환경영향평가 사후환경영향조사 개선 및 환류체계 구축방안 연구

김경호,이진희,양경,이영준,이선민,정슬기 한국환경연구원 2021 기본연구보고서 Vol.2021 No.-

Ⅰ. Background and Aims of Research □ Background and necessity of research ㅇ Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is completed through ex-post EIA in which the actual environmental impact that has occurred during the implementation of a project is monitored and reduction measures are implemented. In Korea, the ex-post EIA process consists of an EIA follow-up and the monitoring of the fulfillment of the consultation content in accordance with the Environmental Impact Assessment Act, and is compulsory. However, it is currently not playing a great part in decision-making because it is difficult to verify environmental impacts due to insufficient monitoring and reporting, and the auditing of the entire EIA process is insufficient due to a lack of administrative power and budget. ㅇ In particular, the ‘feedback’ system that can verify and improve the EIA method, process, and system by analyzing the effect of the EIA process and decision-making according to the ex-post evaluation, and improve the effectiveness and suitability of the environmental impact reduction plan is very insufficient. □ Purpose and scope of research ㅇ (Status analysis) Review the current operational status of the ex-post EIA and identify problems and points for improvement ㅇ (Institutional improvement) Design a system improvement plan for the integrated operation of the ex-post EIA system and promotion of feedback ㅇ (Implementation plan) Establish a feedback system for EIA follow-up for the advancement of the ex-post EIA system and draw up an implementation plan Ⅱ. Improving EIA Follow-up 1. International principles of EIA follow-up □ Principles of EIA follow-up ㅇ Theoretically, environmental impact assessment follow-up is defined as a process of carrying out environmental management and communication between stakeholders in relation to a specific development project or plan. This is accomplished by monitoring and evaluating the environmental impact of the development project or plan (that has conducted an environmental impact assessment). ㅇ EIA follow-up consists of four elements: monitoring, evaluation, management, and communication. Internationally, it is subject to 17 principles regarding the need for follow-up (why), stakeholder roles (who), follow-up goals (what), and follow-up method (how). ㅇ In other countries such as the United States and Europe, follow-up is legally defined as monitoring and supervision over regulatory compliance. In addition, follow-up includes project audit and ex-post evaluation of environmental impact assessment. 2. EIA follow-up in South Korea □ Institutional status of EIA follow-up ㅇ In Korea, EIA follow-up legally consists of ‘fulfillment and management of the agreed terms/conditions’ and ‘ex-post environmental monitoring (investigation)’ as stipulated in the Environmental Impact Assessment Act. ㅇ The concept of EIA follow-up is not clear since the ex-post environmental monitoring includes checking whether the agreed terms have been fulfilled. Moreover, it is managed in a dual system with the approval agency and the Ministry of Environment, which makes the procedure complicated and causes role overlap. □ Institutional improvement for EIA follow-up ㅇ We propose an institutional improvement plan based on the international principles and the current status of our EIA follow-up system. The plan encompasses eight sections in the following categories: the legal system, the ex-post environmental monitoring, and the management of agreed terms/conditions. ㅇ It is necessary to introduce the concept of EIA follow-up into relevant laws and to either divide or unify the roles of the management agencies which are divided into consulting agencies and approval agencies. There is also a need for legal measures to expand public participation, including local residents and non-governmental (civil) groups. Ⅲ. Implementation Plan for Ex-post EIA 1. Status of the ex-post EIA implementation □ Status of the implementation of EIA follow-up ㅇ According to the annual status information provided by the Environmental Impact Assessment Information Support System (EIASS), the number of EIA follow-up reports has steadily increased since 1998. After 2015, an average of about 1,600 cases per year is being conducted. ㅇ EIA follow-up reports are currently reviewed by three organizations: the Korea Environment Institute, the National Institute of Ecology, and the Korea Environment Corporation. Among the project types subject to each institution’s review, plans to extract earth and stone, sand, gravel, minerals, and more (hereafter, ‘quarrying project’) which have a relatively longer duration than other projects in EIA follow-up, were selected as the target project type for analysis of ex-post EIA implementation cases. □ Case studies on EIA follow-up of quarrying projects ㅇ Typical environmental impacts include degradation of water systems, dust scattering effects, disconnection of ecological axes, noise and vibration effects from blasting, as well as water and soil contamination from heavy metals. Accordingly, typical terms and conditions often include the implementation of dust reduction measures, the installation of sedimentation ponds, the construction of temporary drainage channels, tree transplantation plans, and phased quarrying and restoration. ㅇ According to the result of a frequency analysis of the itemized comments on 113 quarrying projects that were subject to EIA follow-up in 2020, more than 90% of all projects received comments on the investigation results and points of the flora and fauna; approximately 80% of the comments were on the fulfillment of the agreed terms and conditions. ㅇ The problems relating to the follow-up survey of the environmental impact reports can be summarized as follows: inappropriate survey methods, a lack of reliability in the results of the surveys, insufficient notification of survey results, uncertainty regarding the fulfillment of agreed terms and conditions, and insufficient implementation of additional mitigation measures. □ Perception of the professionals about EIA follow-ups ㅇ Based on the interview with the representative of the agency conducting EIA follow-ups, the problems and suggestions for improvement in the field management of the ex-post EIA were summarized as follows. · Practical applicability of comments on EIA follow-up reports · Strengthening the role of approval and consulting organizations in on-site inspections · A lack of awareness about environmental issues and a lack of motivation on the part of business owners to manage the environment · Providing flexibility in follow-up management based on the characteristics of the business · Securing the reliability of ex-post EIA · Establishment of the ex-post EIA system · Increasing the authority and responsibilities of administrators on agreed terms and conditions ㅇ A survey related to the effectiveness of the comments on EIA follow-up reports was conducted targeting member companies of the Environmental Impact Assessment Association and the problems of the current ex-post EIA system were outlined as follows. · Unpractical comments that require further investigation or redesign · Inappropriateness of comments in terms of timing (e.g. comments that should have been reflected before the construction given after the completion) · Investigation periods that are difficult to follow in reality (e.g. ban on sampling during rainfalls) · Comments on areas beyond the scope of the project’s impact zone 2. The stakeholder survey ㅇ In order to identify the problems of ex-post EIA and to discover improvement points, we constructed a questionnaire by referring to the 17 principles of ex-post EIA. ㅇ The questions were about the importance and the current status of ex-post EIA, the roles of stakeholders, ex-post EIA and feedback, and the problems and points for improvement in ex-post EIA. ㅇ Most respondents agreed on the importance of ex-post EIA, but they also recognized that ex-post EIA is not perceived as important. ㅇ Review agencies tended to be skeptical of the role and status of the current ex-post EIA, but a consensus was formed on the fact that resources for ex-post EIA are not provided sufficiently. ㅇ There is a high level of awareness of the lack of cooperation among stakeholders, and more than half of the respondents had negative responses regarding the operators’ responsibility for fulfilling the agreements. ㅇ Many respondents felt that ex-post EIA is helpful in improving the environmental impact assessment of the follow-up development projects, but the review agencies perceived the feedback system negatively based on their job experiences. ㅇ Securing resources, including human resources, is more urgent than revising systems or guidelines, and since the perspectives on problems vary depending on the respondent groups, an opportunity to understand each other is necessary. 3. Improvement plan for ex-post EIA □ Problems of ex-post EIA ㅇ The current problems in the operation of the ex-post EIA system include unclear roles of participants in the ex-post EIA management system, the low reliability of monitoring and written reports, and insufficient environmental management at project sites. Also, information on post-environmental management is not well-organized and released sufficiently, and the Ministry of Environment is not placing much importance on follow-up management. □ Action plan to improve ex-post EIA ㅇ The purpose, role, and scope of ex-post EIA in the Environmental Impact Assessment Act should be defined clearly first, including both EIA follow-up and the management of the consultation content. The details of the relevant sub-regulations should be revised afterward, including strengthening the roles of major participants in the ex-post EIA system (e.g. the approval agency and the person in charge of managing the consultation content), rationalizing agency costs for EIA follow-ups, improving the regulation for writing EIA follow-up reports, and systematically organizing/fully disclosing the information on post-environmental management. Ⅳ. Establishment of a Feedback System in Ex-post EIA □ Necessity of a feedback system in ex-post EIA ㅇ Many researches on environmental impact assessment in Korea have long been focusing heavily on EIA or SEA which includes the enforcement of EIA laws and regulation and technical improvement on quantitative analysis methods. There has been a lack of research on the number and scale of EIA follow-up and ex-post EIA. EIA follow-up in Korea is mainly focused on environmental monitoring and the fulfillment of agreed terms/conditions which act as a tool for filtering illegal procedures and violation of the terms. This resulted in the lack of communication and informational feedback between EIA stakeholders and many issues have been continuously raised from ineffective reduction measures at sites. Thus, ex-post EIA, which is the superordinate concept of EIA follow-up, has not been studied much. In this research, we tried to demonstrate a set of organized feedback system to enhance the utility and effectiveness of ex-post EIA. ※ The term ‘ex-post EIA’ includes EIA follow-up and EIA monitoring. □ Establishment of a feedback system using Environmental Indicator Framework (EIF) ㅇ In this research, we have set out a series of improved methods for applying ‘Environmental Indicator Framework’ to the current ex-post EIA system in Korea. The objective is to enhance the communication between EIA stakeholders and to improve the current EIA system in Korea. Main criteria for ‘indicator category’, ‘primary objective’, and ‘indicator’ have been collected from various studies and guidelines. After a thorough study, it was found that EIA follow-up had a large number of structural components similar to those of EIF. As a result, we have demonstrated a new EIF model suitable to Korea’s EIA procedures. □ Application of the ex-post EIA feedback system ㅇ According to the ex-post EIA system in Korea, comprehensive evaluation result must be described in EIA follow-up reports. However, there is no clear guideline for writing this section and it has been used only for presenting the monitoring result. We have noticed that this section must include the ‘Effect’, ‘Status changes’, and ‘Ex-post evaluation of the result’ which are the main components of environmental indicator framework (EIF). Thus, we have modified several EIF models used in many other countries and organizations to make them suitable to current EIA system in Korea. We have demonstrated several comprehensive evaluation exercises on waste treatment facility construction operation, rock mining operations, and industrial complex development operations. As these exercises utilizes the results from monitoring procedures and evaluation of the effectiveness of the reduction measures implemented in the EIA process, the results should resolve many issues in Ex-post EIA and enhance Ex-post EIA feedback. Ⅴ. Conclusion and Suggestions □ Future direction for ex-post EIA ㅇ An institutional basis should be established so that the concept of core principles and values of ex-post EIA can be applied in the field. To this end, it is necessary to establish a cooperative system among stakeholders and learn about exemplary implementation, and it should be accompanied by on-site environmental management and continuous system improvement through experience. □ System improvement plan for ex-post EIA ㅇ Introduction of the ex-post EIA concept in the legal system, clarification of the roles of consulting agencies and approval agencies, expansion of public participation, introduction of the concept of the feedback system (ex-post evaluation), revision of the regulations on the report form, establishment of provisions clearly stating environmental damage prevention measures in laws and enforcement regulations, and establishing a clear connection between the EIA follow-up and the management of consultation content are required. □ Improvement plan for follow-up management ㅇ It is necessary to strengthen the roles of major participants in ex-post EIA, such as the approval agency and the person in charge of managing the content of consultation, to rationalize agency costs, to improve the regulations on the report form, and to systematically organize and fully disclose ex-post EIA data. Also, it is required that the Ministry of Environment, the main body in charge of system management and monitoring, give more weight to follow-up management by raising awareness, increasing human resources, and fostering expertise. □ Establishment of a feedback system and implementation plan ㅇ We propose to add a checklist to the ‘comprehensive evaluation’ item in the EIA follow-up report so that quantitative analysis can be carried out according to the characteristics of each project. The analysis of the accumulated data would be released in white papers. It is possible to promote further development of EIA and ex-post EIA by accumulating and sharing the experiences gained in the management of EIA follow-up and agreed terms/conditions.

사업보고서 2013-05-03 : 환경평가 사후관리 제도개선 및 통계구축

최희선,유헌석,최상기,최준규,박지현 한국환경연구원 2013 사업보고서 Vol.2013 No.-

The government of South Korea in April 2013 announced a reinforcement policy of whole process environmental impact assessment including a planning, implementation and post management. As a means of reinforcing the environmental impact assessment and of securing its effectiveness, the importance of post environmental management came to the fore. It is because the thorough post environmental management is expected to trigger the analysis and improvement of environmental impacts caused by project, a verification of environmental impact assessment documentation`s uncertainty and an improvement of prediction technique. However, the post environmental management of Korea has many actual difficulties compared to the legal and institutional frameworks, and the probability of implementing the agreement has just been confirmed. Accordingly, this study is intended to find out the method for system improvement by analyzing such realistic obstacle factors, and to suggest the post management-relevant statistics buildup as an alternative. ■ Status of environmental impact assessment system operation and improvement plan In Chapter 2, the operation status of present environmental impact assessment system is mentioned by relevant literature, statistics analysis and case analysis. Then, implications for the system improvement are derived from the system operation-relevant results, status of support system operation, analysis of domestic dispute cases, and domestic and foreign case study. Also, the post management system improvement plans and problems to be solved are given considering contents provided in the existing literatures synthetically. The proposed improvement plans are largely divided into the implementation of agreements, reinforcement of post management, systemization of post management organization, enhancement of post environmental impact report, information management and availability enlargement, and efficiency of system operation. ■ Status of post environmental impact assessment report and improvement plan In Chapter 3, the writing status of post environmental impact assessment report is analyzed, from which the improvement plans of post management system are derived. Such status of post environmental impact assessment report is analyzed by choosing one of the report written in 2012. As a result of analysis, problems are pointed out including an insufficient preparation on operation compared to the construction, no analysis based on comparison between the environmental impact predictive values and its results, no verification of prediction model, report concentrated on the style not contents, insufficient mention of site situation on analysis, and no analysis of reduction facility`s effect. If information reading system of the post environmental impact assessment report is improved and the reliability of the assessment results is enhanced, it is expected to be available in many parts such as an establishment of business plan, analysis of the results, correction of the current situation before the project, analysis of accumulated environmental impacts, and verification of prediction model. As an improvement plan, the recording system improvement and buildup of environmental quality status information are proposed to record the detail information about the assessment point. Institutionally, the report suggests securement of connectivity between the environmental impact assessment and the post environmental impact assessment, guidelines for implementation and documentation of post environmental impact assessment, and an establishment of discussion process in the post environmental impact assessment plan. ■ Status of post environmental impact assessment-relevant statistics buildup and implementation plan In Chapter 4, the status of post environmental impact management-relevant statistics buildup is analyzed, and then the framework and direction of statistics buildup are mentioned to improve the statistics` utility. The post management-relevant statistics have been individually produced and managed by the Ministry of Environment, the Regional Environmental Office, and EIAA (Environmental Impact Assessment Association) but there is no publication combining these documents synthetically. Because the document authors and controllers are different, the data input system is not unified, and the range of provided data is limited, such documents are not practically used much. Therefore, this study provides the framework and direction of statistics buildup based on four principles; ① Improvement of agreement management, ② Buildup of feedback system through verification of prediction technique, ③ Confirmation and measures arrangement through monitoring of uncertain prediction, ④ Quick response to unpredictable environmental impacts rising during the project. The framework of statistics buildup is classified into statistics per post environmental impact assessment report, and statistics on the post management system operation. Contents that need to be managed with priority are provided by items of post environmental impact assessment in detail. Also, the data input method and the example of input system per item are provided for use of the future statistics buildup. When the statistics` availability is improved, it is expected to contribute to diverse fields such as the management of territory resources as well as the development of environmental assessment system, as it is utilized for analyzing the status and problems of post management, verifying the environmental quality measurement and prediction model, information offering and monitoring function by disclosure to residents, and determination of items that need to be additionally investigated. In this study, the implementation framework and direction of statistics are provided as measures for systemizing the post management and developing the institutional framework. The additional studies require on following - the establishment of post management concept and terminologies; the deep study on the post management measures by project and item; development of analysis technique using the statistics; modularization of data processing and utilization measures; development of system model by project; the integrated system for reporting and analysis of post management result.

개발사업의 소음모니터링 분석과 개선방안

선효성 ( Hyo-sung Sun ),서보용 ( Bo-yong Seo ) 한국환경연구원 2016 사업보고서 Vol.2016 No.-

Post environmental impact assessment is a stage in environmental impact assessment (EIA) designed to determine the probability and extent of environmental impact for rapid response measures in the event of a problem. In the area of noise, whether the consultation results are properly followed up and whether noise measured in each measuring point exceeds noise standards are reviewed during post environmental impact assessment. However, the existing noise monitoring system of post environmental impact assessment has limitations in reviewing the noise prediction results or the effectiveness of noise reduction measures and in fulfilling EIA`s feedback functions. Therefore, in this study, we propose an improvement plan through the analysis of the current status of post environmental impact assessment with respect to noise and the analysis of noise monitoring results. Analysis of consultation results of quarry development projects, road development projects and residential land development projects suggested the need for revising the consultation process to enable the incorporation of major evaluation results of EIA. We also analyzed the noise monitoring results of quarry development projects, road development projects and residential land development project. For this, we compared the measuring points and noise standards of EIA and post EIA; changes in noise distribution by year and separation distance; and noise predictions of EIA and noise measurements of post EIA. While the measuring points and the noise standards should not be altered, specific information and reason must be presented in case change is inevitable. Then, we suggest extending the post environmental impact assessment period even after its expiraton through the analysis of noise distribution by year and separation distance by considering the persistence of increase in noise and applying prediction techniques capable of reflecting the realistic situations of the areas around the development project. In addition, when comparing and reviewing the noise prediction results of EIA and noise measurements of post EIA, the two should be considered in connection and we also suggest the need for improving the reliability of noise prediction results by applying realistic considerations and prediction techniques. We propose a plan for improving the post environmental impact assessment system through the analysis of the current status of the existing noise monitoring system and noise monitoring results. First of all, it is possible to consider using the survey results of the post environmental impact assessment as a means of making consultation more specific for ensuring the feasibility of consultation results with respect to noise. Second, in case the measuring points and noise standards are changed for inevitable reasons, it is necessary to clearly present the history information such as the reason for and details of change in the post EIA results notification. Third, in case a development project when implemented shows a pattern of persistent noise increase over time, continuous noise monitoring is required after the post EIA period. Fourth, as one of the measures to improve the quality of environmental impact assessment, we can consider using the survey results of post EIA to incorporate additional data analysis related to predictive factor values in noise prediction techniques and noise reduction effect of noise reduction measures in evaluation details.

Post-코로나19 사회 개발트랜드 변화 관련 환경평가 대응방안 연구

이영준,유헌석,이상범,이병권,박지현 한국환경연구원 2021 사업보고서 Vol.2021 No.-

Ⅰ. Introduction 1. Background and aims of research □ Mid- to long-term socioeconomic changes are expected due to COVID-19. ○ The spread of untact culture and the acceleration of the Fourth Industrial Revolution ○ Capacity to respond to disasters such as infectious diseases has emerged as a major indicator showing the nation’s capabilities. □ These socio-economic changes are expected to affect the field of environmental impact assessment. ○ Changes in development plans and project patterns are expected. ○ Environmental impact assessment will also be affected by non-face-to-face communication and technological development. □ Proposing new direction for the field of environmental assessment in line with the changing circumstances ○ To analyze and predict the direct and indirect impact and ripple effect of changes caused by COVID-19 on the environment ○ To suggest a direction for leading environmental assessment 2. Research method □ Data collection of Post-COVID-19 predictions (literature review) □ Conducted a survey among officials in the field of environmental impact assessment (154 people participated) □ Listened to the opinions of related experts and held several multi-disciplinary expert forums Ⅱ. The COVID-19 Pandemic and Future Social Changes 1. The spread of and response to COVID-19 □ COVID-19 has been spreading worldwide up until now since the first confirmed case was identified in December 2019. □ New types of infectious diseases and viral variants are spreading faster in line with urbanization, globalization, and climate change. 2. Social and cultural changes caused by COVID-19 □ Spread of untact culture ○ As countermeasures against COVID-19 mainly consisted of minimizing contact, it led to the spread of non-face-to-face communication. The untact culture is expected to continue in the post-COVID-19 society with the development of ICT technology. □ Acceleration of the Fourth Industrial Revolution ○ As telecommuting and online classes become routine due to COVID-19, ICT technology related to this will further develop, which is expected to be an important opportunity to advance the Fourth Industrial Revolution. □ Changes in national awareness of crisis response capabilities □ Increased demand for social safety nets and response systems related to human security 3. Changes in development trends due to COVID-19 □ Changes in development trends due to the spread of untact culture ○ Indoor spaces less preferred due to higher risk of infection, and increase in demand for natural spaces in urban areas □ Changes in spatial plans to prevent infectious diseases ○ Securing open space, wind paths, and moving routes for the prevention of infectious diseases is expected to emerge as a new issue in spatial planning. ○ Creating a national environment that can prevent contact with wildlife that may carry infectious diseases Ⅲ. Impact of COVID-19 on Environmental Assessment 1. Changes in conditions and methods of environmental impact assessment (international trends) □ A survey conducted by the International Association for Impact Assessment(IAIA) on changes in the performance of environmental impact assessment since COVID-19 ○ Currently, the most affected part in the field of environmental impact assessment by COVID-19 is field work (73%), on which restrictions have been imposed. ○ As changes in work conditions caused by COVID-19, respondents chose an increase in online meetings (93%) and telecommuting or flexible working (73%). ○ Regarding the role of future environmental impact assessment, 34% answered that “it is necessary to promote integrated impact assessment taking a medical approach to social environment and health impacts.” 2. Impact of COVID-19 on domestic environmental impact assessment □ Survey among officials in the field of environmental impact assessment ○ Regarding the impact of COVID-19 on their work, 70.1% said it was “affected.” ○ Regarding the environmental impact assessment system in preparation for the post-COVID-19 era, they answered that “the system improvement to facilitate non-face-to-face procedures” is the top priority. □ Changes in the method of public hearings to respond to COVID-19 ○ Increase in utilization of videos, YouTube channels, and so on, compared to the existing face-to-face public hearings Ⅳ. Strategy for Environment Assessment in Preparation for the Post-COVID-19 Society 1. Improvement of the system for non-face-to-face environmental assessment □ Improvement of procedures for public hearings and related systems to enable non-face-to-face communication (e.g., using various media) 2. Smart environmental assessment incorporating the Fourth Industrial Revolution technology □ Improve the process and system of environment assessment by utilizing technological advances such as metaverse, artificial intelligence, big data, and modeling 3. Shifting the direction for environmental assessment to reflect social culture and development trend □ Reflecting changes in spatial planning according to changes in development patterns ○ Spatial planning (buffer zones, urban parks, wind paths, etc.) taking into account the prevention of infectious diseases ○ Seek ways to avoid contact with wild animals ○ Consideration of the rapid increase in the development of logistics facilities in our living environment ○ Issues related to the location of waste treatment facilities due to the increase in the use of disposable products and medical supplies ○ Improvement of predictive models according to changes in development patterns □ A new concept of environmental damage management ○ Identifying assessment items that cause new environmental issues such as climate crisis, new infectious diseases, disasters, and dismantling ○ Consideration of excluding the safety item from the scope of environmental assessment Ⅴ. Conclusion and Suggestions □ The impact of COVID-19 is causing tremendous changes in all fields of society in a short period of time, and it appears that it is having a significant impact on the field of environmental impact assessment as well. □ This study suggested mid- to long-term strategies and countermeasures in preparation for the post-COVID-19 era.

녹색경제 활성화를 위한 환경규제 개선방안(Ⅱ)

김현노,신동원,강성원,안소은,최아름,정인섭,이종한,홍승헌,김성부,한혜진 한국환경연구원 2020 사업보고서 Vol.2020 No.-

Ⅰ. Background and Aims of Research ❏ Environmental regulations related to the green economy are on the increase in line with the growing importance of the green economy envisioned for the harmonious development of the environment, economy, and society. ㅇ While minimizing environmental impact, the green economy should also contribute economically and socially to areas including green industries and green jobs. ㅇ However, it is uncertain whether environmental regulations related to the green economy are designed and enforced by fully considering the green economy's actual impacts. ❏ Based on the research road map established in the first year of research, the study aims to seek measures for improving regulatory compliance by reviewing from the perspective of the regulated group and find ways for ensuring the effectiveness of regulations, as they are needed for promoting the green economy. ㅇ Environmental regulations are increasing in line with the rising interest in the transition to the green economy at national and international levels. Considering that green industries grow depending on the motivation to require products and services that use pollution reduction technologies, there is a need to enhance stakeholders' compliance with environmental regulations and improve the qualitative effectiveness of regulations. ㅇ By studying environmental regulations related to the green economy with a post impact assessment in mind, we analyzed measures to improve regulatory compliance and the spillover effect of environmental regulations, thereby proposing measures to improve the compliance with and the effectiveness of environmental regulations. Ⅱ. Analysis of Compliance with Environmental Regulations ❏ The research surveyed compliance with environmental regulations related to promoting the green economy and presented policy suggestions for improving regulatory compliance from the perspective of improving environmental regulations ㅇ In achieving policy objectives, compliance of the regulated group is as important as the effective enforcement of enforcement agencies. ㅇ As conventional regulatory measures have limitations in promoting the green economy, for example by encouraging the development of environmentally-friendly technologies, it is crucial to induce the voluntary participation and compliance of businesses subject to regulations. ❏ Among various environmental regulations related to the green economy, those imposed on construction waste were selected, and a survey on regulatory compliance was conducted by involving stakeholders (the government, the regulated group, and stakeholders). ㅇ For the survey, criteria for processing construction waste in each phase (of entry, production, processing, and use), regulations on construction waste treatment businesses, obligatory use of recycled aggregate, quality standards for recycled aggregate, and regulations related to certification were selected and analyzed. - The survey targeted stakeholders in enforcement agencies and the regulated group. - Three hundred people in the regulated group (including stakeholders) and fifty enforcement officials participated in the survey. - The survey was conducted via telephone and online ㅇ In order to study regulatory compliance, survey questions covered awareness of regulations, clarity of regulations, need for regulations, adequacy of regulations, adequacy of regulation standards, level of achievement of regulatory objectives (environmental, economic, social objectives), level of regulatory compliance, appropriateness of regulatory enforcement, adequacy of imposed penalties, and suggestions for regulatory improvement. ❏ When asked about regulations imposed on construction waste, respondents positively assessed the needs and objectives (environmental, economic, social objectives). Still, the survey revealed a number of factors undermining the vitalization of resource circulation in the enforcement process, which may impede the transition to the green economy. ㅇ Concerning measures for enhancing regulatory compliance, there is a need to encourage active use of recycled aggregate, which can be achieved by changing the perception towards using recycled aggregate through efforts such as making regulatory information more accessible, training, and awareness-raising activities. ㅇ Moreover, it is necessary to discuss the rationality of regulatory design, the need to explain regulations in plain terms, the clarity of criteria, and the budget and human resources needed for enforcement. ❏ In order for environmental regulations related to the green economy to contribute to the vitalization of the green economy, there must be performance indicators capable of measuring the achievements of currently-imposed regulations so that achievements are evaluated on a regular basis, and improvements can be made. Ⅲ. Analysis of Spillover Effect of Environmental Regulations ❏ Considering that environmental regulations related to the green economy are currently in place, the study looked into whether the regulations achieved their objectives and their spillover effect on the green economy. ㅇ Under the main objective of promoting the green economy, this study reviewed the effectiveness of regulations by looking into the environment for successful regulation, the achievement of environmental, economic, and social objectives, and the impact of green economy indicators. ㅇ We analyzed from environmental, economic, and social perspectives whether regulations achieved their intended effectiveness. ㅇ The effect regulations have on green industries and green jobs were investigated. ❏ The strengthening of regulations on recycled aggregate had positive environmental, economic, and social impacts. ㅇ (Environment) The extraction of natural aggregate decreased, and the recycling rate of natural resources increased. ㅇ (Economy) Active use of recycled aggregate resulted in revitalizing the recycling market and promoting related industries and employment. - After the reinforcement of regulations, more interim disposal businesses that produce recycled aggregate and businesses that collect and transport construction waste were established. ㅇ (Social) Society is growing more interested in recycling construction waste, and the government is continuously working to that end. - Producing recycled aggregate with construction waste saved landfill costs and created social benefits. ❏ Regulations related to the obligatory use of recycled aggregate and the certification of recycled aggregate were found to have a positive impact on the green economy. ㅇ The analysis showed that efforts made to promote the use of recycled aggregate increased the number of employees and total assets, which means they positively influenced green industries and green jobs. ㅇ It was found that the increase in certifications led to the growth in assets owned by related businesses, representing that such certificates have a positive impact on business performance in the form of strengthened expertise. ❏ Interest in the green economy grew on national and international levels, and there is a need to review the adequacy of enforced environmental regulations related to the green economy and their effectiveness so that measures for improving regulations can be determined. Ⅳ. Improvement of Environmental Regulations for the Transition to the Green Economy ❏ As environmental regulations related to the green economy must consider economic and social impacts as well as environmental ones, it is necessary to verify the adequacy and effectiveness of existing environmental regulations and reflect the findings in improving regulations for promoting the green economy. ㅇ As shown in the case study, environmental regulations related to the green economy have limitations in promoting the development of environmentally-friendly technologies when approached from a traditional perspective, so there is a need to improve compliance of the regulated group. ㅇ Moreover, it is critical to determine whether regulations have fulfilled their objectives and contributed to promoting the green economy by analyzing the effectiveness of regulations from the perspective of the green economy and studying the spillover effect. ❏ In order to propose measures to improve environmental regulations for promoting the green economy from the perspective of the regulated group, the study analyzed regulatory compliance (qualitative analysis), investigated the spillover effect of regulations (quantitative analysis), and proposed a guideline for the post impact assessment of regulations. ㅇ Environmental regulations related to the green economy must be regularly reviewed based on the proposed guideline. Such a review is needed to study compliance with regulations, achievement of regulatory objectives, and the spillover effect, and to determine the effectiveness of regulations enforced to promote the green economy. ㅇ Moreover, the study proposed measures to promote the post impact assessment of regulations by offering a guideline, based on the study results that showed the absence of evaluation system and the burden on enforcement agencies are some of the factors preventing an active post impact assessment of regulations despite the growing interest. Ⅴ. Conclusion ❏ In the second year of the continuous three-year study, we focused on the regulated group and proposed measures to improve compliance with regulations and ways to ensure the effectiveness of regulations. ㅇ Based on the research roadmap established in the first year of research, this study aimed at promoting the green economy progresses in stages for the ultimate purpose of developing a comprehensive impact assessment tool for evaluating environmental regulations both from the perspectives of regulating and regulated groups. - The first-year research focuses on: presenting the concept and scope of the green economy; analyzing environmental regulations (in terms of public administration and green economy); deriving implications from a case study on environmental regulations related to the green economy; building a database of environmental regulations; reviewing the use of green economy indicators; and presenting indicators. - The second-year research presents measures to improve regulatory compliance by considering from the regulated group's perspective and ensure the effectiveness of regulations. - The third-year research plans to seek measures to improve the efficiency of regulations from the regulating group's perspective. ❏ When it comes to environmental regulations for promoting the green economy, it is essential to motivate the regulated group rather than taking a traditional approach and induce voluntary participation in fulfilling objectives from the perspective of the green economy (environmental, economic, and social perspectives). Therefore, a survey on regulatory compliance is required as it can help review the adequacy of regulatory enforcement. ❏ To promote the green economy, economic and social factors as well as environmental impacts must be considered, which means measures for improving regulations must be proposed by verifying the effectiveness of regulations and studying the spillover effect. ❏ In order to propose measures for improving environmental regulations, which are needed for promoting the green economy, we performed a case study and presented a guideline for the post impact assessment of regulations. ㅇ The results indicate the need to suggest the direction for improving regulations by verifying the effectiveness of environmental regulations related to the green economy. ㅇ As the burden on enforcement agencies, and the lack of training and manuals were identified as factors impeding an active post impact assessment of regulations despite its growing importance, the guideline is expected to contribute to activating post impact assessments. ❏ This study proposed a method for conducting the post impact assessment of regulations as a way of improving compliance with regulations from the perspective of the regulated group and ensuring the effectiveness of regulations. An evaluation guideline was also proposed. ❏ In the third year of research, we plan to delve into the regulation management system and issues related to the creation and enforcement of regulations so as to offer from the perspective of the regulated group measures for improving environmental regulations aimed at promoting the green economy. The ultimate objective is to propose measures to promote the green economy by considering from the perspectives of both the regulated group and the regulators.

주성분분석을 이용한 환경영향평가와 사후환경조사의 비교 및 평가에 관한 사례연구

조일형,김용섭,조경덕,Cho Il-Hyoung,Kim Yong-Sup,Zoh Kyung-Duk 한국환경보건학회 2005 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.31 No.2

Environmental monitoring system has been adopted and supplemented as inspection measures for the quantitative and qualitative changes of environmental impact assessment (EIA). This study compares the results of environmental impact assessment with the results of post-environmental investigation using a correction and principal component analysis (PCA) in the housing development project. Correlation analysis showed that most of air quality variables including TSP, $PM_{10},\;NO_2$, CO were linearly correlated with each other in the environmental impact assessment and the post-environmental investigation. In the water quality, pH and BOD were well correlated with the DO and SS, respectively. As a result of correlation analysis in the noise and vibration, noise in day and night and vibration in day and night were related to each other between EIA and the post-environmental investigation. From the results of analysis of soil, Cu with Cd, Cu with Pb, and Cd with Pb were related to each other in EIA. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed a powerful pattern recognition that had attempted to explain the variance of a large dataset of inter-correlated variable with a smaller set of independent variables (principal components). Principal component (PC1) and principal component (PC2) were obtained with eigenvalues> 1 summing almost $90\%$ of the total variance in the all of the items(air, water, noise, vibration and soil) in EIA and post-environmental investigation.

대기질 영향평가와 예측방법에 대한 개선방향

박종길,원경미,김성수 한국환경과학회 1994 한국환경과학회지 Vol.3 No.2

When we conduct environmental impact assessment, main contents consist of summary, project outline, environmental conditions, environmental impacts due to the project, mitigation devices, and alternative measures of harmful impact on environment. In this paper, to understand how they really conduct air quality impact assessment and prediction and examine their effectiveness, we considered the provisions and actual case of environmental impact assessment in Korea with that in Japan. As a result, we propose a method of improving air quality impact assessment and prediction, such as reflection of the result in environmental impact assessment, detailed assessment focused on relatively important environmental impact elements, field measurement investigation over four season and seven sucessive days, the uniformity of units, the proper model development to predict environmental concentration and a biennial environmental impact assessment for ex post management.

환경영향평가 협의내용의 효율적 이행방안을 위한 제도적 고찰

최상기,김태형,송영일 한국환경연구원 2011 한국환경정책평가연구원 기초연구보고서 Vol.2011 No.-

This study identifies which post-project environmental management practices referenced in Environmental Impact Assessment laws are problematic and investigates whether improvements have been made to address the problems. Moreover, this study examines which measures are available to maximize the effectiveness of post-project environmental management practices from the perspective of businessmen carrying out development projects. The current concept of post-project environmental management is regulated by Environmental Impact Assessment laws and is carried out on-site. In addition, it is considered to be an on-site monitoring through implementation management and post-project environmental investigation. This particular concept of post-project environmental management is slightly different from the broader concept of environmental management carried out at development project sites, and it will need to develop into an environmental management practice which could respond to fundamental problems. To accomplish this, supplementary procedures or systems are required to immediately respond against activities that negatively impact the environment at development project sites. The most urgent issue to review is called, Comprehensive Post-Project Environmental Management System, and many problems are expected to improve though this system. Nonetheless, consultations with various stakeholders must take place before designing such system. Next, systematic encouragements and autonomy must be guaranteed to effectively carry out post-project environmental impact investigations, and institutional measures (i.e. deposit system) which could ensure the independence of post-project environmental impact investigation agents must reviewed. Finally, a detailed study on ways to improve the system, such as verifying the qualifications of environmental experts, procuring related human resources and budget, reflecting on improvements through consultation during implementation (reflection of design), simplifying consultation procedures to make changes, making the operation of post-project environmental management system more flexible, and selectively introducing post-project environmental management systems of post-project environmental review candidates, are deemed necessary.

환경감리제도 도입에 대한 타당성분석

전동준,김지영 한국환경연구원 2013 수시연구보고서 Vol.2013 No.-

Environmental impact assessment system introduced in the late 1970s has greatly been contributing not only to prevent environmental damage and pollution, but recognize the importance of environmental protection and sustainable development. However, after development projects start, it has not been easy to confirm whether negotiated opinion to be reflected, effectiveness of reduction measures and management of environmental safety due to lack of supervisory government officials. It has formally been done since it has been contracted out to engineering companies at post-environmental effect evaluation stage. Companies that have been contracted to perform post-monitoring tend to have difficulty in suggesting an opinion to orderer about construction change, design change and halt of construction even in the case of gross problem while on construction. Construction supervision system introduced in the mid-1990s has significantly been contributing to public construction work in Korea in preventing poor construction, increasing quality and securing safety. Particularly, it has been yielding fruits in advanced prevention of poor construction by solving manpower shortage of supervisory government officials utilizing excellent technical personnel and strengthening supervisory role. The amount and number of supervision and the supervisors have dramatically been increased compare to the initial introduction. Thus, it has been confirmed that supervision system has positive effect in construction in most of the time and could be a sufficient ground for introducing environmental supervision system. Improvement measures currently underway including environmental supervision system has been compared and reviewed through subjective evaluation. Environmental supervision system is expected to increase cost arising from the introduction of a new system and raise backlash among pertinent ministries and industry, though it has been confirmed to have excellent effectiveness in post management. However, if autonomous post management is to be settled by transferring post management through environmental supervision to private, it would be a positive aspect when introducing the system since creating new jobs in environmental service industry are considered to be in a relatively dominant position to other alternatives.

개발사업에 의한 자연경관 영향 저감방안 중요도 분석에 관한 연구

신민지,신지훈 한국농촌계획학회 2019 농촌계획 Vol.25 No.2

Environmental impact assessment (EIA), which predicts, evaluates, and manages the influences on natural landscape, plays a role of monitoring natural resources for systematic management of natural landscape. However, the function of verification and correction of the system is still insufficient and feed-back, one of the most important features of EIA follow-up, has not been introduced in Korea’s EIA system yet. As a procedure, it is required to check if the opinions of the evaluators are properly reflected to the outcomes of the project through a reviewing process after assessing environmental impacts of a development project. In reality, despite the awareness about the importance of follow-up inspection of the conformity with, the system mainly focuses on the agreement during the planning stage of the development project and fails to continuously manage after its completion. There have been various preceding studies related to prediction, evaluation, and management of environmental impacts on natural landscape for better management. They primarily dealt with the problems in the EIA process and suggested improvement measures, including directions for institutional development, step-by-step goals, and operation methods, to address the problems which arise in the EIA follow-up process. However, suggested measures are not actively applied with the focus only put on institutional operation, there are virtually no standardized methods to predict and assess landscape changes due to the development project and to manage landscape after the project. Against this backdrop, this study aims to explore the existing methods to analyze the impacts natural landscape and to establish a system where landscape management is continued after the development project. To this end, we will suggest reducing methods according to the predicted changes in landscape for post-project management of natural landscape. Characteristics of reduction methods by project type were examined through reviewing the guide to natural landscape rating and the importance of development project impacts on natural landscape by type of reduction was evaluated through questionnaire for experts. Evaluated types of reduction are classified and presented by characteristics of each development project and content of reduction type.