Skin electrical property and hydration

( Young Hwan Choi ),( Hyungrye Noh ),( Jong Hee Lee ) 한국피부장벽학회 2022 한국피부장벽학회지 Vol.24 No.2

Skin hydration is one of the most important factors in dermatologic and cosmetic fields. While many factors affect skin hydration, stratum corneum is a key factor determining skin hydration. Electrical properties of the skin including capacitance and conductance are major principles of measuring skin hydration. Devices measuring these electrical properties to evaluate skin hydration have been developed and widely used in research fields and clinical studies. In recent years, a technology using the touch screen panel in the smartphone to measure skin hydration has also been developed. In this review article, we summarize the electrical properties of the skin and studies using different skin hydration measuring devices.

Validation of biodisplay for measuring skin hydration

( Young Hwan Choi ),( Jong Hee Lee ) 대한피부과학회 2020 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.72 No.1

Background: Skin hydration is one of primary interests in the fields of cosmetics and dermatology. Biodisplay, a novel device to measure skin hydration level, uses a new approach that would provide users skin moisture level by using touch screen panel. Objectives: This study aimed to test the reliability of biodisplay and compared the results with current used device for measuring skin hydration. Methods: We measured skin hydration level at defined points on the face and the arm by Biodisplay and hydration probe of DermaLab Combo. We also measured skin hydration level of the arm after applying moisturizer and after removing moisturizer. After the measurements, we analyzed the reliability of each devices and assessed the correlation of both devices. Results: Total thirty participants were included. Thirteen were males and seventeen were females. The mean age was 38.2. It is shown that biodisplay is reproducible. Skin hydration level measured by the two devices was shown to be correlated. Conclusion: Biodisplay showed reproducibility and correlation with widely used device for measuring skin hydration level. We hope that this study will expand the usage of smartphone-based device in the dermatologic fields.

Intradermal Injection of HA filler

( Jongseo Kim ) 대한피부과학회 2016 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.68 No.2

Background: Stabilized hyaluronic acid (S-HA) used for soft-tissue augmentation1 but S-HA can also be used for dermal hydration². Based on various papers which deal with the dermal hydration or ‘Skin-Booster’, the injection amount per one injection site into dermis was more than 0.02cc using particle type S-HA (Restylane Vital^TM)². However that amount which is more than 0.02cc per injection site, could cause lumps on dermis of face because diameter of 0.02cc is more than 1mm and thickness of facial dermis is less than 1mm. Some doctors believe the deep injection into sub-dermis could prevent the lumps but that deep injections does not improve skin texture efficiently². Volumizing filler injection can treat some wrinkles but it is defferent from improving skin texture. In this regard, I developed my own injection method using S-HA for improvement of skin texture in 2009. I injected 1cc of particle type S-HA dividing 1000 shots into facial dermis using injector. Key point of my method is reducing amount of injection per one injection site and that method would prevent lumps on dermis. When using injector, it also provides easier and faster injection than manual injection. Some non-particle type (mono-phasic or poly-phasic) S-HA do not make lump after injection into dermis because mono-phasic S-HA with lower cohesivity such as Belotero soft^TM or Neuramis soft^TM and Ivoire soft^TM can easily spread out from the injection points as study of some papers^3,4. But their longevity using mono-phasic S-HA is too shorter than particle type S-HA. For patients who have thin skins to improve skin texture, I prefer to inject with mono-phasic HA(Belotero basicTM, Berotero Soft^TM, Ivoire soft^TM, Neuramis soft^TM) to prevent making lumps on the dermis than particle type S-HA. Methods: Most patients had been injected with 1cc of S-HA (Restylane Vital^TM) into 1000 injection sites by injector. I did 200 stroke using injector and there are 5 needles on the part of needle head, therefore technically I injected into 1000 injection sites. Some women who have thin skin had been injected with 1cc of mono-phasic HA by injector to prevent making lump. The changes of skin texture were studied by skin roughness and morphology, dermal hydration by electric resistance, dermal thickness by ultrasonic image and biopsy study. Results: Skin roughness was significantly improved after 1000 shots of intradermal injection using 1cc of particle type S-HA. The amount of each shots was 0.001cc. Skin texture was surprisingly improved after 4 weeks intradermal injection of particle type S-HA. (Fig. 1) The changes or improvement about skin roughness could be found more easily and early by microscope than by naked eye. The depth that I injected by injector was exactly dermis in my biopsy. Conclusions: The skin texture improved after the intra-dermal injection of S-HA. Deep injection could make only replacing volume and could not make improvement of skin texture. It is recommended to use injector for dermal injection, since it would be much easier to inject than manual method for performing 1000 shots of 0.001cc. It will be faster and easy with automatic injector that can control injection amount and injection depth into dermis. This injection method that I developed with the injector will be helpful for many doctors and could make reproducibility even for beginners. In the microscopic view, even only 0.001cc of S-HA was not a small amount for dermal layer though many papers of Galderma describe the proper amount for dermal injection was about 0.02cc. Monophasic filler like Berotero Soft^TM, Ivoire soft^TM, Neuramis soft^TM and Juvederm^TM can be used with variable amount without risk of making lumps because that S-HA can spread out well as biopsy study of many paper5. But Restylane Vital^TM is hard to spread because the particle size is composed with 200 to 400 micron particles, therfore that lumps can last longer more 6 months in dermis. I found out each 0.001cc amount of Restylane Vital^TM that was made by injector last more than 13 months in my biopsy. The injection amount into each injection sites during ‘Skin-Booster’ procedure should be changed to prevent making lumps on the dermis in manual of Galderma company and papers. When using particle type S-HA, small amount about 0.001cc per one injection site can be useful for skin hydration and ‘Skin-Booster’ without making visible lumps.

제주용암해수의 피부 보습 효과 연구

이성훈 ( Sung Hoon Lee ),배일홍 ( Il-hong Bae ),민대진 ( Dae Jin Min ),김형준 ( Hyoung-june Kim ),박녹현 ( Nok Hyun Park ),최지예 ( Ji Hae Choi ),신진섭 ( Jin Seob Shin ),김은주 ( Eun Ju Kim ),이해광 ( Hae Kwang Lee ) 대한화장품학회 2016 대한화장품학회지 Vol.42 No.4

제주용암해수는 미네랄과 영양염류가 풍부한 물로 제주만이 보유한 지하수자원이다. 본 연구의 목적은 제주용암해수의 피부 보습효과를 확인하기 위한 것이다. 피부의 건조함을 막고 수분을 유지하기 위해서는 표피층의 장벽기능이 정상적으로 기능하고, 표피층 내 수분의 유지와 이동이 원활히 이루어져야 한다. 제주용암해수를 각질형성세포에 처리한 결과 표피층의 분화과정과 natural moisturizing factor (NMF) 생성과정에 관여하는 유전자인 필라그린과 caspase-14 유전자의 발현양이 증가되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 막관통 단백질로 수분의 이동을 조절하는 aquaporin 3 (AQP3) 유전자 발현양과 단백질 발현양도 제주용암해수 처리에 의해 증가하였다. 인공피부를 이용한 실험에서 제주용암해수를 배지에 처리하고 배양한 결과 hyaluronic acid (HA)의 수용체인 CD44의 발현양이 증가하였다. 본 연구를 통해 제주용암해수는 피부 보습과 관련된 인자들의 발현 양을 증가시켜 피부의 보습기능에 도움을 주는 것으로 사료되었다. Many minerals and nutrient salts are abundant in Jeju lava sea water. The objective of this study was to evaluate the skin hydration effects of Jeju lava sea water. The skin barrier serves as a protective barrier that prevents the loss of moisture. The water holding capacity and water transport of the epidermis have been proposed to be important determinants of skin hydration. Jeju lava sea water increased the mRNA expression of filaggrin and caspase-14 which is related to natural moisturizing factor (NMF) formation. Aquaporins 3 (AQP3) are proteins that facilitate the transport of water across cell membranes. Jeju lava sea water increased the mRNA expression and protein expression of AQP3. We employed a skin equivalent model to assess the efficacy of Jeju lava sea water. In a skin equivalent model, Jeju lava sea water increased the CD44 (hyaluronic acid receptor) which is related to skin hydration. From these results, we found out Jeju lava sea water maybe help to skin hydration.

Skin Function Measurement in Use

( Hyunjung Kim ) 한국피부장벽학회 2016 한국피부장벽학회지 Vol.18 No.1

While there are tremendous number of cosmetic products (a.k.a barrier creams) whose major claims include improving the skin barrier function, limited number of methods (or apparatus) can provide objective and reliable data about the skin barrier function. For an appropriate utilization of apparatus and adequate interpretation of the data, understanding of the underlying theory and measurement protocols is mandatory. In this review, non-invasive measurement of skin functions, including trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), skin surface hydration, skin surface pH, and skin surface lipid, will be briefly discussed. TEWL, as a representation of skin`s permeability barrier function, is commonly measured by three types of probes - open chamber, closed chamber, and condenser chamber type probes. Turbulence time is a critical issue for obtaining the proper result. Skin hydration can be evaluated by measuring electrical properties of stratum corneum (conductance or capacitance). Skin surface pH is very important in various skin disease such as atopic dermatitis. Finally we will cover the sebum measurement which is an essential point in acne.

기계적 평가와 이미지를 이용한 얼굴의 번들거림과 윤기의 분류 기준의 연구

장윤정 ( Yoonjung Jang ),김보라 ( Bora Kim ),문태기 ( Tae Kee Moon ),김남수 ( Nam Soo Kim ),이선화 ( Sun Hwa Lee ),이혜지 ( Hye-ji Lee ) 대한화장품학회 2018 대한화장품학회지 Vol.44 No.3

얼굴 피부는 신체 건강을 표현할 뿐만 아니라 매력을 결정하는 요소 중 하나이다. 특히 윤기 나는 피부는 대부분의 사람들이 선호하며 윤기 나는 피부 표현을 위해 다양한 화장품들이 만들어져왔다. 하지만 윤기 있는 피부는 주관적 평가이기 때문에 기름진 피부의 경우 기존의 피부 윤기 평가 방법으로는 명확한 윤기 있는 피부로 평가하기가 어렵다. 더욱이 윤기와 유사하게 광이 있지만 부정적으로 평가되는 번들거리는 피부와 명확한 분류 기준 또한 없는 상황이다. 본 연구에서는 피부측정 파라미터 5개[피부 광채, 피부 보습, 피부 투명도, 피부 피지, 안면 이미지]를 측정하였고, 연구대상자들이 촬영된 안면 이미지를 근거하여 각각의 윤기 있는 피부와 번들거리는 피부의 이미지를 선별하여 피부 측정의 정량화를 통해 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 번들거리는 피부에서 피부 광채 및 피지 증가, 투명도 감소, 보습 감소를 확인하였다. 그러나 윤기 있는 피부의 경우 피부 광채, 피지, 투명도는 유사한 패턴을 보였지만 보습이 유의차 있게 증가하는 결과를 보였다. 본 연구에서는 기기측정 및 정량적 평가를 통해서 윤기 있는 피부와 번들거리는 피부를 분류하는 객관적 평가 기준을 제시하고자 한다. The facial skin condition expresses physical healthy as well as is considered one of important factors for attractiveness. Especially, most people prefer shiny skin. So various cosmetics has been manufactured for expression of shiny skin. However, shiny skin is subjectively evaluated, and difficult to evaluate clear shininess using the existing method in oily skin. Moreover, there is no clear classification criteria between shininess and glossiness, which is assessed negatively in the skin. So there has not been a reference value by mechanical measurement to define and classify shiny skin from greasy skin. In this study, we measured skin biophysical parameters (gloss, hydration, translucency and sebum) and facial images which are selected by volunteers using sensory evaluation. According to the measurement results, the values of gloss, sebum, and translucency were similar in both shiny and greasy skin; the values of sebum and gloss increased, whereas those of translucency decreased. However only skin moisture values statistically increased in shiny skin. In conclusion, we propose objective assessment criteria for classifying shiny and greasy skin using device measurement and quantitative assessment.

각질층 환경변화에 따른 얼굴과 하박내측 피부의 탄력 특성 비교연구

장민열 ( Minyoul Chang ) 대한화장품학회 2018 대한화장품학회지 Vol.44 No.4

피부의 탄성은 주로 콜라겐, 탄력섬유 등이 풍부한 진피의 영향을 받는다. 하지만, 피부의 가장 바깥층인 각질층의 변화가 피부의 기계적인 특성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대해선 아직 명확하게 밝혀지지 않고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 새롭게 디자인한 시험방법을 통해 피부 깊이별 탄성 특성과 수화과정을 통한 각질층 변화가 피부 탄성 특성에 어떻게 영향을 주는지를 알아보았다. 또한 이 방법을 이용해 얼굴피부와 하박내측 피부의 특성을 비교 평가하였다. 25-40세 연령의 건강한 성인 10명을 대상으로, 피부 깊이별 탄성 특성을 연구하기 위해 Cutometer^Ⓡ의 음압을 다양하게 설정하여 얼굴피부와 하박내측 피부의 탄성 특성을 측정하여 비교 평가하였다. 음압은 100, 200, 300, 450 mbar로 구분하여 측정하였다. 또한 충분한 수화과정을 통해 각질층의 변화를 유도하고, 다양한 음압 조건에서 피부 탄성 특성을 측정하였다. 그 결과, 음압 조건을 달리함에 따라 피부 깊이에 따른 탄성 특성 측정이 가능함을 확인하였다. 그리고 하박내측 피부의 R7 값은 모든 음압조건에서 얼굴피부보다 통계적으로 유의하게 높았다(p < 0.05). 또한 수화과정에 의한 각질층의 변화는 피부탄성 특성에 영향을 줄 수 있음을 확인하였다. 특히 얼굴피부의 R7 값은 300 mbar 음압조건에서 수화전 상태의 피부에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 변화하였다(p < 0.05). 그리고 전체적으로 얼굴피부가 하박내측 피부보다 수화과정에 더 크게 영향을 받고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 다양한 음압조건과 피부 수화 과정을 활용한다면, 각질층 및 표피층의 변화를 고려한 피부탄력특성을 평가할 수 있는 유용한 시험법이 될 것으로 사료된다. Skin elasticity has been known to be influenced by the change of dermal components such as collagen, elastic fiber, and glycosaminoglycans. However, it is unclear whether the uppermost epidermis may affect the mechanical characteristics of elasticity. In present study we tried to find the role of stratum corneum when determining the elastic property under skin bioengineering measurement with Cutometer^Ⓡ. A total of 10 healthy volunteers aged 25-40 years were investigated by the parameters reflecting the skin elasticity from face and volar forearm. Within various ranges of suction pressure, R0 (=Uf), R7 (=Ur/Uf) and R8 (=Ua) were obtained to explore the depth-associated elasticity. In addition, these parameters were re-measured after the skin was fully hydrated. As results, we found that the measurement of depth-associated elasticity was possible as using various suction pressure. And the R7 parameter was significantly lower from face than those from forearm in before hydration (p < 0.05). Also, we found that the hydration of stratum corneum could affect skin elasticity. Especially, the R7 parameter at 300 mbar suction pressure of face skin showed significantly increased values than that of before hydration (p < 0.05). Interestingly, measured data from the face before and after hydration manifested relatively higher variation than from the forearm. These results suggest that it is possible to evaluate the skin elasticity considering the changes of stratum corneum and epidermis by using various suction pressure and skin hydration.

TS 1-3 : Proteoglycan combined with hyaluronic acid and hydrolyzed collagen restores skin barrier in mild atopic dermatitis and dry, eczema-prone skin

( Chang Ook Park ),( Young In Lee ),( Sang Gyu Lee ),( Jemin Kim ),( Sooyeon Choi ),( Inhee Jung ),( Ju Hee Lee ) 대한피부과학회 2021 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.73 No.-

Background: Dry and eczema-prone skin in conditions such as atopic dermatitis and xerotic eczema primarily indicate impaired skin barrier function, which leads to chronic pruritus. Objectives: We investigated the effects of a novel emollient, H.ECMTM liposome, which contained soluble proteoglycan, in combination with hydrolyzed collagen and hyaluronic acid. Methods: A prospective, single-arm study was conducted in 25 participants with mild atopic dermatitis or dry skin to assess the hydration and anti-inflammatory effect of the novel emollient applied daily over 4 weeks. All efficacy parameters, including itching severity, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and skin hydration, improved significantly after 4 weeks. The subsequent in vitro and ex vivo studies confirmed the restoration of skin barrier function. Results: The clinical study was conducted on 25 Asian patients, with mild atopic dermatitis and dry skin. The participants applied the study cream H.ECMTM liposome twice daily onto their skin lesions for 4 weeks. The improvements of the skin barrier function and hydration were measured primarily by TEWL and corneometer, both of which improved significantly after the application of the study cream. The subsequent in vitro and ex vivo studies confirmed the restoration of skin barrier function. Conclusion: The study revealed the clinical and laboratory efficacy of H.ECMTM liposome in not only reducing itching but also improving the skin barrier integrity.

알코올 섭취가 피부 생리에 미치는 영향

장우선 ( Woo Sun Jang ),김찬웅 ( Chan Woong Kim ),김성은 ( Sung Eun Kim ),김범준 ( Beom Joon Kim ),김명나 ( Myeung Nam Kim ) 대한피부과학회 2010 대한피부과학회지 Vol.48 No.11

Background: Alcohol intake induces complex changes in the human body. However, there has not been much investigation on the interaction between alcohol and human skin. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of alcohol intake on the skin`s physiology. Methods: A total 16 Korean males was enrolled in this study and they were divided into two groups (group A and group B). Each group included 8 people. Group A drank alcohol (20.1%, 360 ml) for 90 min and Group B drank 360 ml of normal saline. The body temperature, the skin erythema index, the transepidermal water loss (TEWL), the skin hydration, the skin pH and skin sebum were measured before and 30 min and 120 min after alcohol intake. Results: In group A, the skin erythema index, TEWL, skin hydration and skin pH significantly increased 30 min after alcohol intake, while the body temperature and sebum decreased. All the measurements except sebum recovered 120 min after alcohol intake. However, in group B, all the measurements were not significantly changed. Conclusion: Alcohol intake affects thermoregulation, the skin barrier function and the skin pH. This study showing that physiologic changes are induced by alcohol intake may help investigate the interaction between alcohol and skin disease. (Korean J Dermatol 2010;48(11):948∼954)

피부관리 프로그램에 따른 피부수분의 변화

이연희(Yeon-Hee Lee),양옥렬(Ok-Yul Yang) 한국의료정보교육협회 2016 보건의료생명과학논문지 Vol.4 No.1

본 연구는 피부관리 프로그램에 따른 피부수분의 변화를 알아보고자, 건조한 피부를 가진 여성 5명을 대상으로 피부관리 프로그램을 주 1회씩, 총 4회를 실시한 후 피부수분을 측정하였다. 그 결과 1회 관리 전과 4회 관리 후 피부수분의 향상률은 25.3%였다. 따라서 전문적인 피부관리 프로그램에 의한 피부관리는 건성피부를 개선하는데 효과가 있었다. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changing of the skin hydration in accordance with the skin care program. 5 women with dry skin were applied skin care program once a week for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks of testing, there were 25.3% improvement in skin hydration. Therefore, we confirmed skin improvement effect of professional skin care program for dry skin.