자궁경부암 강내조사 3차원 치료계획 시 Packing의 유용성 분석

시창근,조정근,이두현,김선영,김태윤,Si, Chang-Keun,Jo, Jung-Kun,Lee, Du-Hyun,Kim, Sun-Yeung,Kim, Tae-Yoon 대한방사선치료학회 2005 대한방사선치료학회지 Vol.17 No.1

목적 : CT영상을 이용한 삼차원치료계획을 수립하여 방광과 직장의 점선량(point dose)과 체적선량(volume dose)에 대해 선량-체적 히스토그램(Dose-Volume Histogram)을 이용하여 자궁경부암의 강내치료에 사용하는 packing의 효과를 분석하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 자궁경부암 환자 7명을 대상으로 하여 동일조건하에서 packing을 시행했을 때와 제거했을 때 각각 CT촬영(Ultra Z, marconi, USA)을 하여 치료계획장치(Plato Brachy the Rapy V14.2.4)에서 방광과 직장의 reference point를 각각 표시하고 ICRU38에 따라 A point에 치료계획을 시행하였다. 하지만 rectum의 경우 ICRU에서 제시한 point가 rectum 선량을 대표할 수 있는 값으로 적절하지 않기 때문에 maximum point를 찾아 비교하였다. 그리고 rectum과 bladder의 $50\%,\;80\%,\;100\%$선량의 volume에 따른 체적선량을 알아보았다. 측정한 값들을 윌콕슨 부호검정(SAS 통계분석처리 프로그램)을 통하여 packing의 효과를 분석하였다. 결과 : Packing 제거 시에서의 방광과 직장의 reference point 선량은 $116.94{\pm}35.42\%,\;117.59{\pm}21.08\%$이었고, packing 시행한 경우에는 각각 $107.08{\pm}38.12\%,\;95.19{\pm}21.32\%$이었다. Packing시행 후에 방광은 $9.86\%$, 직장은 $22.4\%$감소하였다. Packing제거시의 방광과 직장 maximum point 선량은 $164.51{\pm}50.89\%,\;128.81{\pm}33.05\%$, packing시행한 경우 각각 $142.31{\pm}44.79,\;110.08{\pm}37.03\%$이었다. packing시행 후에 방광과직장 maximum point 선량이 $22.2\%,\;18.73\%$줄어들었다. packing제거시 방광과 직장선량의 $50\%,\;80\%,\;100\%$선량의 Volume은 방광이 $48.62{\pm}18.09\%,\;16.12{\pm}11.15\%,\;7.51{\pm}6.63\%$, 직장이 $23.41{\pm}14.44\%,\;6.27{\pm}4.28\%,\;2.79{\pm}2.27\%$이었고, packing시행한 경우의 $50\%,\;80\%,\;100\%$선량의 volume은 방광이 $40.33{\pm}16.72\%,\;11.63{\pm}8.72\%,\;4.87{\pm}4.75\%$, 직장이 $18.96{\pm}8.37\%,\;4.75{\pm}2.58\%,\;1.58{\pm}1.06\%$이었다. packing시행 후에 $50\%,\;80\%,\;100\%$선량의 volume 방광은 $8.29\%,\;4.49\%,\;2.64\%$, 직장은 $4.45\%,\;1.52\%,\;1.21\%$ 감소하였다. 결론 : 자궁경부암의 강내치료 시 사용하는 packing의 효과를 CT를 이용한 삼차원치료계획을 통하여 알아본 결과 ICRU 38에서 권고하는 방광과 직장의 기준 점선량(reference point dose)의 경우 P값이 각각 0.0781, 0.0781이었고, 최대점선량(maximum point dose)은 P값이 각각 0.0156, 0.0156으로써 유의한 차이를 보이는 것으로 나타났으나 $50\%,\;80\%,\;100\%$를 초과하는 체적선량(volume dose)의 경우 p갈이 0.15이상으로써 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 다시 말해서 packing의 효과가 점선량의 경우 차이가 있는 것으로 보이지만 실제 체적선량은 별 차이가 없는 것으로 분석되었다. 그 이유를 살펴보니 방광과 직장의 용적(volume)은 넓은데 비해 packing을 하는 부분은 일부분에 지나지 않아서 큰 선량감소의 효과가 없었던 것으로 보인다. 하지만 방사선의 강도는 거리 역 제곱에 비례하므로 거리가 멀면 멀수록 방사선의 강도는 약해진다. 따라서 packing을 실시하여 방광과 직장의 장해를 최소화하는데 노력을 기울여야 할 것이다.

$^{192}Ir$source를 이용할 자궁경부암 강내치료시 사용하는 packing의 효과에 대한 고찰

조정근,이두현,시창근,최윤경,김태윤,Cho, Jung-Kun,Lee, Du-Hyun,Si, Chang-Kun,Choi, Yoon-Kyung,Kim, Tae-Yoon 대한방사선치료학회 2004 大韓放射線治療技術學會誌 Vol.16 No.1

연구목적 : 자궁경부암 환자에게 시행되는 고선량을 강내조사의 경우 선원이 병소 근처에 위치함으로써 주변의 중요 장기에 최소의 선량이 투여될 수 있도록 치료계획이 가능하다. 하지만 해부학적 위치 상 방광과 직장이 병소와 근접하여, 선량을 최소화하고자 Packing을 시행한다. 본 연구에서는 실제 Packing의 효과를 알아보고자 모의치료시 packing을 시행한 것과 packing을 제거한 후의 사진을 얻어 ICRU(International Commission on Radiation Units) 38에 report 된 방광과 직장의 point dose를 비교하였다. 대상 및 방법 : Packing 전, 후의 방광과 직장의 선량변화를 알아보기 위하여 packing을 시행한 후 AP, LAT film을 촬영하고, 또한 동일한 상태에서 packing을 제거한 후 AP, LAT film을 촬영하여 확인하고자 하는 방광과 직장의 reference point를 각각 표시하고 이를 치료계획장치(PLATO BPS v13.7)에 입력한 후 ICRU 38 report에서 권고한대로 A point에 $100\%$ 선량을 prescription하는 치료계획을 시행하였다. 하지만 rectum의 경우 ICRU에서 제시한 point가 rectum point를 정확히 대변하지 못하는 이유로 maximum point를 찾아 비교하였다. 측정한 값들을 윌콕슨의 부호검정(SAS, 통계분석처리프로그램)을 통하여 packing 효과의 유의성에 대하여 분석하였다. 결 과 : packing을 시행하지 않은 상태에서의 방광과 직장 선량은 각각 $80.1{\pm}16.8(\%),\;82.7{\pm}16.3(\%)$이었고, packing을 시행한 경우 각각 $63.0{\pm}16.3(\%),\;67.6{\pm}16.3(\%)$로, 방광선량의 경우 평균선량이 $17.2{\pm}4.0(\%)$ 감소한 것으로 나타났으며, 직장선량의 경우 평균선량이 $15.1{\pm}9.9(\%)$ 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 이를 윌콕슨의 부호검정을 통하여 분석한 결과 방광과 직장 모두 검정통계량 값이 33으로 매우 크고 p 값이 0.001로서 매우 유의한 차이를 보이고 있다. 다시 말해서 $99\%$의 유의수준에서도 모평균(packing 여부에 따른 방광과 직장선량의 평균의 차이가 정량적 수치로 나타나 packing의 효과를 알 수 있다)의 차이가 뚜렷하다고 볼 수 있다. 결 론 : 자궁경부암에 있어 강내치료는 외부치료와 더불어 반드시 시행하여야 하는 치료로 인식되어 있다. 그 이유는 주변 주요장기인 방광과 직장을 피해 원발 병소에만 방사선량을 현저히 많은 양을 부여함으로써 높은 치료효과를 볼 수 있기 때문이다. 하지만 서른에서 언급하였듯이 해부학적으로 주요장기가 너무 인접하여 있기 때문에 이들을 인위적으로 분리시키지 않으면 안된다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위하여 packing을 사용하는데, 본 실험을 통하여 자궁경부암 강내치료시 사용하는 packing 방법의 효과가 매우 탁월함을 알 수 있었고 적극적인 packing을 통해 방사선치료시 가장 우려되는 주변의 정상조직의 부작용이 감소할 수 있도록 최선의 노력을 하여야 할 것으로 사료된다. Purpose of the radio-therapy is maximize the radiation dose to the tumor while minimizing the dose to the critical organ. Carcinoma of the uterine cervix treatment are external irradiation or an interstitial brachtheraphy make use of isotope. Brachytherapy is a method of radiotherapy in advantage to achieve better local control with minimum radiation toxicity in comparison with external irradiation because radiation dose is distributed according to the inverse square low of gamma-ray emitted from the implanted sources. Authors make use of the patients data which 192Ir gives medical treatment intrcavity. Intracavitary radiation of the uterine cervix cancer, critical organ take $20\%$ below than exposure dose of A point in the ICRU report. None the less of the advice, Radiation proctitis and radiation cystitis are frequent and problematic early complications in patients treated with radiation for the uterine cervix cancer. In brachytherapy of uterine cervical cancer using a high dose rate remote afterloading system, it is of prime importance to deliver a accurate dose in each fractionated treatment by minimizing the difference between the pre-treatment planned and post-treatment calculated doses. Use of packing to reduce late complications intracavitary radiation of the uterine cervix cancer. Bladder and rectum changes exposure dose rate by radiotherphy make use of packing.

Evaluation of the Performance of Structured Mixed Packing and Inert Packing Materials in Toluene Biotrickle-filtration

Duanfang Sun,Jianjun Li,Taicheng An,Meiying Xu,Guoping Sun,Jun Guo 한국생물공학회 2011 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.16 No.5

Packing materials play a key role in waste gas treatment. Organic and inert packing materials have their disadvantages, which may be minimized by mixed packing. In this study, various operating conditions were applied to evaluate the performance of structured mixed packing and inert packing materials in toluene biotricklefiltration. Four biotrickle filters were packed with structured mixed packing materials, namely, ceramic pall rings,ceramic rashig rings, and lava rock. Their toluene removal capacity was studied for 217 day using a laboratory-scale reaction under various operating conditions. The key elimination capacity (removal efficiency > 95%) ranking of the biotrickle filters was as follows: Structured mixed packing (306.20 ± 7.90 g/m^3/h) > pall ring (156.71 ± 7.84 g/m^3/h)> rashig ring (153.31 ± 6.14 g/m^3/h) > lava rock (150.32 ±9.19 g/m^3/h). The structured mixed packing and inert packing resulted in excellent toluene-degrading biofilter performance under long-term operation. The structured mixed packing provided a more rapid startup rate and better process robustness than the inert packing did. The biotrickle filter with mixed packing materials had a high elimination capacity which makes it suitable for various real-life applications, whereas the capability of the inert packing material was more suitable for treating a steady low toluene load.

Bacterial Community Diversity and Functional Gene Abundance of Structured Mixed Packing and Inert Packing Materials Based Biotrickling Filters

Duanfang Sun,Jianjun Li,Taicheng An,Meiying Xu,Guoping Sun,Jun Guo 한국생물공학회 2012 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.17 No.3

Packing is the most important factor in biofilter design. A structured mixed packing (SMP) material, combined with various organic and inorganic materials (mineral matter is 80.18 ± 0.48%, w : w), was constructed by ureaformaldehyde resin in order to minimize the disadvantages of these materials when used as stand-alone components. The performance of the toluene biotrickling filter (BTF)packed with SMP was compared with the other BTFs packed with a ceramic raschig ring, ceramic pall ring, and lava rock, respectively, for 217 day under various operating conditions. Real-time PCR and DGGE techniques were applied to reveal the gene coding for the toluene-degrading enzymes and the bacterial community structure in the BTFs. The toluene-degradation gene copies exponentially increased, and bacterial diversity significantly decreased with the improving elimination capacities of the BTFs. The overload and shutdown operations resulted in insignificant fluctuations in the toluene-degradation gene copies at equal levels as well as a slight variation in the bacterial community structures in the BTFs. Various putative toluenedegrading bacteria were found using sequencing bands from the DGGE gels; some bacteria, such as Burkholderia spp., were further confirmed by real-time PCR; other bacteria,such as Alcaligenes spp., might not have been reported. The packing properties of SMP material supported more toluene-degradation gene copies in the biofilm, and higher toluene-degrading bacterial diversity of the BTF, than did inert packing. Thus, the BTF with SMP demonstrated excellent performance, suggesting the suitability of SMP for real applications, whereas the capabilities of inert packing materials are more suited to the treatment of steady low VOC loads. Packing is the most important factor in biofilter design. A structured mixed packing (SMP) material, combined with various organic and inorganic materials (mineral matter is 80.18 ± 0.48%, w : w), was constructed by ureaformaldehyde resin in order to minimize the disadvantages of these materials when used as stand-alone components. The performance of the toluene biotrickling filter (BTF)packed with SMP was compared with the other BTFs packed with a ceramic raschig ring, ceramic pall ring, and lava rock, respectively, for 217 day under various operating conditions. Real-time PCR and DGGE techniques were applied to reveal the gene coding for the toluene-degrading enzymes and the bacterial community structure in the BTFs. The toluene-degradation gene copies exponentially increased, and bacterial diversity significantly decreased with the improving elimination capacities of the BTFs. The overload and shutdown operations resulted in insignificant fluctuations in the toluene-degradation gene copies at equal levels as well as a slight variation in the bacterial community structures in the BTFs. Various putative toluenedegrading bacteria were found using sequencing bands from the DGGE gels; some bacteria, such as Burkholderia spp., were further confirmed by real-time PCR; other bacteria,such as Alcaligenes spp., might not have been reported. The packing properties of SMP material supported more toluene-degradation gene copies in the biofilm, and higher toluene-degrading bacterial diversity of the BTF, than did inert packing. Thus, the BTF with SMP demonstrated excellent performance, suggesting the suitability of SMP for real applications, whereas the capabilities of inert packing materials are more suited to the treatment of steady low VOC loads.

비중격 수술에서 Latex-covered Merocel^Ⓡ Packing의 유용성

정지현,김성완,신승엽,이건희,조중생 대한비과학회 2012 Journal of rhinology Vol.19 No.2

Background and Objectives : Nasal packing after nasal surgery is commonly practiced. Merocel^® is one of the most popular packing material, however it can be associated with significant pain and bleeding on its removal. A prospective study was performed to compare the efficacy and patient tolerance of Merocel^® and newly designed Latex-covered Merocel® (LCM). Materials and Method : Sixty patients underwent septoplasty for septal deviation. Following septoplasty, the patients were randomly allocated into two groups of 30 patients each who underwent insertion of either Merocel^® or LCM. Patients were asked to record pain levels using a visual analogue scale(VAS) before and after packing removal, and number of analgesic injection were recorded. Resistance and amount of bleeding on packing removal were also recorded. Results : Both nasal packs effectively prevented post-operative bleeding. However the VAS score for nasal pain and numbers of analgesic use before and after packing removal were significantly lower in the LCM group. LCM was removed more smoothly causing significantly less amount of bleeding on removal. Conclusion : LCM provides good post-operative hemostasis and its removal is less traumatic and painful for the patients, therefore improving patient’s comfort. Background and Objectives : Nasal packing after nasal surgery is commonly practiced. Merocel^® is one of the most popular packing material, however it can be associated with significant pain and bleeding on its removal. A prospective study was performed to compare the efficacy and patient tolerance of Merocel^® and newly designed Latex-covered Merocel® (LCM). Materials and Method : Sixty patients underwent septoplasty for septal deviation. Following septoplasty, the patients were randomly allocated into two groups of 30 patients each who underwent insertion of either Merocel^® or LCM. Patients were asked to record pain levels using a visual analogue scale(VAS) before and after packing removal, and number of analgesic injection were recorded. Resistance and amount of bleeding on packing removal were also recorded. Results : Both nasal packs effectively prevented post-operative bleeding. However the VAS score for nasal pain and numbers of analgesic use before and after packing removal were significantly lower in the LCM group. LCM was removed more smoothly causing significantly less amount of bleeding on removal. Conclusion : LCM provides good post-operative hemostasis and its removal is less traumatic and painful for the patients, therefore improving patient’s comfort.

패스트푸드 포장형태와 지기구조 분석연구

최영숙 ( Choi Young Sook ) 한국디자인트렌드학회 2006 한국디자인포럼 Vol.14 No.-

1980년대 초부터 빠른 경제성장과 86아시안게임, 88올림픽을 계기로 새로운 서비스와 브랜드의 가치창출 등이 중요한 의미를 갖게 되고 패스트푸드란 개념이 등장하기 시작했다. 특히 시장개방에 따른 자본력과 마케팅력을 갖춘 해외브랜드가 패스트푸드시장에 대거 진출하였고, 국내의 대기업과 더불어 자본력이 있는 개인들이 패스트푸드사업에 뛰어들었다. 패스트푸드를 이용하는 고객의 다양한 욕구 변화에 따라 프랜차이즈 업체들이 성장했으며 이에 따라 패스트푸드 업종, 업태간의 경쟁이 심화되었다. 패스트푸드란 주문하면 곧 먹을 수 있다는 뜻에서 나온 말이다. 용기는 종이로 되어 있어 한번 쓰고 버리며 조리도 오븐에서 데우는 정도로 간편하여 소수의 인원으로 손님의 주문을 신속하게 처리할 수 있다. 패스트푸드 포장은 내용물의 휴대, 저장, 수송, 보호 외에 매장과 배달 현장에서 바로 식사한다는 기능적 관점으로 볼 때 용기의 기능도 함께하고 있다. 본 연구는 패스트푸드 포장의 가장 큰 부분을 차지하는 지류를 중심으로 현재 우리나라의 패스트푸드 포장 실태를 파악하여 적절한 포장이 이루어지고 있는지를 살펴보고자 한다. 소비자와 생산자, 그리고 패스트푸드 지기 포장의 현황을 분석하고 지기구조의 문제점을 파악함으로써 이를 개선하기 위한 방안을 제시하는데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구에서는 연구의 심도를 높이기 위하여 다양한 패스트푸드 가운데서 비닐류 패키지로 이루어진 제품은 제외하였으며, 지기(종이)로 포장된 제품을 연구대상으로 한정하고 있다. 지기에 포장된 제품은 피자와 치킨류가 중심이 되며 그 외 패스트푸드 제품을 위한 캐리어 용 지기포장은 포함하고자 한다. 제품 선정 대상으로는 국내 기업 중 매출액을 고려한 피자브랜드 3종, 치킨브랜드 3종을 대상으로 하여 각 수집된 패키지의 형태, 기능성, 운송, 사용성 등을 분석하기로 한다. 패스트푸드포장은 1회용으로 수명이 짧지만 브랜드의 지속적인 이미지 관리를 위해 포장과 디자인의 빈번한 변경은 신중을 기하여야 한다. 결론적으로 국내의 대표적인 패스트푸드의 지기 포장의 현황과 그 실태를 분석하여 문제점들을 도출 하였다. 첫째, 현재 사용 중인 포장은 운송 중에 상품 보호를 하지 못하고 브랜드 이미지에 부합된 외형을 보이고 있지 않아 포장 지기의 형태를 다양화해야 한다. 둘째, 내용물을 개봉한 후 식사 할 때의 소비자의 편익을 고려한 지기구조가 요구된다. 셋째, 포장재의 재활용을 고려한 구조의 적용이 필요하다. 넷째, 독특하고 차별화된 포장 지기구조 개발이 필요하다. 연구의 결과는 패스트푸드의 지기포장에 한정되어 있으며 이미 어느 정도 예견 가능한 연구 결과이나 패스트푸드 포장의 지기 구조 개발을 위한 기초연구로서, 현황에 대한 실증적 분석을 통하여 지기 구조 개선의 필요성을 도출했다. 소비자의 사용 실태를 파악하여, 소비자 편익과 욕구 중심의 포장이 개발되어 패스트푸드 산업 성장과 위생적이고 품격 있는 식생활 발전에 도움이 된다는 점에서 연구의 의의를 찾을 수 있겠다. Since rapid economic growth from the beginning of the 1980s, 86 Asian Game and 88 Seoul Olympic Game, the creation of new services and brand value has become crucial and the concept of fast food has started to appear. In particular, overseas brands equipped with capital and marketing strength corresponding to the opening of market have penetrated into the fast food market in full swing and the individuals with capital strength together with large-scale domestic enterprises entered the fast food business. In parallel with the change in various demands of customers who have used fast food, franchising enterprises have grown up rapidly; as a result, the competition between business types and conditions of fast food has been furthered. `Fast food7 means that one is able to eat immediately when ordering food. Its container is made of paper so that one can simply throw it way after using it, and the cooking is simple enough to warm it in the oven; accordingly, a small number of staffs can handle the large number of customer`s order in a rapid manner. Fast food packing has also the function of a container in functional terms that customers can have their meal in shops and on the delivery spots other than carrying, storing, transporting, and protecting the contents. The purpose of this study was to examine the actual conditions of fast food packing in our country focusing on the paper packing - one of the biggest parts in fast food packing- and whether appropriate packing has been done. In addition, it attempted suggest a method to improve the relevant problems by analyzing the present conditions of consumers, manufacturers and fast food paper package and groping for the problems with paper packing structure. In order to enhance the depth of study, this study excluded the products made of plastic package among various fast foods and it limited its target into the products packed with paper. The main products packed with paper were pizzas and chickens and the paper package for the purpose of carrying fast food products were also included in this study. The subject of study included 3 pizza brands and 3 chicken brands by considering the sales among domestic enterprises and the study analyzed the form, functionality, transportation, and usability of each collected package. Fast food packing is disposable and its life is short, but it is necessary to be careful in changing the packing and design frequently for the continuous image management of brands. In conclusion, the study analyzed the present conditions and problems of the representative domestic fast food paper packing as in the following. First, the currently used packages have not been able to protect their products during the transportation and their external appearance has not corresponded to their brand image; in this regard, the form of packing paper should be diversified. Second, it has been required to have a paper packing structure for the convenience of consumers when opening the contents and eating them. Third, it would be necessary to apply the structure in consideration of the recycling of packing materials. Fourth, it would be necessary to develop unique and differentiated paper packing structure. The results of the study would be limited to the paper packing of fast food and they has been more or less predicted already; however, as a fundamental study for the development of paper packing structure for fast food, this study deduced the necessity of improving the paper packing structure through the empirical analysis for its present conditions. The study would be meaningful in terms of groping for the actual conditions of consumers` use and of being helpful to the development of fast food industry, hygienic and high-quality dietary life by developing the package on behalf of consumers` convenience and demand.

Nasal Packing이 이관기능에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

문교갑,이환구,김경래,박철원,김선곤 釜算慶南耳鼻咽喉科學會 1993 임상이비인후과 Vol.4 No.2

Loose and Dense Aggregate Particle Packing Models in Cement and Concrete

Kim, Jong-Cheol,Lim, Chang-Sung,Auh, Keun-Ho The Korean Ceramic Society 2000 The Korean journal of ceramics Vol.6 No.1

Particle packing properties are important to develop high technology products in the field of cement and concrete. Two types of particle packing models for aggregates with sand and cement were introduced: the loose and the dense aggregate packing. Aggregate packing models with randomly generated sand and cement particles in the interstices of aggregates fit the Furnas model very well. Different aggregate models show different packing properties with the experimental results. Main reason for the difference with the experimental results is due to sand rearrangement in the loose aggregate packing model and to aggregate relaxation in the dense aggregate packing model. In the experimental situation, aggregates seem to be more disordered and have a relaxed packing structure in the dense packing, and sands seem to have a more rearranged packing structure in the loose packing model.

연자성 복합체에서 파우더 크기 분포와 Epoxy Resin에 따른 Packing Density 변화

이창현,오세문,신효순,여동훈,김진호 한국전기전자재료학회 2017 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.30 No.12

There is growing interest in power inductors in which metal soft magnetic powder and epoxy resin arecombined. In this field, the process technology for increasing the packing density of magnetic particles in an injectionmolding process is very important. However, little research has been reported in this regard. In order to improve thepacking density, we investigated and compared the sedimentation heights of pastes for three types of soft magnetic alloypowders as a function of the mixing ratios and the type of resin used. Experimental results showed that the packingdensity was the highest (71.74%) when the mixing ratio was 80:16:4 (Sendust:Fe-Si:CIP) according to the particlesize using an SE-4125 resin. In addition, the packing density was found to be inversely related to the layer separationdistance. As a result, it was confirmed that the dispersion of solid particles in the paste was important for curing;however, the duration of the curing process can greatly affect the packing density of the final composite. 금속 연자성 powder와 epoxy 수지가 복합화된 파워인덕터에 대한 관심이 증대되고 있다. 이를 제조하는 주입성형 공정에서 자성 입자의 packing density를 높이는 공정기술이 매우 중요하다. 그러나 이러한 현상에 대한 연구는 거의 보고되지 않고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 packing density를 향상시키기 위해 크기가 다른 3종의 연자성 합금 분말을 사용하여 혼합비율 변화에 따른 침강 높이를 관찰하였고, 경화된 sample의 단면을 절취하여 층 분리 현상과 packing density를 측정하였다. 또한, resin에 따른 차이를 비교하였다. 실험결과 SE-4125 resin을 사용하고 입자크기에 따라 혼합 비율을 80:16:4로 혼합한 경우 가장 높은 71.74%의 packing density를 나타내었다. 또한, packing density는 층분리 현상과 반비례의 관계가 있음이 확인되었다. 결과적으로 경화 공정을 포함하는 paste의 경우 paste 상태에서 고상입자의 분산성이 중요하지만 경화 과정에서의 시간이 최종 복합체의 packing에 영향을 크게 미칠 수 있음을 확인하였다.

국제물품매매계약에서 포장의 계약적합성에 관한 연구

김재성(Kim, Jae Seong),박세훈(Park, Se Hun) 한국무역상무학회 2012 貿易商務硏究 Vol.54 No.-

Seller shall deliver the goods with a perfect condition of packing or container in international trade. Unless otherwise seller shall warranty that the goods arrive at destination with a safe and economic value. Buyer may ask packing is to be made in specific condition or refuse to accept when the packing is not made in accordance with trade customs between among merchants. Especially packing is to be considered under the local law and process. Sometimes tax will be added to specific condition of packing for example glasses, metal sheet or others. Warning signs shall be included as form of both words and diagrams, and be in form of ensuring understanding in the local market. Wide range of warning signs can be used for communications and understanding of packing. Packing of a product can usefully symbolize a range of product information, or any relevant warnings, and give an opportunity for displaying messages of promoting the company and the goods. The seller may choose the best method to maintain its value but find a way to reduce packing cost, size for convenience during delivery, design, and local customs. There are many things to be considered for packing to seller. The purpose of packing is to protect the goods itself and to maintain its economic value during storage, delivery, transshipment, and distribution to end users.