The Theory of Structuration and Multidimensional Theory

Eungi Kim 한국사회학회 2009 韓國社會學 Vol.43 No.3

Few would challenge the notion that social reality is created by human agents operating in the pre-existing social structure. However, social theorists are divided over how structure and agencies are related. Anthony Giddens’ structuration theory and Jeffrey Alexander’s multidimensional theory represent efforts to overcome the basic dualism of “interpretative” and “structural” sociology. Both theories attempt to explain the historical processes engendering the structures that mold human social life and strive to overcome the problem of dualism between structure and agency. In this paper, Giddens’ structuration theory and Alexander’s multidimensional theory are assessed in light of the question of whether they have contributed any insights not already anticipated in the classical tradition of sociological thinking. The paper argues that both Giddens and Alexander largely fail to accomplish this task of convergence. It is also argued that while Giddens work shows an inclination toward a micro direction, Alexander ultimately leans toward an extreme macro level of social reality.

이론-이론과 조합성 문제

조영아(Jo, Young-Ah) 새한철학회 2016 哲學論叢 Vol.85 No.3

본 논문의 목적은 개념의 구조에 관한 이론-이론의 입장이 ‘애완’-개념과 ‘물고기’-개념을 조합하는 문제에 적절한 해법이 될 수 없음을 보이는 것이다. 이론-이론은 개념화와 과학의 이론화, 개념과 과학의 이론 용어가 유사하다는 입장이다. 그에 따르면, 개념은 그것에 관한 이론 내의 다른 개념과 연관됨으로써 이론적인 구조를 갖는다. 개념이 이론적인 구조를 갖는다는 것은 개념이 그에 관한 이론에 의해서 의미가 결정된다는 것을 의미한다. 이 경우, 개념은 그것에 관한 이론 내의 다른 개념들과 연결되고, 다른 개념은 관련 이론 내에서 그 의미가 결정됨으로써 또 다른 개념과 관련될 것이며, 이는 개념 체계 전체에 있는 개념에로 퍼져간다. 이 점에서 이론-이론은 개념 전체론을 전제한다. 그런데 개념 전체론은 개념의 제한적 연결만을 허용하는 개념의 조합적 성격과 양립할 수 없다. 개념의 조합성에 따르면, ‘애완 물고기’-개념의 의미는 ‘애완’-개념의 의미와 ‘물고기’-개념의 의미에 의해서 결정되어야 한다. 하지만 개념 전체론의 방식으로 의미를 결정할 경우, ‘애완 물고기’-개념의 의미는 ‘애완’-개념의 의미와 ‘물고기’-개념의 의미에 의해서 결정되지 않는, 이를 테면, ‘화려한 색깔을 지님, 어항에 서식함’ 과 같은 의미를 포함할 수 있다. 이러한 ‘애완’-개념과 ‘물고기’-개념을 조합하는 문제에 관해 이론-이론은 그것이 참조하는 이론의 성격을 분명히 함으로써, 또는 구성요소 개념의 의미 유사성에 호소함으로써 해법을 제시할 수 있다. 하지만 그러한 전략은 개념의 의미를 결정하는 이론의 범위를 확정할 수 없어서, 그리고 애완 물고기끼리 서로 유사한 점은 애완동물끼리 유사한 점과 물고기끼리 유사한 점의 총합을 통해 도출할 수 없어서 성공적이지 않다. This paper aims to argue that the theory-theory in conceptual structure theories is not an alternative for the pet fish problem about the compositionality of concepts. The theory-theory is a view that conceptualization is similar to theorization of science and also concept is similar to theoretical term in science.According to the view, a concept has a theoretical structure by being related to other concepts in the theory. The theory-theory used to supported by the psychological essentialism that we judge categories of concept sorting to things, from not only its superficial features but also essential features triggering it. That a concept has the theoretical structure means that the meaning of concept is determined by the relevant theory. In that case, a concept is related to other concept in the theory, and the other concept is related to another concept in the relevant theory by determining its meaning in the theory, this meaning determining manner spread to whole conceptual system. In this behalf, theory-theory presupposes a conceptual holism. However, conceptual holism can’t be compatible with compositional feature of concept. According to the compositionality, for example, the meaning of PET FISH have to be determined by the meaning of PET and the meaning of FISH. But, in case of meaning of concept is determined in the manner of conceptual holism, the meaning of PET FISH can include such meaning as being colorful, living in a fishbowl that would not be determined by the meaning of PET and the meaning of FISH As regards the pet fish problem, theory-theory tries to suggest the solutions by clarifying the nature of theory or by appealing the method by which the meaning of constituent concept is composed similarly but not identically. But that strategies is not successful either.

Theoretical Debates and Implications for Future Research of Structural Contingency Theory

Hojin Bang(방호진) 제주대학교 관광과경영경제연구소 2017 産經論集 Vol.37 No.2

Purpose - This study mainly focuses on theoretical debates and issues which has been resided under umbrella of structural contingency theory. From earlier stage of theory development, structural contingency theory had drawn a lot of suspicious and vicious reputation as well as it acquired a lot of academic followers. However, It is very obvious the contingency perspective had a great role for enlightening the external validity of organizational theory and for drawing huge amount of interests from the real world of management. In short, the questions were like as is this a real theory? Throughout this review process I suggest some critical limitations and directions for the future research. Research design, data, and methodology - From a vast review on previous research related on the structural contingency theory, I draw holistic conceptual framework on the theory and suggest issues and implications on each component of the theory. Following this framework, I summarized almost every theoretical debates and arguments at each segment of the framework from the literature review. As a result, I reviewed issues on the structural contingency theory and propose some suggestions for the future research. I depicted 5 main areas of the contingency perspective and then I reviewed some important theories and proposition in each areas. Results - There are 5 main areas in the conceptual framework and I can find some critical issues in each 5 areas that may harm the theoretic completion. Most of all, I pointed out conceptual vagueness of the meaning of fit, level issues of the research model, and unclear mechanism between goodness-of-fit and organization performance. There were several alternatives in operationalizing the concept of fit, however, there is on one simple and clear common definition or operationalization. We can employ some ideas from the organizational behavior field while getting through this problem of conceptual definition of fit. Conclusion - I pointed out some critical issues on the theory and suggest five main directions for the future research on the structural contingency theory. It is obvious that the most important and most critical point of those limitation is about the conceptualization of contingency perspective itself. If we could not overcome these problems, we can not go further any more.

상충관계이론과 자본조달순위이론에 기초한 병원 자본조달행태 분석

김재명 ( Jai Myung Kim ),함유상 ( U Sang Ham ),안영창 ( Young Chang Ahn ) 한국병원경영학회 2006 병원경영학회지 Vol.11 No.2

Based on a previous literature about hospital capital structure(Shyam- Sunder & Myers, 1999), this study attempted comparison and analysis on whether the forecast of trade-off and pecking order theory could be validated in hospital`s capital structure. First, this study analyzed whether hospitals follow the priority for each capital source as suggested by pecking order theory under lack of capital running in hospital. Next, it analyzed whether debt level is regressed on the average to target debt level so as to verify the validity of trade-off theory. Finally, it also analyzed possible associations between debt level and determinants of capital structure as adopted in static trade-off theory, so as to verify relative advantages of these two theories about hospital capital structure. The analysis over whole period showed that both trade-off theory and pecking order theory isn`t supported particularly. This mean that each hospital`s financing behaviors is different and that has not dominant financing behaviors. In the midst of separation of dispensary from medical practice, medical institutions in Korea first finances funds required using retained earnings and then use liabilities. however pecking order theory is supported, the preference of long-term liabilities and short-term liabilities is not clear. In addition, considering that debt level is in no average regression to target debt ratio, it is found that hospital capital structure following trade-off theory turns into that subject to pecking order theory via the separation of dispensary from medical practice.

민요를 보는 시각과 쟁점

김혜정 한국민요학회 2014 한국민요학 Vol.42 No.-

Folksong theory can be discussed at different levels. Fundamentally, the perspective and attitude of researchers to approach folksongs are based on certain theory. This paper organized and reflectively examined folksong theories that have been the foundation of folksong research. Perspectives on folksongs are field theory, structuralism, transmissionism, and application theory, with inter-disciplinary research as another main research perspective. The following are the results. Firstly, field theory focuses on the transmission field and performance field itself while structuralism thoroughly studies the object and reveal the structure. Structuralism recognizes folksongs as a fixed entity and approaches it, driving a contrast with the field theory. However, when field theory perspective is connected with structuralism and used to study various aspects of folksongs, it will help reveal the universal structure of folksongs, which are very flexibile. That is why structuralism is complementary to field theory. Secondly, in terms of transmissionism, there have been two competing arguments, namely, the archetype and constructivism. The archetype contends that there is the object of tradition and legitimacy, and one must strive to protect and transmit it while constructivism argues that culture is undergoes changes constantly and can be changed. However, there are armchair arguments. Any researcher who has been on the field will understand the pros and cons of the both positions. Folksongs are understood as a living culture and they do not possess a fixed archetype and they are formed with grammar which contain the national identity. It's because that's the virtue that can obtained on the field. Thirdly, application theory is discussed in three parts:educational application, industrial application, and national movement application. Under today's circumstances, researchers are rarely allowed to focus only on folksongs. There must be a debate on what to transmit and what to preserve. There is a need for transmissionism and application theory that fit today's reality. Fourthly, inter-disciplinary research is the revelation of will to look at comprehensive and various aspects of folksongs. Theory is theory. Theory can operate positively and negatively depending on how it is used and applied. Therefore, it is first to understand the existence and identity of folksongs. Then, we can think about how folksongs can survive under the current circumstances and cultural flow. Lastly, these positions should be examined against the existing theories to help establish new theories. 민요 이론이란 다양한 층위에서 논의 가능하지만 근본적으로는 민요를 어떻게 바라보고 접근하며, 연구하는 지의 시각과 자세도 일정한 이론에 바탕을 두고 있다고 할 수 있다. 이 글에서는 민요연구의 바탕으로 작용되어 왔던 민요 이론들에 어떤 것들이 있는지 정리해 보고 반성적으로 검토해 보았다. 민요를 보는 시각으로 현장론과 구조주의, 전승론과 활용론을 들 수 있고, 이외에 주요한 연구 관점으로 간학문적(間學問的) 연구를 살펴볼 수 있다. 연구 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 현장론은 전승 현장과 연행 현장 자체를 주목하는 것이며, 구조주의는 대상을 면밀하게 분석하여 그 구조를 드러내는 작업을 말한다. 구조주의는 민요를 고정된 대상으로 인식하고 접근한다는 점에서 현장론과 상반되는 측면이 있다고 볼 수 있다. 그러나 현장론적 시각을 구조주의에 접목하여 민요의 다양한 각편을 대상으로 연구하면 유동성이 강한 민요의 보편적 구조를 드러낼 수 있다는 점에서 현장론과 상보적인 방법론이라 할 수 있다. 둘째, 전승론에 있어서는 원형주의와 구성주의라는 두 가지 상반된 입장에 대한 논쟁이 있어 왔다. 원형주의는 전통성과 정통성이 있는, ‘원형’이라고 부를 만한 대상이 있다고 상정하고 이를 지켜서 전승해야 한다고 보는 입장이며, 구성주의는 문화란 그때그때 구성되는 것이므로, 항상 변화되고 있고, 변화될 수 있다고 보는 입장이다. 그러나 이는 책상 위의 토론일 뿐이다. 실제로 민요의 현장을 돌아다니면서 민요를 연구해온 학자들이라면 이 두 가지의 장점과 단점, 또는 적용 가능치를 알고 있을 것이다. 민요는 살아있는 문화이므로 하나의 원형만을 갖고 있지 않다는 점도 알고 있을 것이며, 민족적 정체성을 담은 어법으로 구성되는 대상이라는 점도 파악되어 있을 것이다. 그것이 현장에서 얻을 수 있는 미덕이기 때문이다. 셋째, 활용론은 크게 세 가지 정도의 논의가 있어 왔다. 교육적 활용, 산업적 활용, 민요운동론적 활용이 그것이다. 연구자가 민요 자체만 연구할 수 없는 것이 작금의 현실이다. 무엇을 전승하고 살려 나가야 할 것인지에 대한 논쟁이 필요하다. 그래서 보다 시대성에 맞는 전승론과 활용론을 세워 나가야 할 것이다. 넷째, 간학문적 접근의 연구는 민요의 종합적이고 다양한 측면을 살펴보고자 하는 의지의 발현이다. 자신이 속한 학문을 제대로 해내는 것도 중요하지만, 민요라는 대상을 있는 그대로 이해하기 위해서 다른 접근 방식과 새로운 시각을 접목해 보는 시도도 많아져야 한다고 본다. 이론은 이론일 뿐이다. 이론은 어떻게 적용되고 활용되는지에 따라 긍정적으로, 또는 부정적으로 작용할 수 있다. 따라서 민요의 실체와 존재 특성을 제대로 이해하는 것이 먼저이고, 시대적 상황과 문화적 큰 흐름에서 민요가 어떻게 살아남아야 할 것인가에 대한 고민들을 하는 것이 다음이며, 이러한 입장들이 기존의 이론과 어떻게 일치하고 위배되는지를 따져 새로운 이론을 세워 나가야 하는 것이 종국에 우리가 해야 할 일이다.

자본조달 선택 요인에 관한 연구 -시장적시성이론의 타당성과 거시 경제변수의 영향에 대한 분석을 중심으로-

김지수,김진노 한국재무관리학회 2008 財務管理硏究 Vol.25 No.2

The purpose of this paper is to test the market timing hypothesis and impact of macro economic variables on capital structure choice as well as the traditional static trade-off and pecking order theories of capital structure in a integrated framework. Through a two stage test of target capital structure and capital structure choice, none of theories was consistently supported, but most of them were partly supported. In the first stage analysis of target ratio, coefficients of firm-specific variables generally supported the predictions of pecking order theory rather than those of the static trade-off theory. However, the result of the second stage test on capital structure choice supported the hypothesis of the static trade-off theory, which claims that firms usually set and pursue the target leverage ratio. Further, the result of the seconde stage shows that a simple pecking oder theory does not hold because firms with deficit of internal fund tend to issue bonds rather than stocks to raise outside fund. Also, the result indicates that the market timing hypothesis holds because firms with over-valued stocks tend to issue stocks rather than bonds. However, contrary to Korajczyk and Levy(2003), the impact of macro economic variables such as term or credit spreads on capital structure choice was negligible, and the impact of macro economic and market timing hypothesis variables were not greater in financially unconstrained firms as Korajczyk and Levy(2003) suggested. 본 연구에서는 전통적 자본구조 이론인 정태적 상충이론과 자본조달순위이론 뿐만 아니라 최근 새로 등장하고 있는 시장적시성이론의 타당성과 거시 경제변수가 자본구조에 미치는 영향을 종합적인 틀에서 분석하였다. 목표자본구조 결정과 자본조달 선택의 2단계 분석 결과, 자본구조의 특정이론이 일관성 있게 지지되기 보다는 각 이론이 부분적으로 지지되는 결과가 나타났다. 1단계 목표자본구조 식의 추정에 있어서 기업 특성변수의 계수는 전반적으로 정태적 상충이론보다는 자본조달순위이론을 지지하였으나 2단계의 자본조달 선택요인의 분석에서는 정태적 상충이론에서 주장하듯 기업이 목표자본구조를 설정하고 이를 추구하는 경향이 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한, 자금이 부족한 기업일수록 회사채보다는 오히려 주식을 발행하는 경향이 강한 것으로 나타나 단순한 형태의 자본조달순위이론의 예측과는 부합하지 않았다. 그러나 주가가 상대적으로 고평가된 기업일수록 회사채보다 주식을 발행할 가능성이 높게 나타나 시장적시성이론이 지지되는 결과를 보였다. 한편 본 연구에서는 Korajczyk and Levy(2003)와 달리 기간 스프레드와 신용 스프레드 등 거시경제 변수가 자본구조 결정에 미치는 영향은 미미하였고, 재무적 제약이 있는 기업보다 재무적 제약이 없는 기업이 자본조달 시기를 조절할 수 있기 때문에 거시경제 변수나 시장 적시성 변수의 영향이 더 클 것이라는 그들의 주장을 지지하는 직접적 증거도 발견되지 않았다.

로베르토 웅거의 사회이론과 법이론

김정오 한국외국어대학교 법학연구소 2007 외법논집 Vol.27 No.-

Since postmodernism and deconstruction theory began to strengthen its power and to extend its influence in the western intellectual world in the late 20th century, western social thought seems to be in chaos. They lost the fundamental basis upon which human behavior and thinking has been founded. The situation did not happen just in the area of humanities or social science but also in the area of legal world. From the late 1970's, critics appeared in the American legal world and their critical voices began to influence very strongly to all of the law people. In the mid of the critical legal studies movement, Roberto Unger was standing steadyfast. His books were read by almost all of critics and his thought became the basis of their critical works. This article aims to trace Unger’s social theory and legal theory. The main questions will be as followings; whether his social theory can be an alternative to the postmodern social theory or deconstruction theory; whether he provides us with a new legal theory that will alternate with a given legal theories. In chapter I, I will describe Unger's intellectual evolution since 1970's. Since his theoretical interest has been so wide and deep, it will not be easy to describe all of his works. Here his main works will be dealt with. Among the many ideas that Unger has developed, the concept, ’society as an artifact’ is a key one. From that concept, he criticize the given social theories, especially deep-structure social theory (for example, Marxism) and positivistic social theory. From that concept, he draws the unique concepts, formative context, routine activities and etc. And then he constructs his own social theory, that is anti-necessitarian social theory. Hid social theory will be dealt with in chapter II. As I mentioned the relationship between Unger and Critical legal studies, as a legal scholar, Unger continued to have a deep concern with legal theory. Based upon his social theory, he suggested a new way of thinking about how to analyze legal problems. Even if he does not show a concrete legal theory, he shows us in what way we, legal scholars, are going in the future. Unger criticizes the given legal analysis that he names as rationalizing legal analysis. What he suggests for legal analysis is to connect legal analysis with institutional imagination. His legal theory will be dealt with in chapter IV. Unger criticizes liberalism and social democracy as it exists in Western Europe. According to him, liberalism has not kept its promise and social democracy became conservatized. Both of central ideologies in contemporary politics playes as an obstacle rather than as a lever to enhance economic force and to extend democracy. Unger proposes various concepts such as extended social democracy, radical polyarchy, mobilized democracy, and etc. These will be dealt with in chapter V.

회계학이론의 유형과 구성논리의 기본 틀

고승희 ( Seung Hee Koh ) 한국인터넷비즈니스학회 2015 인터넷비지니스연구 Vol.16 No.1

This article is designed to provide a basic considerable framework for the approach to the accounting theory. My approach to theory of accountancy is ecletic in nature, not only drawing on the paradigm of the basic levels, but also drawing on several other methodological framework.. An approach is made to take explicit the logic used, starting with the basic objectives of accounting theory. Central in most of this study is theories relating to the implicit relevance of the measurement of accounting events, several transactions and most of informations for decision-making. The theories relating to the thought of accountancy are also significant because of relationships to the measurement of accounting informations and other resource theoretical concepts. This paper has the integration on many new ideas in the theory of accountancy as its basic objective of this approach to theoretic thought of accounting. The significances in this approach to accounting theory are (1) a more explicit use of a accounting framework to evaluate the theory as positive and normative theory; (2) a greater emphasis on the basic objectives of accounting theory as static accounting theory and dynamic accounting theory; (3) an increased reference to theoretical thought; (4) critical studies of recent economic information theory as economic based theory and information based theory in priori theory : (5) an attempt to each topic among several subjects of structural theory and functional theory. In this study, the accounting theories are composed of as follows: (1) accounting functional theory (2) accounting postulate theory (3) accounting principle theory (4) accounting subject theory (5) accounting responsible theory

An Investigation of the Most Appropriate Capital Structure Theory and Leverage Level Determinants

Lew, Sung Hee(류성희) 한국경영교육학회 2014 경영교육연구 Vol.29 No.4

본 논문에서, 우리는 기업의 부채비율 조정행동을 가장 잘 설명해주는 자본구조이론과 기업 의 자본구조 변화를 가장 잘 설명해주는 변수에 대해서 연구하였다. 상충이론, 자본조달순위이 론, 시장적시성이론 등이 가장 대표적인 이론으로 인식되고 있고, 어느 이론이 가장 높은 설명 력을 가지고 있는 지에 대해서는 아직 학자들 간에 합의가 이루어 지지 않은 부분이 많이 있 다. 따라서, 본 논문에서 우리는 세 개의 서로 다른 자본구조이론을 비교해서 기업의 크기, 유 형자산, 현금보유율, 장부가치 대비 주가 비율, 부도확율 등이 일반적으로 기업의 자본구조와 밀접하게 연관되어 있는 것을 발견하였다. 이런 항목들은 일반적으로 상충이론과 밀접한 관계 를 가지고 있는 이유로, 우리는 상충이론이 가장 우수한 이론인 것으로 잠정 결론을 내렸다. 그 러나, 연구 결과는 또한 시장적시성이론과 자본조달순위이론 역시 어느 정도의 설명력을 가지 고 있어 무시하기는 어렵다는 결론에 도달하였다. 본 연구에서, 우리는 자료가 가지고 있는 내 생성을 고려해서 GMM 예측 방법을 사용하여, 기존 방법론이 가지고 있을지도 모르는 통계적 오류를 보완하려고 노력하였다. In this paper, we investigate the most appropriate capital structure theory and leverage level determinants. There are several theories in a capital structure decision area and it is still controversial as to which is the best theory to explain a firm's debt ratio adjusting behaviour. Therefore, we have compared three different capital structure theories, trade-off, pecking order and market timing theories, and find that a firm's size, asset tangibility, profits, cash holding levels, market-to-book ratios and bankruptcy probabilities are generally the most important capital structure determinants. As most of these determinants are closely related to the trade-off theory, although our findings suggest that no one theory dominates the others, the trade-off theory is probably the most appropriate capital structure theory. However, our results are also consistent with the expectations of the pecking order and market timing theories. This implies that all three theories have a certain level of explanation power in understanding a firm's capital structure adjustments. In this paper, we also consider an endogeneity problem when using panel data, therefore, we use a GMM estimator to increase the reliability of our research.

구조 발달 관점에서 사회적 영역 이론의 함의

이상희 한국도덕윤리과교육학회 2024 도덕윤리과교육 Vol.- No.84

튜리엘(E. Turiel)의 사회적 영역 이론(Social Domain Theory)에 관한 논의는 콜버그 도덕성 발달 단계 이론과의 차이에 주목해온 경향이 있다. 하지만 영역 이론은 구조 발달 이론의 핵심 가정을 공유하므로 영역 이론에 대한 적합한 평가는 구조 발달 심리학 내에서 이론적 변화의 의미를 포함해야 한다. 이러한 관점에서 영역 이론에 대한 재조명은 사회적 지식에 관한 영역 특수적(domain-specific) 관점이 콜버그 도덕 이론에 대한 단순한 도전이 아니라, 이론적 가정과 부합하지 않는 단계 이론의 경험적 증거 문제를 해소하는 대안 이론임을 보여준다. 영역 이론은 도덕성에 대한 철학적 개념 정의(definition)의 필요성을 긍정하며, 단계의 계열에 따른 발달에서 이질적인 사고가 나타나는 것과 단계 이행이 비동시적(asynchronous)으로 나타나는 문제를 영역 구분(distinction)과 평형화(equilibration)의 원리로 설명한다. The discussion of Turiel's Social Domain Theory tends to focus on the difference with Kohlberg's Moral Stage Theory. However, since the domain theory presupposes the core assumptions of the theory of structural development, a proper evaluation of the domain theory should include the theoretical implications of it as a theory of structural development within the rationalist tradition. From this point of view, the re-examination of the domain theory shows that the domain-specific interpretation of social knowledge is not a simple challenge to the Kolberg moral theory, but an alternative theory that solves the empirical evidence problem of the stage theory that is inconsistent with the theoretical assumption. The domain theory affirms the need for a philosophical concept definition of morality and explains the problem of heterogeneity of thought and progressive asynchronous stage transition in moral development along a series of stages as the principle of domain distinction and equilibrium.