남녀 대학생들의 방사선 인식 정도에 관한 비교 연구

장재선,황성희,Jang, Jae-Seon,Hwang, Seong-Hee 한국식품영양학회 2015 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.28 No.3

This study was conducted to provide fundamental data on the awareness of radiation, specifically the differences between general awareness, psychological state and harmful effects. Data was collected from 334 University students in the Chungbuk region through a self-administered questionnaire. According to the results of the reliability and factor analysis, the awareness of radiation was 2.80, with a Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.815 and KMO of 0.798. Factor analysis extracted three components of the awareness of radiation, which we named general awareness (factor 1), psychological state (factor 2), and harmful effect (factor 3). There were significant differences in the general awareness of natural radiation and radiation-containing foods (p<0.05), whereas no significant differences were found in the general awareness of radiation food supply (p>0.05). Also, the psychological state showed a significant difference in exposure inspection, future exposure, and radiation-containing food (p<0.05), whereas no significant differences were found in the refusal of radiation inspection (p>0.05). The harmful effects showed a significant difference in the rejection of radiation (p<0.05), but no significant differences in the cancer and genetic effects, diseases and physical harmfulness (p>0.05). A significant positive result (p<0.05) was found for the psychological state according to the harmful effects of radiation. Based on this study, detailed and continuous education must be accomplished by increasing the awareness of radiation and the acceptance level, conveying a proper understanding of radiation and assisting subjects with receiving the information they desire through various educational mediums.

흰쥐 장에서 Cis-Diammine Dichloro Platinum(Ⅱ)의 방사선손상에 대한 효과

이경자,이정식 梨花女子大學校 醫科大學 醫科學硏究所 1995 EMJ (Ewha medical journal) Vol.18 No.4

목적 : 흰쥐의 복부에 방사선조사와 cis-DDP를 투여하여 소장과 대장의 조직학적 소견을 토대로 하여 cis-DDP가 장관에서 방사선손상에 미치는 영향을 관찰 한다. 방법 : 흰쥐의 복부에 방사선조사군(6~10 Gy), cia-DDP(2.5mg/kg)투여군, 방사선조사와 cis-DDP 병행군으로 분류하였다. 방사선조사군은 전복부에 선형가속기를 이용하여 단일조사하고 cis-DDP투여군은 복강내 1회 주입하였다. 병행군은 방사선조사 전 30분에 cis-DDP투여군과 방사선조사 직후 cis-DDP투여군으로 분류하며 cis-DDP는복강내 주입하였다 실험완료 후 30일에 동물은 개복하여소장과 대장의 조직학적 소견을 광학현미경과 전자현미경으로 비교 관찰하였다. 결과 : 소장에서 cis-DDP단독군은 점막에 경도의 염증세포침윤과 국소적인 괴사가 관찰되었다. 방사선조사 단독군에서 점막의 괴사는 8 Gy, 방사선 조사와 cia-DDP병행군의 6 Gy에서 관찰되었다. 점막하조직의 섬유화는 방사선조사 단독군은 10 Gy, 방사선조사 전 cis-DDP 투여군은8 Gy, 방사선조사 후 cis-DDP 투여군은 6 Gy에서 나타나기 시작하였으며 근층의 괴사는 3군 모두 8 Gy에서 관찰되었다 소장에서 점막하조직의 섬유화를 정량적 종말점으로 하여 증강율은 방사선조사 전 cis-DDP투여군은1.67, 방사선조사 후 cis-DDP 투여군은 1.25이었다 대장에서 점막하조직의 섬유화는 방사선조사 단독군과 방사선조사 후 cis-DDP투여군의 8 Gy에서 관찰되었으며 방사선조사 전 cis-DDP투여군의 6 Gy에서 관찰되었으며 점막하조직의 섬유화를 정량적 종말점으로 하여 증강율은방사선조사 전 cis-DDP 투여군은 1.33, 방사선조사 후투여군은 1.0이었다. 결론 : 점막하조직의 섬유화를 정량적 종말점으로 하여 증강율이 소장에서 방사선조사 전 cis-DDP투여군은 1.67, 방사선조사 후 cis-DDP투여군은 1.25이었다. 대장에서 증강율은 방사선조사 전 cis-DDP투여군은 1.33, 방사선조사후 cis-DDP투여군은 1.0이었다. Cis-DDP는 소장과 대장에서 방사선의 효과를 증강시키며 특히 cis-DDP를 방사선조사 전에 투여한 경우 방사선손상이 증가되었다. 0bjective : This experimental study was performed for evaluate the effects of cis-di-amminedichloroplatinum(Ⅱ) (cis-DDP) on the radiation injury of rat bowel by histopathologic changes. Method and materials : Rats were exposed to entire abdomen by a single doses of X-ray(6-10 Gy) without or witn cis-DDP(2.5mg/kg). Rats were divided into 3 groups such as radiationalone, cis-DDP alone and combined group. In combined group, cis-DDP was given 30minutes before or immediately after irradiation. Results : Cis-DDP induced the inflammatory cell infiltrations with focal necrosis of the mucosa in the small bowel and no abnormal change in the large bowel. In radiation alone group,mucosal necrosis, subrnucosal fibrosis and muscular necrosis were prominent changes in smallbowel and submucosal fibrosis in the large bowel. The submucosal fibrosis in the small bowelwas appealed in 10 Gy of radiation alone group and 8 Gy of cis-DDP infusion after radiationand 6 Gy of cis-DDP infusion before radiation of combined group. In the large bowel, submucosal fibrosis was noted in 8 Gy of radiation alone group and 8 Gy of cis-DDP infusion after radiation and 6 Gy of cis-DDP infusion before radiation of combined group. In the smallbowel, the enhancement ratio was 1.67 in a group of cis-DDP infusion before radiation and 125 in a group of cis-DDP infusion after radiation as the end point was the submucosal fibrosis,In the large bowel, the enhancement ratio was 1.33 in a group of cis-DDP infusion before radiation and 1.0 in a cup of cis-DDP infusion after radiation as e end point was e submucosal fibrosis. Conclusion : This study suggested that cis-DDP enhance the radiation effect in the small andlarge bowel especially when cis-DDP was infused before radiation.

치과 의료기관의 방사선 안전관리 지침서 개발의 필요성

황소라 ( So Ra Hwang ) 대한예방치과·구강보건학회 2019 大韓口腔保健學會誌 Vol.43 No.2

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the radiation safety status of dental care institutions and to contribute to the development of guidelines for radiation protection in dental clinics in order to improve the work environment and reduce the radiation hazard for practitioners. Methods: The subjects were selected using a convenience sampling. A total of 300 subjects participated in this study, including 150 dental hygienists from dental clinics in Gwangju Metropolitan City with radiation-related work experience and 150 dental hygienists who had participated in a seminar hosted by the Korean Dental Insurance Manager Association held on January 17, 2016. For the survey, self-entry questionnaires were used, and the collected data were analyzed by performing a frequency analysis using cross tabulation (c2-test) and t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and multiple regression analysis. Results: The awareness on radiation protection among dental hygienists showed 4.4 out of 5 points, which was high, but the practice of radiation protection was overall poor. For the necessity of developing radiation protection guidelines, 91.9% answered “Yes, it is necessary.”. Conclusions: The level of radiation protection practiced at dental healthcare centers was much lower than the awareness of it and showed that the requirement of guidelines for radiation protection was high. Therefore, institutional devices require the development and utilization of various types of radiation protection guidelines in order to mitigate radiation risks and improve the work environment.

폐종양 환자에서 방사선치료에 의한 폐손상

정수미(Su Mi Chung),최일봉(Ihl Bohng Choi),강기문(Ki Mun Kang),김인아(In Ah Kim),신경섭(Kyung Sub Shinn) 대한방사선종양학회 1993 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.11 No.2

Purpose: A retrospective analysis was performed to evaluate the incidence of radiation induced lung damage after the radiation therapy for the patients with carcinoma of the lung. Method and Materials: Sixty-six patients with lung cancer (squamous cell carcinoma 27, adenocarcinoma 14, large cell carcinoma 2, small cell carcinoma 13, unknown 10) were treated with definitive, postoperative or palliative radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy between July 1987 and December 1991. There were 50 males and 16 females with median age of 63 years (range: 33~80 years). Total lung doses ranged from 500 to 6,660 cGy (median 3960 cGy) given in 2 to 38 fractions (median 20) over a range or 2 to 150 days (median in days) using 6 MV or 15 MV linear accelerator. To represent different fractionation schedules of equivalent biological effect, the estimated single dose (ED) model, ED=D․N-0.377․T-0.058 was used in which D was the lung dose in cGy, N was the number of fractions, and T was the overall treatment time in days. The range of ED was 370 to 1357. The endpoint was a visible increase in lung density within the irradiated volume on chest X-ray as observed independently by three diagnostic radiologists. Patients were grouped according to ED, treatment duration, treatment modality and age, and the percent incidence of pulmonary damage for each group was determined. Result: In 40 of 66 patients, radiation induced change was seen on chest radiographs between 11 days and 314 days after initiation of radiation therapy. The incidence of radiation pneumonitis was increased according to increased ED, which was statistically significant (p=0.001). Roentgenographic changes consistent with radiation pneumonitis were seen in 100% of patients receiving radiotherapy after lobectomy or pneumonectomy, which was not statistically significant. In 32 patients who also received chemotherapy, there was no difference in the incidence of radiation induced change between the group with radiation alone and the group with radiation and chemotherapy, among the sequence of chemotherapy No correlation was seen between incidence of radiation pneumonitis and age or sex. Conclusions: The occurrence of radiation pneumonitis varies. The incidence of radiation pneumonitis depends on radiation total dose, nature of fractionation, duration of therapy, and modifying factors such as lobectomy or pneumonectomy.

Radiation safety for pain physicians: principles and recommendations

( Sewon Park ),( Minjung Kim ),( Jae Hun Kim ) 대한통증학회 2022 The Korean Journal of Pain Vol.35 No.2

C-arm fluoroscopy is a useful tool for interventional pain management. However, with the increasing use of C-arm fluoroscopy, the risk of accumulated radiation exposure is a significant concern for pain physicians. Therefore, efforts are needed to reduce radiation exposure. There are three types of radiation exposure sources: (1) the primary X-ray beam, (2) scattered radiation, and (3) leakage from the X-ray tube. The major radiation exposure risk for most medical staff members is scattered radiation, the amount of which is affected by many factors. Pain physicians can reduce their radiation exposure by use of several effective methods, which utilize the following main principles: reducing the exposure time, increasing the distance from the radiation source, and radiation shielding. Some methods reduce not only the pain physician’s but also the patient’s radiation exposure. Taking images with collimation and minimal use of magnification are ways to reduce the intensity of the primary X-ray beam and the amount of scattered radiation. It is also important to carefully select the C-arm fluoroscopy mode, such as pulsed mode or low-dose mode, for ensuring the physician’s and patient’s radiation safety. Pain physicians should practice these principles and also be aware of the annual permissible radiation dose as well as checking their radiation exposure. This article aimed to review the literature on radiation safety in relation to C-arm fluoroscopy and provide recommendations to pain physicians during C-arm fluoroscopy-guided interventional pain management.

Research on Reducing Radiation Exposure for Clinical Applications of X-ray Attenuation

전민철,한만석,소운영,이현국,김용균,이승열 한국물리학회 2014 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.64 No.4

This study was aimed at identifing areas with low radiation exposure where workers could be takenin the examination room in case that they had to hold the patients by estimating the attenuationof primary radiation and measuring the spatial distribution of scattered radiation. The laboratoryequipment included on the X-ray generator, a phantom (human phantom), and a dosimeter. Theexperiment measured the performance of the examination system (dose reproducibility), the doseof primary radiation (X-rays), and the dose of scattered radiation (secondary radiation). Both theprimary and the scattered radiation were attenuated by a factor of tube in vacuum experimentaltests of the inverse square law. In this study, the attenuation was 2 2.246 for primary radiationand 2 2.105 for secondary radiation. Natural attenuation occurred as the X-rays passed throughair, and an attenuation equation was established in this study. The equation for primary radiation(1st dose) was y = A1 exp(−x/t1)+y0. The high-intensity contour of the direction for the cathodewas wider than that of the direction for the anode, showing a wide range on the rear side of thecathode and on the rear side of the anode. We tried to find the positions where the workers’radiation exposure could be reduced. When the medical radiation workers have to hold the patientfor an abdominal examination, they should be placed towards the tube anode and on the left sideof the patient. For a lumbar-spine lateral examination, they should be placed towards the tubeanode and behind the patient, and for a femur AP (anterior-posterior) examination, they shouldbe placed towards the tube anode and on the right side of the patient.

의료기관 핵의학 종사자의 직무 별 개인피폭선량에 관한 연구

강천구,오기백,박훈희,오신현,박민수,김정열,이진규,나수경,김재삼,이창호,Kang, Chun-Goo,Oh, Ki-Baek,Park, Hoon-Hee,Oh, Shin-Hyun,Park, Min-Soo,Kim, Jung-Yul,Lee, Jin-Kyu,Na, Soo-Kyung,Kim, Jae-Sam,Lee, Chang-Ho 대한핵의학기술학회 2010 핵의학 기술 Vol.14 No.2

본 연구는 방사성동위원소의 의학적 이용도가 증가함에 따라 의료기관 핵의학과 방사선 관계종사자의 직무 별 방사선 이용에 대한 개인 방사선 피폭선량의 실태를 파악하여, 방사선 위험에 대해 경각심을 고취시키고, 방사선 관계종사자들에게 안전관리와 합리적인 피폭선량 관리에 도움을 주고자 분석하였다. 2007년 1월 1일부터 2009년 12월 31일까지 의료기관에서 근무하는 핵의학 방사선 관계종사자로 분류되어 개인 방사선피폭선량 측정을 정기적, 연속적으로 3년 간 조사 관리된 40명의 종사자를 대상으로 직종 별, 영상실 별, 연령 별, 선량구간 별, 직무 별 관련업무를 파악하여 심부선량에 대하여 연간평균피폭선량을 각각 분석하였다. 분석법으로는 빈도분석과 ANOVA를 시행하였다. 3년 간 영상실 별 연간피폭선량은 PET 및 PET/CT 영상실이 11.06~12.62 mSv로 가장 높은 피폭선량을 보였고, 감마카메라 주사실이 11.72 mSv로 높았으며, 직종 별 연간평균피폭선량은 임상병리사가 8.92 mSv로 가장 높았고, 방사선사 7.50 mSv, 간호사 2.61 mSv, 연구원 0.69 mSv, 접수 0.48 mSv, 의사 0.35 mSv 순으로 나타났으며, 세부업무에 따른 직무별 연간평균피폭선량은 PET 및 PET/CT 업무가 12.09 mSv로 가장 높은 피폭선량을 보였으며, 감마카메라 주사실이 11.72 mSv, 싸이크로트론 관련 합성 업무 8.92 mSv, 감마카메라 영상업무 4.92 mSv, 치료 및 안전관리 2.98 mSv, 간호사 업무 2.96 mSv, 관리 업무 1.72 mSv, 영상분석 업무 0.92 mSv, 판독업무 0.54 mSv, 접수업무 0.51 mSv, 연구업무 0.29 mSv 순으로 나타났다. 선량구간 별 연간평균피폭선량은 연구대상자의 15명(37.5%)이 1 mSv이하의 선량분포와 5명(12.5%)이 1.01~5.0 mSv이하의 선량분포를 가지고 있었고, 5.01~10.0mSv에서 14명(35.0%), 10.01~20.0 mSv에서 6명(15.0%)의 분포로 분석되었다. 연령에 따른 연간평균피폭선량은 방사선사 직종에서는 25~34세 종사자가 8.69 mSv로 가장 높은 평균선량을 보였고, 근무기간에 따른 연간평균피폭선량은 방사선사 직종에서 5~9년 종사자가 9.5 mSv로 가장 높은 평균선량을 나타냈다. 고용형태에 따른 연간평균피폭선량은 정규직 임상병리사 8.92 mSv, 방사선사 7.82 mSv, 계약직 방사선사 7.55 mSv, 인턴직 방사선사 5.62 mSv, 계약직 간호사 2.61 mSv, 정규직 연구원 0.69 mSv, 접수 0.55 mSv, 의사 0.35mSv 순으로 피폭을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과로 볼 때 의료기관에서 근무하는 핵의학 방사선 관계종사자의 대부분이 현재의 방사선 안전관리가 실효성 있게 이루어지고 있었으며, 직무특성에 따라 많은 차이가 있는 것을 알게 되었다. 그러나 방사선 피폭을 최소화시키는 노력이 필요하며, 이를 위해서 체계적 교육과 합리적 피폭량 관리를 위한 체계가 필요하다고 사료된다. Purpose: With increasing medical use of radiation and radioactive isotopes, there is a need to better manage the risk of radiation exposure. This study aims to grasp and analyze the individual radiation exposure situations of radiation-related workers in a medical facility by specific job, in order to instill awareness of radiation danger and to assist in safety and radiation exposure management for such workers. Materials and Methods: 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2009 to work in medical institutions are classified as radiation workers Nuclear personal radiation dosimeter regularly, continuously administered survey of 40 workers in three years of occupation to target, Imaging Unit beautifully, age, dose sector, job function-related tasks to identify the average annual dose for a deep dose, respectively, were analyzed. The frequency analysis and ANOVA analysis was performed. Results: Imaging Unit beautifully three years the annual dose PET and PET/CT in the work room 11.06~12.62 mSv dose showed the highest, gamma camera injection room 11.72 mSv with a higher average annual dose of occupation by the clinical technicians 8.92 mSv the highest, radiological 7.50 mSv, a nurse 2.61 mSv, the researchers 0.69 mSv, received 0.48 mSv, 0.35 mSv doctors orderly, and detail work employed the average annual dose of the PET and PET/CT work is 12.09 mSv showed the highest radiation dose, gamma camera injection work the 11.72 mSv, gamma camera imaging work 4.92 mSv, treatment and safety management and 2.98 mSv, a nurse working 2.96 mSv, management of 1.72 mSv, work image analysis 0.92 mSv, reading task 0.54 mSv, with receiving 0.51 mSv, 0.29 mSv research work, respectively. Dose sector average annual dose of the study subjects, 15 people (37.5%) than the 1 mSv dose distribution and 5 people (12.5%) and 1.01~5.0 mSv with the dose distribution was less than, 5.01~10.0 mSv in the 14 people (35.0%), 10.01~20.0 mSv in the 6 people (15.0%) of the distribution were analyzed. The average annual dose according to age in occupations that radiological workers 25~34 years old have the highest average of 8.69 mSv dose showed the average annual dose of tenure of 5~9 years in jobs radiation workers in the 9.5 mSv The average was the highest dose. Conclusion: These results suggest that medical radiation workers working in Nuclear Medicine radiation safety management of the majority of the current were carried out in the effectiveness, depending on job characteristics has been found that many differences. However, this requires efforts to minimize radiation exposure, and systematic training for them and for reasonable radiation exposure management system is needed.

악성 폐종양의 사이버나이프 방사선수술 후 방사선 폐손상의 CT 소견

서재영,조영준,이선영,김금원,황철목,김대호,김호준 대한영상의학회 2011 대한영상의학회지 Vol.65 No.3

Purpose: To evaluate the CT appearance of radiation-induced pulmonary injury in patients who have undergone cyberknife radiosurgery for lung malignancy. Materials and Methods: Thirty-four patients with 39 malignant lung tumors who underwent cyberknife radiosurgery were enrolled for evaluation. A total of 24-60 Gy was administered in 3 fractions. We evaluated the CT appearance of radiation pneumonitis and radiation fibrosis. We also evaluated the location of radiation pneumonitis and the minimal dose which causes radiation pneumonitis. Results: Radiation pneumonitis and radiation fibrosis occurred in 95% and 90% of cases, respectively. CT patterns of radiation pneumonitis demonstrated 20 cases (54%) as ground glass opacities (GGO). GGO included only 7 cases (19%), while 6 cases (16%) had patchy consolidations and 4 cases (11%) were diffuse consolidations, respectively. Radiation pneumonitis demonstrated 30 cases (81%) as concentric patterns surrounding the tumor, while 7 cases (19%) included the eccentric patterns. The radiation pneumonitis appeared within the 13-38 Gy (mean 21 Gy). CT findings of radiation fibrosis demonstrated as the modified conventional patterns, which decreased to 17 cases (65%), while 7 cases (27%) had mass-like patterns and 2 cases (8%) had scar-like patterns, respectively. Conclusion: Radiation pneumonitis after cyberknife radiosurgery commonly develops as concentric patterns surrounding a tumor. The mass-like pattern of radiation fibrosis was sometimes difficult to distinguish from tumor recurrence. Thus, knowledge of the CT finding of radiation-induced lung injury might be helpful in distinguishing pulmonary changes from tumor recurrence. 목적: 악성 폐종양으로 사이버나이프 방사선수술을 받은 환자들에서 방사선 폐손상의 CT 소견에 대해 분석하고자 하였다. 대상과 방법: 본원에서 사이버나이프 방사선수술을 시행 받은 34명의 환자의 39개 악성 폐종양을 대상으로 하였다. 모든 환자는 총방사선량 24~60 Gy(평균 50 Gy)를 3회 분할하여 치료하였다. 방사선폐렴의 CT 소견은 방사선 조사부위 폐의 간유리 음영과 경화의 존재로 평가하였고, 방사선섬유증은 경화, 견인성 기관지확장증 그리고 폐용적 감소의 여부로 평가하였다. 또한 추적 CT에서 방사선폐렴의 위치와 발생하는 부위의 최소 방사선량을 각각 평가하였다. 결과: 방사선폐렴과 방사선섬유증은 각각 95%(37/39)와 90%(26/29)에서 발생하였다. 방사선폐렴의 CT 소견은 간유리 음영과 경화의 혼합음영이 20예(54%), 간유리음영이 7예(19%), 반점상경화 6예(16%), 미만성경화 4예(11%)였다. 방사선폐렴은 종양에 대해 동심성이 30예(81%)로 편심성 7예(19%)에 비해 많이 발생하였다. 방사선폐렴이 발생한 최소 방사선량은 13~38 Gy(평균 21 Gy)였다. 방사선섬유증은 변형된 고식적 형태의 섬유화가 17예(65%)로 가장 많이 발생하였고, 종양 유사 섬유화와 반흔 유사 섬유화가 각각 7예(27%), 2예(8%)에서 관찰되었다. 결론: 사이버나이프 방사선수술 후 방사선폐렴은 종양 주위에서 동심성으로 많이 발생하였다. 방사선섬유증 중 종양 유사 형태의 섬유화는 때때로 재발성 종양과 감별이 어려우므로 방사선 폐손상의 CT 소견에 대해 아는 것이 재발성 종양과 방사선 폐손상을 감별하는 데 도움이 될 수 있다.

HL60 세포주에서 방사선 조사에 의한 Apoptosis와 세포 주기 관련 유전자의 발현 변화

김진희(Jin Hee Kim),박인규(In Kyu Park) 대한방사선종양학회 1998 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.16 No.4

목 적 : 방사선조사에 의한 apoptosis에서 나타나는 각종 세포주기관련 유전자들의 발현 양상을 RNA와 단백 수준에서 분석하여 방사선조사에 의한 apoptosis에서의 세포주기 조절의 변화를 규명함으로서 방사선치료의 기전에 대한 분자생물학적 이해를 도모하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 대상 및 방법 : promyelocytic leukemia 세포주인 HL60 세포주를 배양하여 선형가속기(6MV X-선)로 세포에 8Gy의 방사선을 조사하였다. 조사후 다양한 시간 간격으로 Apoptotic DNAFragmentation Assay법을 이용하여 apoptosis를 확인하고 동시에 세포주기관련 유전자들(cyclin A, cyclin B, cyclin C, cyclin D1, cyclin E, cdc 2, CDK2, CDK4, p16INK4a , p21WAF1 , p27KIP1, E2F, PCNA와 Rb)을 단백질과 RNA 수준에서 분석하기위해 western blot analysis와 반정량적 RT-PCR을 시행하였다. 결 과 : 8 Gy의 방사선 조사에 의해 HL60세포에서 apoptosis가 관찰 되었다. 방사선 조사군에서 cyclin A단백은 조사후 48시간까지 시간이 갈수록 증가하였으며, cyclin E, E2F, CDK2 및 Rb 단백은 증가되었다가 다시 감소를 보였다. Rb단백의 증가는 대부분 비활성형인 ppRb(phosphorylated Rb protein)의 양적변화에 의한 것이었다. cyclin D1, PCNA, CDC2, CDK4, p16INK4a단백은 발현의 차이를 보이지 않았으며 p21WAF1과 p27KIP1 단백은 검출되지 않았다. cyclin A, B, C mRNA는 방사선 조사 직후 감소하였다가 12시간부터 발현이 증가되었으며 cyclin D1 mRNA는 조사후 바로 증가하여 48시간에 다시 감소하였다. cyclin E mRNA는 조사후 시간 이 경과함에 따라 감소하였다. CDK2 mRNA는 3시간째는 감소하다가 6시간부터 많은 증가를 보였으며 CDK4 mRNA는 조사후 6-12시간에 급격한 발현증가를 보였다. p16INK4a RNA는 발현의 변화가 없었으며, p21WAF1 및 p27KIP1 RNA의 발현은 관찰되지 않았다. 결 론 : 이상의 결과로 미루어볼 때, 방사선 조사에 의한 HL60세포의 apoptosis와 세포의 G1/S transition는 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 생각되며 Rb단백의 증가와 활성형 Rb단백의 감소 현상도 관련이 있는 것으로 사료된다. 이는 E2F의 비정상적인 과발현 및 cyclin E/CDK2의 발현 증가와 관련이 있는 것으로 추측된다. 또한 p21WAF1 및 p27KIP1는 방사선에 의한 apoptosis에는 관여되지 않는 것으로 사료된다. Purpose : To evaluate changes in expression of cell cycle related genes during apoptosis induced in HL60 cells by X-irradiation to understand molecular biologic aspects in mechanism of radiation therapy. Material and Methods : HL-60 cell line (promyelocytic leukemia cell line) was grown in culture media and irradiated with 8 Gy by linear accelerator (6 MV X-ray). At various times after irradiation, ranging from 3 to 48 hours were analyzed apoptotic DNA fragmentation assay for apoptosis and by western blot analysis and semi-quantitative RT- PCR for expression of cell cycle related genes (cyclin A, cyclin B, cyclin C, cyclin D1, cyclin E, cdc2, CDK2, CDK4, p16INK4a, p21WAF1, p27KIP1, E2F, PCNA and Rb). Results : X-irradiation (8 Gy) induced apoptosis in HL-60 cell line. Cycline A protein increased after reaching its peak 48 h after radiation delivery and cyclin E, E2F, CDK2 and RB protein increased then decreased after radiation. Radiation induced up-regulation of the expression of E2F is due to mostly increase of phosphorylated retinoblastoma proteins (ppRb). Cyclin D1, PCNA, CDC2, CDK4 and p16INK4a protein underwent no significant change at any times after irradiation. There was not detected p21WAF1 and p27KIP1 protein. Cyclin A, B, C mRNA decreased immediately after radiation and then increased at 12 h after radiation. Cyclin D1 mRNA increased immediately and then decreased at 48 h after radiation. After radiation, cyclin E mRNA decreased with the lapse of time. CDK2 mRNA decreased at 3 h and increased at 6h after radiation. CDK4 mRNA rapidly increased at 6 to 12 h after radiation. There was no change of expression of p16INK4a and not detected in expressin of p21WAF1 and p27KIP1 mRNA. Conclusion : We suggest that entry into S phase may contribute to apoptosis of HL60 cells induced by irradiation. Increase of ppRb and decrease of pRb protein are related with radiation induced apoptosis of HL60 cells and tosis of HL60 cells induced by irradiation. Increase of ppRb and decrease of pRb protein are related with radiation induced apoptosis of HL60 cells and this may be associated with induction of E2F and cyclinE/CDK2. These results support that p21WAF1 and p27KIP1 are not related with radiation induced- apoptosis.

방사선 조사가 쥐의 뇌와 간의 Monoamine Oxidase 활성도에 미치는 영향

김주영(Joo Young Kim),최명선(Myung Sun Choi),최명언(Myung Un Choi) 대한방사선종양학회 1993 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.11 No.2

In order to evalute the effects of radiation on mammalian neuronal system, we have examined the effect of gamma-ray radiation on the monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in monoaminergic neurons. Following the whole body irradiation, MAO activity in the rat brain was measured as well as in the liver for the comparative studies between the neuronal and nonneuronal system. The effects of some radiation protectors and sensitizers were also examined in addition to the O_2 effect. The results can be summarized as follows. 1) The MAO activity of rat brain was minimally affected by the radiation dose up to 1,700 cGy Radiation dose above 2,500 cGy inhibited the brain MAO activity by no less than l0%. MAO-A form was found to be particularly sensitive to radiation. The liver MAO was somewhat inhibited (by about 5%) but hardly dependent on the dose of radiation. 2) The inhibitory effect on the brain was initiated immediately by the radiation dose of 2,500 cGy. On the contrary, for the liver, the inhibitory effect became apparent only 2 days after irradiation. 3) Two days after a dose of 2,500 cGy, Vmax and Km of the brain mitochondrial MAO decreased. For liver, Vmax decreased while Km increased, which indicates the kinetic patterns for the neuronal and nonneruronal systems are not affected similarly by radiation. 4) The effect of several known radiation protectors and sensitizers on MAO activity was tested ut no definite results were obtained. The level of -SH group increased in some degree upon radiation but not by the compounds. 5) MAO activity was not affected by O_2 concentration, while an elevated level of lipid peroxidase was found under the same condition. The results described here indicate that characteristics of MAO, one of the most important central nervous system enzymes, are liable to radiation, which is partially differentiated from the liver MAO. Also indicated are that the -SH groups are hardly related to the effect of radiation but the production of the lipid peroxide seems to be somewhat correlated to the effect of radiation.