조 제1항 제1호)이라는 상표의 정의 중 `상품`이라는 개념요소로부터 비침해적 상표의 사용유형(마치 `기업내부`에서의 행위유형과 유사함)을 도출해낸 사례가 있다. 즉, 상표법상 상품은 유통성을 갖추어야 하는데, 점포 내에서 소비되는 요리에 상표를 부착하는 것 은 유통성이 없으므로 상표법상 `상품`에 상표를 사용하는 것이 아니라고 하였다. 판례의 논리가 전적으로 수긍할 만한 것은 아니나, `업으로`가 아니라 `상품성`으로부터 `비영업상 거래`와 유사한 결론을 도출하였다는 점에서 흥미로운 접근 방법이라고 판단된다. 우리나라의 경우 상표권침해의 구성요건으로 `업으로`를 요구하여야 하는 지, 외국의 입법례와 같이 `거래상`이라는 요건을 요구하여야 하는지 적어도 법률규정상으로는 명확하지 않다. 향후 법개정시에 이를 분명히 할 필요가 있다. 또한 일부 문헌에서 해석상 요구하고 있는 `업으로`와 외국의 법률과 판례 에서 요구하고 있는 `거래상`이 동일한 것인지 불분명하다. 이 연구에서는 주로 독일과 유럽연합의 판례를 중심으로 `거래상 사용`의 의미가 무엇인지 유형별로 검토한다. 현행 상표법을 기준으로 보면, 상표권이 침해되었다는 것은 `상표법상 보호 받고 있는 상표`가 침해되었다는 것을 의미하게 되므로, 상표정의의 개념요소 와 무관한 표장의 사용을 상표권침해로 인정하기는 어려울 것이다. 따라서 상표법 제2조 제1항 제1호의 상표개념정의에 나타난 각 요소들(`상품`, `식별` 등) 도 상표권침해 여부를 판단함에 있어서 원칙적으로 그 기준이 되어야 한다고 해석할 수 있을 것이다. 그러나 법률적 근거는 미약하므로 입법적 보완이 필요하다고 생각한다. 입법이 행해지든 않든 `업으로`, `영업상` 또는 `거래상` 사 용이라는 개념은 여전히 추상적이다. 이에 이 연구가 상표의 침해와 비침해행위를 구별하는 유용한 기준을 제시하게 될 것이다. This study purport to examine the meaning of the “use in the course of trade” in various usages of trademark, by a comprehensive comparative research, which focuses on the case-laws and the literatures of the Germany and the EU, and also seek complementary underpinnings from the case-laws and the literatures of the US and Japan. According to the German case law, it does not constitute a `use in the course of trade` in following occasions. (ⅰ) private activity except from making a living and job, (ii) activity of public office or government, (iii) not-for-profit activity by organization, (iv) pure literature, (v) political, social, religious, consumer-enlightening, sport activity, (vi) showing trademark on media. Whereas, for example, it amounts to `use in the course of trade`, if someone as an author give a publisher some copyrighted work with certain mark attached. If someone files a trademark, name of work or domain name for licensing them to third party, he also makes `use in the course of trade` in itself. It needs to analyze specifically so-called `intra-organization activity`, for example, self-use of the mark, internal use of company or organization. These types of use do not generally constitute an infringement of trademark, in German case law and literatures. Some commentators, however, argued that even genuine internal use of company could be infringing trademark. Article 14. (3) 2 and (4) 2 of German Trademark Act (equivalent of the article 108. (1) 2 and 4 of Korean Trademark Act), provide that it shall be prohibited to stock products, wrappings, packaging or means of identification used someone`s trademark to put them on the market but it is hard to regard as the `use in the course of trade`. It may be just pure inner action of company. Nevertheless, German Trademark Act regards aforementioned actions as infringement of trademark Some Japanese case law based their finding of non-infringing use of trademark (similar to aforementioned `inner action of company`) on the conceptual interpretation of `goods` as defined in the Article 2. (1) 1 of Japan Trademark Act, which provides that the trademark in this Act means is anything which is used in connection with the goods of a person who produces, certifies or assigns the goods as a business. As a matter of principle, products in the meaning of the Trademark act must have some aspects of distribution. If a trademark has been attached to some foods which are consumed on the premises, the trademark does not bear any aspect of distribution, therefore not constituting `use of trademark to `product`. The reasoning of Japanese case law is not entirely convincing, but it took an interesting approach because Japanese case law made that decision from not `as business` but `a character of distribution`. This decision is likely to finding of `no use in the course of trade`. In Korea, the Trademarks Act does not clearly provide whether the trademark infringement requires the conduct to be engaged in as a business activity or it requires a “commercial use” element like other major jurisdictions. The requirement should be further clarified in the future amendments. Meanwhile, it is not clear that the “as a business activity” requirement advocated by some commentators has the same meaning with the “in the course of trade” requirement used in foreign legislations and case- laws. This study focuses on the case-by-case examination of the meaning of the “use in the course of trade” by reviewing its usages in the case-laws of the Germany and the EU. According to the current Trademarks Act, infringement of trademark rights means that `the trademark protected under the Trademarks Act` is infringed. Therefore, it is difficult to encompass the use of the mark irrelevant to the conceptual element for legislatively defining trademark in determining trademark infringement. As a result, each factor (`product`, `identification`, etc.) defined in the definition of the trademark concept in Article 2 (1) (1) of the Trademark Act should be the guiding principle for judging whether trademark infringement has been violated. However, I think the legislative clarification is necessary to improve current weak legal ground for such interpretation, since the legal grounds are weak. With or without above-mentioned amendments, the problem of abstractness associated with the concepts such as “as a business”, “commercially” and “in the course of trade” will remain. This study will provide helpful guidelines to distinguish between trademark infringement and non-infringement in dealing with still uncertain legal concepts.

논문 : 부산시 생활권별 주거복합건물의 가격영향요인 분석

김유민 ( You Min Kim ),이주형 ( Joo Hyung Lee ) 디자인융복합학회 2013 디자인융복합연구 Vol.12 No.1

본 연구는 서울시 다음으로 주거복합건물이 많이 공급된 부산시를 대상으로 주상복합건물의 가격결정요인을 알아봄으로써 수요자들의 요구와 선호를 파악하여 향후 주거복합건물의 공급 및 관리방향을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 분석방법은 다중회귀분석을 활용하였으며, 주택가격과 지표들간의 관계를 규명하고 회귀모형을 구축하였다. 분석결과, 전용면적, 건설사지명도, 자연환경까지의 접근성, 교육환경이 주거복합건물의 가격에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 분석결과에 따른 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째 주거복합건물의 건축승인시 건축대상지 주변 자연환경 접근성과 교육환경에 대한 고려가 필요하다. 둘째, 부산시 도시계획조례상 주거복합건물의 주거대비 기타 용도의 혼합비율을 생활권별로 유동적으로 운영할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 주거복합건물이 지나치게 주거중심으로 건설되지 않도록 중점 관리할 필요가 있다. The purpose of this study was to analyze the price determinants by mixed-use housing in Busan where mixed-use houses had been built most next to Seoul, and thereupon, examine consumers` needs and preferences thereby, suggest the directions for supply and management of the mixed-use houses. This study using multiple regression analysis. It also tries to identify the relationship between indicators and housing price using regression model. Analyzing the price determinants, it was found that ‘area of exclusive use space’, ‘awareness of construction firm’, ‘accessibility of natural environments’, ‘availability of education environments’ affected the prices positively in all of mixed-use houses. As a result of this study, Firstly, the government should consider the accessibility of natural environments and availability of education environments when approving mixed-use developments, Secondly, Busan ordinance needs to apply different ratio of residential uses and non-residential uses in new mixed-use developments by urban community zones. Thirdly, new mixed-use developments should not be developed in a way of excessive concentration on residential uses.

Land use classification and land use change analysis using satellite images in Lombok Island, Indonesia

김철민 한국산림과학회 2016 Forest Science And Technology Vol.12 No.4

The objective of this study was to classify land use and land cover status and to identify land use changes, especially of deforestation and forest degradation in the past 20 years in Lombok Island using satellite imageries to support REDDCprogram implementation. Medium scale Landsat MSS, TM, and ETMC data from 1990 to 2000 at 5 year intervals were used to extract information on land use and land use changes. A land use/cover classification system was established, based on the six broad land use categories of IPCC Good Practice Guidelines. For land use classification, a supervised classification method was applied, and a “binary change mask applied to date 2” algorithm was used for land use change detection. As of 2010, cropland dominates the land cover of Lombok, comprising 61.4% of total area. Forest is the second dominant land cover class, covering c. 118,365 ha or about 25.8% of the land. Shrubland occupies 7.5% of land area. Forested land in 1990 was estimated at c. 156,900 ha or 34% of the total land area of Lombok. Subsequently, forested land has decreased by 47,363 ha over the past 20 years. This means that, since 1990, 28.6% of forest has been converted to non-forest land use, mostly presumed to be cropland and shrubland.

우리 저작권법상 공정이용의 운영 현황과 과제

이일호(Il-Ho Lee) 한국저작권위원회 2023 계간 저작권 Vol.36 No.1

우리 저작권법에 공정이용이 도입된 지도 만 11년이 넘어가고 있다. 그동안 관련 규정이 개정되고, 관련 가이드라인을 제정하기 위한 노력도 있었지만, 공정이용이 실제 분쟁사례에서 실효성 있는 기준이 되고 있는지에 대해서는 의문이 생긴다. 제도는 실효성을 전제로 도입된다는 점에서, 또 공정이용은 특히 저작자와 이용자의 이익 사이에서 균형을 적극적으로 모색하는 법제도라는 점에서 공정이용 운영 현황을 점검해 볼 필요가 있다. 특히 공정이용은 입법자가 사법부에 저작권 제한규정을 창설하는 입법적 권한을 부여한 것으로, 관련 판례를 살펴보아야 한다. 안타깝게도 우리 대법원에서 공정이용을 적극적으로 검토한 사건은 없었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 지방법원과 고등법원에서 공정이용에 대해 검토했고, 이는 몇몇 판결·결정문에 반영되어 있다. 비록 적은 수이기는 하지만, 이들 판례에서 나타나는 공통점과 경향성을 찾아내고, 문제점을 짚어 본다면, 공정이용에 어떠한 개선이 필요하고, 우리에게 낯선 제도가 어떻게 발전할 수 있을지 가늠해 볼 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 목표 아래 이 글은 지금까지 나온 저작권 관련 판례 중 공정이용을 언급하거나 검토한 것을 추려 정리하고(부록 참조), 이를 분석한다. 여기서 우리 법원이 공정이용에 대해 취하는 태도를 여러 측면에서 조망하고, 우리 저작권법상 공정이용이 실효성을 가지는지에 대해 평가해 본다. 이러한 분석과 평가를 토대로 현재 한국식 공정이용이 가진 문제점을 여러 척도를 가지고 제시해 보고자 한다. 이를 종합하여 우리 저작권법상 공정이용이 앞으로 지속가능한 발전을 하기 위한 방안을 모색하면서, 무엇보다 사법부와 학계의 협력과 존중을 제안하고자 한다. In 2011, the fair use provision was introduced in Korean copyright law. While it has been reformed once to make it more effective, and efforts have been made to establish so-called fair use guidelines to increse its predictability, doubts are raised as to whether fair use functions as a practical standard in actual copyright cases. It is time to point out its status quo and to observe how fair use has been operated by the Korean judiciary; this new legal instrument is intended to actively pursue a balance between the interests of creators and users/the public. Moreover, fair use may be understood as the legislator's delegation to the judiciary for exercising the quasi-legislative authority to create new and necessary copyright limitations/exceptions on a case-by-case basis. For an overview, it is indispensable to analyze the relevant precedents produced by various courts in Korea in the past 11 years. Unfortunately, there have been no cases in which the Supreme Court of Korea actively reviewed fair use. Nevertheless, district and high courts produced several decisions and judgments dealing with fair use (some of them gave considerable detail to insightful investigations in fair use). By finding commonalities and trends in these limited precedents and examining their problems, it is possible to determine and suggest what improvements fair use needs and how this relatively new and unfamiliar provision can be developed in the context of Korean copyright law. With this goal in mind, this paper analyzes the fair use-related precedents over the past 11 years in which fair use is reviewed or -at least- mentioned (see the collected cases in Appendix). Above all, it closely examines the attitude (modes of interpretation/ application) taken by the Korean courts on fair use and evaluates whether and to what extent fair use has been actively applied by the courts. Based on this analysis and evaluation, the problems of the current Korean fair use face are pointed out from various aspects. Finally, this paper proposes some ways for a sustainable fair use in our copyright environment, and suggests cooperation and respect between the judiciary and academia.

L1 Use on the Accomplishment of Communicative Tasks

Mong Ju Lee 한국응용언어학회 2013 응용 언어학 Vol.29 No.1

This study examines L1 use by L2 learners during performing communicative tasks - focusing on fundamentally- constructive purposes of L1 use in terms of interaction maintenance - as an effective pedagogical activity in sequential interactions. The analysis is conducted on the functions of learners’ L1 use, which leads to the accomplishing of their tasks. In order to depict the best picture of L1 use in task-based sequential interactions, both quantitative and qualitative analysis are used. Quantitative analysis is applied in addressing the relationship between the amount of L1 use and task achievement, and qualitative analysis is used to gain understanding in the functional descriptions to verify and clarify L1 use. The results showed that the relationship between task achievement and L1 use is correlated strongly, irrespective of task types (F=.003, r=.635, p<.01). This study is not intended to justify learners’ L1 use in L2 classroom; rather, it seeks to investigate the ways in which a mechanism of L1 use is related to facilitate communicative processes in L2 learning contexts. It is thus hoped that the findings of this study make some contributions to an improved understanding of L1 use as well as allowing for the maintenance of the L1 and identifying L2 learners’ own beliefs about positive effect on L1 use.

고등학생들의 인터넷사용 및 그 유형과 우울의 관계: 성별 차이의 검증을 중심으로

전신현 한국보건사회학회 2012 보건과 사회과학 Vol.0 No.31

이 연구는 고등학교 청소년을 대상으로 인터넷사용과 우울의 관계를 살펴보는데 있어 특히 인터넷사용유형별로 우울과의 관계를 그리고 남녀별로 그 차이가 있는지를 살펴보려고 했다. 한국청소년정책연구원의 청소년패널자료중 고등학생 3,125명의 3차부터 5차까지의 자료를 분석한 결과에 따르면인터넷사용이 많을수록 우울해지고, 또한 우울할수록 인터넷사용이 많아지는 것으로 나타나 양쪽의인과관계가 모두 성립하는 것으로 나타났다. 인터넷사용과 우울의 관계를 인터넷사용 유형별로 살펴보면 인터넷사용에서 교류시간만 우울에 정(+)적으로 영향을 주고 오락시간과 정보시간은 우울에 유의미한 영향력이 없었고, 한편 우울은 교류시간에는 영향을 주지 않았지만 오락시간과 정보시간에 정(+)적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타나 유형별로 달랐다. 그 결과를 남녀별로 살펴보면 남녀 모두에서우울할수록 인터넷사용을 하지만 인터넷사용으로 우울해지는 것은 여자에게서만 그 영향력이 나타나남녀 간에 차이를 보였다. 그 중에서도 여자의 경우 교류시간이 많을수록 우울해지는 것으로 나타났다. 아울러 남녀 모두가 우울할 때에는 오락과 정보시간이 많은 것으로 나타났다. This study intends to explain the relationship between internet use and depression in high school students and considers the type of internet use and its difference across gender. Using data from Korean Youth Panel Survey, results show that internet use causes depression and that depression also causes internet use. Considering the type of internet use such as social relationship,entertainment, and information, it is found that internet use for social relationship increases depression, but internet use for entertainment and information has no effect on depression. Instead, results reveal that depression has positive effects on internet use for entertainment and information. In testing a gender difference,result shows that depression causes internet use in both male and female students, but that internet use causes depression in only female students. For female, internet use for social relationship increases depression. In addition,results show that depression has significant effects on internet use for entertainment and information in both male and female students.

통계기법을 이용한 도시간 토지이용 정책의 평가방법에 관한 시론적 연구

안혁근(Ahn. Hyug-Keun) 한국지역개발학회 2003 韓國地域開發學會誌 Vol.15 No.2

This research explores an evaluation method related to land use policy which provides revenues in local govemment. Although city govemment has used land use p이icy for increasing city revenue, there has no scientific policy evaluation methods on the land use p이icy. Thus, this research proposes land use policy evaluation method using the relationships between land uses and city revenue based on statistical methods. According to liClture review, it shows that many city govemments try to increase city revenue using land use policies for overcoming their fiscal difficulties occurred by federal govemment’s devolution. It mns that land use policies reflect city govID1ent's wishes that increase city revenue. Thus it is possible to evaluate land use policy by measuring the amount of tax revenues(property tax and les tax amount} which are produc(by each land use amount To classify land uses, it uses LCBS(Land-Use Classification Standard} which was created by APA(Arnerican Planning Association}. Using LCBS and fiscal data which could be obtain from cities, this study proposes that land use policies can be evaluated by city revenue which is creat by each land uses. It may begα measurement method of land use policy. However this evaluation method of land use policies has several benefits and problems. 1) This evaluation method of land use p이icy provides a way to compare land use policy’s efficiency between cities. 2} Using the evaluation method, it is easy to get evaluation information and to save cost for gathering information. 3} However, it has lack of subjective as~t(consumer side) because it only focuses on objective aspect(service provider’s side).

정보기술 수용에서 사용용이성과 통제가능성을 하위 차원으로 하는 지각된 사용통제의 역할

이웅규 한국경영정보학회 2008 Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems Vol.18 No.2

According to technology acceptance model(TAM) which is one of the most important research models for explaining IT users' behavior, an intention of using IT is determined by usefulness and ease of use of it. However, TAM wouldn't explain the performance of using IT while it has been considered as a very good model for prediction of the intention. Many people would not be confirmed in the performance of using IT until they can control it at their will, although they think it useful and easy to use. In other words, in addition to usefulness and ease of use as in TAM, controllability is also should be a factor to determine acceptance of IT. Especially, there is a very close relationship between controllability and ease of use, both of which explain the other sides of control over the performance of using IT, so called perceived behavioral control(PBC) in social psychology. The objective of this study is to identify the relationship between ease of use and controllability. and analyse the effects of both two beliefs over performance and intention in using IT. For this purpose, we review the issues related with PBC in information systems studies as well as social psychology. Based on a review of PBC, we suggest a research model which includes the relationship between control and performance in using IT, and prove its validity empirically. Since it was introduced as a variable for explaining volitional control for actions in theory of planned behavior(TPB), there have been confusion about concept of PBC in spite of its important role in predicting so many kinds of actions. Some studies define PBC as self-efficacy that means actor's perception of difficulty or ease of actions, while others as controllability. However, this confusion does not imply conceptual contradiction but a double-faced feature of PBC since the performance of actions is related with both self-efficacy and controllability. In other words, these two concepts are discriminated and correlated with each other. Therefore, PBC should be considered as a composite concept consisting of self-efficacy and controllability. Use of IT has been also one of important areas for predictions by PBC. Most of them have been studied by analysis of comparison in prediction power between TAM and TPB or modification of TAM by inclusion of PBC as another belief as like usefulness and ease of use. Interestingly, unlike the other applications in social psychology, it is hard to find such confusion in the concept of PBC in the studies for use of IT. In most of studies, controllability is adapted as PBC since the concept of self-efficacy is included in ease of use explicitly. Based on these discussions, we can suggest perceived use control (PUC) which is defined as perception of control over the performance of using IT and composed of controllability and ease of use as sub-concepts. We also suggest a research model explaining acceptance of IT which includes the relationships of PUC with attitude and performance of using IT. For empirical test of our research model, two user groups are selected for surveying questionnaires. In the first group, there are freshmen who take a basic course for Microsoft Excel, and the second group consists of senior students who take a course for analysis of management information by Excel. Most of measurements are adapted ones that have been validated in the other studies, while performance is real score of mid-term in each class. In result, four hypotheses related with PUC are supported statistically with very low significance level. Main contribution of this study is suggestion of PUC through theoretical review of PBC. Specifically, a hierarchical model of PUC are derived from very rigorous studies in the relationship between self-efficacy and controllability with a view of PBC in social psychology. The relationship between PUC and performance is another main contribution.

지식재산권 효력제한 사유로서의 공정이용의 법리

송선미 아주대학교 법학연구소 2018 아주법학 Vol.12 No.3

The Fair use is an important doctrine that limits the copyright. It limits the copyright and plays an important role in achieving the purpose of copyright law. The fair use doctrine starting from copyright law is also applied in trademark law. The issue in this paper is whether the fair use doctrine needs to be discussed in the patent law as well. The fair use starting from copyright law is an important means of protecting the freedom of expression of the general public and solving the problem of market failure. Our copyright law regulates the fair use in Article 3 of 35, which is based on Article 107 of the US Copyright Act. According to copyright law, the fair use was judged by considering the purpose of use, the nature of the work, the weight of the used part, and the effect on the market. The fair use of a trademark is defined as an exception to the trademark dilution in section 1125 (c) (3) (A) of the United States Trademark Law. The US Trademark Act distinguishes the fair use of trademarks from descriptive fair use and the nominative fair use. Article 90 of the Trademark Act regulates the desctiptive fair use. This fair use applies to the descriptive use of his or her name or trade name, and the nominative fair use applies where the trademark is used to refer to the trademark itself. In the patent law, there is little discussion about the fair use. The copyright law describes the purpose of the fair use as a means of solving the market failure. In the traditional patented inventions, there was no need to innovate the industry by the fair use because it did not cause market failure. However, due to the expansion of the patented object, patent for software or BM invention was possible, and discussions on the fair use began. These inventions can cause network effects, which is a form of market failure. Patents have been granted for software and BM inventions, and the importance of these technologies is expected to grow even further in the era of the fourth industrial revolution. It is necessary to discuss the fair use of the patent right in order to solve the problem of market failure. 헌법 제15조에 규정하고 있는 직업의 자유는 인간다운 삶을 영위하기 위하여 자신이 원하는 직업을 선택할 수 있고 스스로 선택한 직업을 자신의 뜻에 따라 종사할 수있는 자유를 말한다. 이러한 직업의 자유는 인간의 자아실현의 수단인 동시에 인간다운 생존의 물질적 기반으로 인식되고 있다. 직업의 자유의 내용은 좁은 의미의 직업선 택의 자유와 직업수행의 자유로 나누어볼 수 있다. 우리 헌법재판소도 헌법 제15조가 보장하는 직업선택의 자유는 직업과 관련된 종합적이고 포괄적인 직업의 자유를 보장 하는 것으로 보고 있다. 헌법상 보장된 직업의 자유도 절대적인 것이 아니라 필요하고 불가피한 경우에는 헌법 제37조 제2항에 근거하여 법률로써 제한할 수 있는 것이다. 이에 따라 직업의 자유에 대한 제한의 합헌성을 심사함에 있어서 기본권 제한의 일반 원칙들이 적용되어야 할 것이다. 우리 헌법재판소는 직업의 자유를 규제하는 법률에 대한 위헌심사기준으로서 과잉 금지의 원칙을 적용하면서, 그 구체적 적용에 있어서 이른바 단계이론의 법리를 원용 하고 있다. 단계이론은 직업선택의 자유와 전직의 자유에 비해 직업수행의 자유에 대해서는 보다 광범위한 법률상의 규제가 가능하다는 것이다. 우리 헌법재판소는 이러한 단계이론에 입각하여 직업의 자유에 대한 제한의 합헌성을 검토함에 있어서 그 심사의 강도를 단계에 따라 다르게 적용하고 있음을 볼 수 있다. 직업의 자유에 대한 제한을 단계적으로 유형화하는 것은 위헌성 심사의 예측가능성을 담보하는 차원에서 유용성이 있다고 본다. 하지만 우리 헌법재판소 판례에 있어서 직업의 자유에 대한 제한의 단계를 구분하는 기준이 명확하지 않고, 과잉금지원칙을 적용함에 있어서 구체적인 심사의 강도를 일관된 흐름 속에 체계화하지 못하고 있다. 직업의 자유에 대한 제한을 단계별로 그리고 유형별로 구분하되, 그러한 구분이 구체적인 위헌성의 논증에 있어서 유기적으로 연계될 수 있도록 해야 한다. 이를 위해 직업의 자유에 대한 제한의 형태적 특성이나 효과적 측면 등에 따라 과잉금지의 원칙을 탄력적으로 적용할 수 있는 방안을 개발해나갈 필요가 있다고 본다.

L1 Use on the Accomplishment of Communicative Tasks

이몽주 한국응용언어학회 2013 응용 언어학 Vol.29 No.1

This study examines L1 use by L2 learners during performing communicative tasks - focusing on fundamentally- constructive purposes of L1 use in terms of interaction maintenance - as an effective pedagogical activity in sequential interactions. The analysis is conducted on the functions of learners’ L1 use, which leads to the accomplishing of their tasks. In order to depict the best picture of L1 use in task-based sequential interactions, both quantitative and qualitative analysis are used. Quantitative analysis is applied in addressing the relationship between the amount of L1 use and task achievement, and qualitative analysis is used to gain understanding in the functional descriptions to verify and clarify L1 use. The results showed that the relationship between task achievement and L1 use is correlated strongly, irrespective of task types (F=.003, r=.635, p<.01). This study is not intended to justify learners’ L1 use in L2 classroom; rather, it seeks to investigate the ways in which a mechanism of L1 use is related to facilitate communicative processes in L2 learning contexts. It is thus hoped that the findings of this study make some contributions to an improved understanding of L1 use as well as allowing for the maintenance of the L1 and identifying L2 learners’ own beliefs about positive effect on L1 use.