검출기 정렬 오차가 TOF-PET 검출기의 성능에 미치는 영향성 평가

양진규,강지훈 한국방사선학회 2019 한국방사선학회 논문지 Vol.13 No.6

Effect of misalignment on the performance was evaluated for the development of time-of-flight(TOF)-PET detector. A pair of TOF-PET detector consists of Lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate(LYSO) scintillation crystal with a volume of 3 mm × 3 mm × 20 mm and Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes(GAPD) photo-sensor with a active area of 3.07 mm × 3.07 mm. Analog output signals from TOF-PET detector were sent to the pre-amplifier and then fed into the gain adjust circuit for achievement of gain homogeneity for each detector. The amplified signals were recorded and digitized by data acquisition system based on oscilloscope. The effect of the detector misalignment between LYSO and GAPD was examined for four different alignment offsets of 0.0 mm, 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm for a pair of TOF-PET detector. The photopeak position decreased from ~400 mV to ~250 mV with increasing detector misalignment. the energy resolution and time resolution were degraded from 11.6% to 16.2%, and from 477 ps to 632 ps, respectively. This study demonstrated that PET detector performance was degraded considerably depending on the detector misalignment, which would be a critical issue for the development of TOF-PET detector. 본 연구에서는 섬광결정과 광센서의 정렬 오차가 TOF-PET 검출기 성능에 미치는 영향성을 정량적으로 평가하였다. 한 쌍 TOF-PET 검출기는 3 mm × 3 mm × 20 mm 체적을 갖는 LYSO 섬광체와 3.07 mm × 3.07 mm 크기의 GAPD 광센서로 구성된다. 아날로그 출력신호는 증폭 및 균일도 보정이 수행되었고, 오실로스코프 기반 데이터 획득 장치에서 신호처리되었다. 각 검출기 정렬 오차는 0.0 mm, 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm 를 각각 적용하여 총 16단계의 정렬 오차를 발생시켰다. 검출기 정렬 오차가 증가함에 따라 광절정위치는 약 400 mV에서 약 250 mV로 감소하였다. 또한, 에너지분해능은 11.6%에서 16.2%로, 시간분해능은 477 ps에서 632 ps로 저하되었다. 이 결과는 검출기 정렬 오차가 TOF-PET 검출기 성능저하에 큰 영향성을 내포함을 시사한다.

Effect of Detector-Misalignment on TOF-PET Detector Performance

양진규(Jingyu Yang),강지훈(Jihoon Kang) 한국방사선학회 2019 한국방사선학회 논문지 Vol.13 No.6

본 연구에서는 섬광결정과 광센서의 정렬 오차가 TOF-PET 검출기 성능에 미치는 영향성을 정량적으로 평가하였다. 한 쌍 TOF-PET 검출기는 3 mm × 3 mm × 20 mm 체적을 갖는 LYSO 섬광체와 3.07 mm × 3.07 mm 크기의 GAPD 광센서로 구성된다. 아날로그 출력신호는 증폭 및 균일도 보정이 수행되었고, 오실로 스코프 기반 데이터 획득 장치에서 신호처리되었다. 각 검출기 정렬 오차는 0.0 mm, 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.5mm 를 각각 적용하여 총 16단계의 정렬 오차를 발생시켰다. 검출기 정렬 오차가 증가함에 따라 광절정위치는 약 400 mV에서 약 250 mV로 감소하였다. 또한, 에너지분해능은 11.6%에서 16.2%로, 시간분해능은 477 ps에서 632 ps로 저하되었다. 이 결과는 검출기 정렬 오차가 TOF-PET 검출기 성능저하에 큰 영향성을 내 포함을 시사한다. Effect of misalignment on the performance was evaluated for the development of time-of-flight(TOF)-PET detector. A pair of TOF-PET detector consists of Lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate(LYSO) scintillation crystal with a volume of 3 mm × 3 mm × 20 mm and Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes(GAPD) photo-sensor with a active area of 3.07 mm × 3.07 mm. Analog output signals from TOF-PET detector were sent to the pre-amplifier and then fed into the gain adjust circuit for achievement of gain homogeneity for each detector. The amplified signals were recorded and digitized by data acquisition system based on oscilloscope. The effect of the detector misalignment between LYSO and GAPD was examined for four different alignment offsets of 0.0 mm, 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm for a pair of TOF-PET detector. The photopeak position decreased from ~400 mV to ~250 mV with increasing detector misalignment. the energy resolution and time resolution were degraded from 11.6% to 16.2%, and from 477 ps to 632 ps, respectively. This study demonstrated that PET detector performance was degraded considerably depending on the detector misalignment, which would be a critical issue for the development of TOF-PET detector.

항행 및 항법 : 시각 비동기 오차를 고려한 다중 DME 측위 적용 방안 연구

최광호 ( Kwang-ho Choi ),임준후 ( Joon-hoo Lim ),유원재 ( Won-jae Yoo ),소형민 ( Hyoung Min So ),이형근 ( Hyung-keun Lee ) 한국항행학회 2015 韓國航行學會論文誌 Vol.19 No.6

본 논문에서는 다수의 DME (distance measuring equipment) 지상국에 대한 거리 측정치들을 결합할 경우 문제가 될 수 있는 시각 비동기 오차를 소개하고 이를 대비한 위치 결정 방법을 제안하였다. 소개된 시각 비동기 오차는 한 개의 DME와 한 개의VOR (VHF omnidirectional range)을 활용하는 기존의 위치 결정 방법에서는 발생하지 않는 오차요인이다. 제안된 방법은 항공기의 속도벡터를 이용하여 동기화 되지 않은 다수의 임의 시점의 DME 거리 측정값들을 위치 결정 시점으로 투영하는 원리를 활용하였다. 한 개의 대표적 궤적을 활용한 시뮬레이션을 통하여 제안된 방법을 활용할 경우 이미 구축되어진 DME 인프라의 변경 없이 다수의 DME를 활용하여 항공기의 위치를 높은 정확도로 추정할 수 있음을 확인하였다. This paper introduces the time-misalignment error between multiple range measurements acquired by an onboard distance measuring equipment (DME) interrogator and proposes an efficient position determination method that can mitigate the negative effects of the time-misalignment error. The introduced time-misalignment error does not occur in conventional utilization of DME combined with VHF omnidirectional range (VOR). The proposed position determination method projects all the DME range measurements acquired irregularly during an interval to the same time instance where the aircraft position is determined. By the simulation utilizing a representative aircraft trajectory, it is shown that it is possible to estimate the horizontal position accurately without any changes of ground DME facilities.

SDINS에서 의사 자이로 바이어스 보상 기법

박정민 사단법인 항법시스템학회 2024 Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Vol.13 No.2

The performance of a Strapdown Inertial Navigation System (SDINS) relies heavily on the accuracy of sensor error calibration. Systematic calibration is usually employed when only a 2-axis turntable is available. For systematic calibration, the body frame is commonly defined with respect to sensor axes for ease of computation. The drawback of this approach is that sensor axes may undergo time-varying deflection under temperature change, causing pseudo gyro bias. The effect of pseudo gyro bias on navigation performance is negligible for low grade navigation systems. However, for higher grade systems undergoing rapid temperature change, the error is no longer negligible. This paper describes in detail conditions leading to the presence of pseudo gyro bias, and proposes two techniques for mitigating the error. Experimental results show that applying these techniques improves navigation performance for precision SDINS, especially under rapid temperature change.

경사 발사 유도무기체계에서 함상 저장 전달정렬 가능성 연구

이인섭,유해성,김천중,오주현,윤석재,박찬식 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2022 제어·로봇·시스템학회 논문지 Vol.28 No.12

Shipboard transfer alignment is a procedure for determining the initial navigation information of the ship-mounted guided weapon system’s SINS by receiving the surface ship INS information. In order to improve the navigation accuracy of the ship-launched guided missile system, it is necessary to enhance the precision and accuracy of the shipboard transfer alignment. Generally, the shipboard transfer alignment uses both velocity matching and attitude matching to increase observability. Estimating the misalignment error between SINS and MINS using an extended Kalman filter is necessary to obtain the initial attitude of SINS in shipboard transfer alignment to which attitude matching is applied. Because it takes several minutes for the estimated misalignment error to converge, it is essential to reduce the alignment time, especially in the case of weapon systems. This paper presents the possibility of utilizing the shipboard stored transfer alignment for navigation-grade INS mounted on the inclined launching system. There have been no reports of previous studies on the shipboard stored transfer alignment. In a similar research case, a rapid initial alignment method using the pre-performed alignment results was proposed to reduce the alignment time of tactical-grade INS, which was mounted on the launch platform with MINS. To verify the possibility of the shipboard stored transfer alignment, the existing shipboard transfer alignment was repeatedly performed using an inclined guided missile system deployed in the military. The results show that the repeatability and accuracy of the misalignment error satisfy the initial attitude error requirement. Therefore, based on the test results, it is verified that the shipboard stored transfer alignment for the inclined launching guided missile equipped with a navigation-grade INS is possible. .

SMT 공정 Nonwet 불량 인자에 대한 연구

윤찬형,Yun, Chanhyung 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회 2020 마이크로전자 및 패키징학회지 Vol.27 No.3

Nonwet (Head in Pillow) 불량은 SMT(surface mount technology) 공정 불량 유형 중 하나로 이 불량은 solder paste misalign, reflow 조건, package warpage, package ball size 등과 같은 인자에 따라 불량이 발생을 한다. 이에 본 논문은 Nonwet 발생 인자 중 ① reflow 조건 ② package ball & solder paste misalign ③ package ball 크기 type에 대한 인자를 선정하여 nonwet 실험을 진행하였다. 먼저 reflow 조건의 경우 soldering 시간이 길 경우 nonwet risk가 증가를 하나, reflow 공정에 N₂를 적용할 시 solder ball 산화 억제에 따른 nonwet 개선을 확인 할 수 있었다. 또한 package ball과 solder paste misalign 발생 시 ball과 paste의 접촉 깊이가 20 ㎛ 이하의 경우 nonwet에 취약 했으며, package ball 체면적이 작을수록 nonwet 관점 개선됨을 확인 할 수 있었다. Nonwet (Head in Pillow) defect is one of the defects in SMT (surface mount technology) process, the defect is caused by several factors, such as solder paste misalignment, reflow condition, package warpage and package ball size. This paper focused on ① reflow condition ② package ball & solder paste misalignment ③ package ball size for nonwet experiment. The first, on the case of reflow condition, there would be high risk of nonwet defect when the soldering time was increased, but N₂ was adopted to reflow process, there could be no or low risk of nonwet defect because of oxidation barrier control. And when the contact depth between Solder ball and solder paste was below 20 ㎛, there could be high risk of nonwet defect. Also smaller package ball would have low risk of nonwet defect.

경사형 유도탄 발사 체계의 함상 저장 전달 정렬 가능성 연구

유해성,이인섭,오주현,김천중 제어로봇시스템학회 2022 제어로봇시스템학회 국내학술대회 논문집 Vol.2022 No.6