언론 객관성의 실천적 이해를 위한 사례 연구: ‘팩트체크’를 중심으로

홍원식 한국언론학회 2018 커뮤니케이션 이론 Vol.14 No.4

The purpose of this study is to re-identify the journalistic ethic of objectivity from the critical domain of objectivism to the ethical domain of objectivity itself. This study argues it is more important to understand the rhetorical meaning of objectivity; rather than its ontological/ epistemological ground. For the purpose, this study reviews the previous debate on journalistic objectivity. Through the reviews, this study argues that journalistic objectivity does not rest on an ontological/epistemological ground, rather it should be understood as their shared identity and ethical normative frameworks to legitimate their practices of profession. In order to exemplify the practical meaning of objectivity, this study conducts a case study of ’Fact Check’ with the method of intentive interviews. The case study shows that the reporters of Fact Check have a strong motivation to follow the ethical norm of objectivity, in spite of their complicaed, and even ironical understanding of objectivity. Also, through the norm of objectivity, they tend to define their reports and other social discourse in the terrain of comparing the universal validity of claims. Based on the case study, this study concludes that journalistic objectivity needs to be re-positioned as a normative practice for the purpose of journalism, a telos, which is to define the identity of journalism. 본 연구의 목적은 언론의 객관성에 대한 논의를 행태주의적 비판에서 윤리 규범적 이해로 전환하는 것이다. 이를 위해서, 본 연구는 언론의 객관성과 객관주의를 개념적으로 구분하고, 객관주의와 탈객관주의적 언론에 대해 비판적으로 고찰하였다. 이를 바탕으로, 언론의 객관성을 윤리 규범의 실용적 가치를 통해 재정립하는 실용적 객관성의 개념을 제시하고 이를 팩트체크의 제작진들과 심층인터뷰를 통해 예시하고자 하였다. 심층인터뷰의 결과, 팩트체크 제작진들은 객관적 진실을 취재의 목표로 설정하고 있으며, 이는 명확하게 정의된 개념은 아니지만 때로는 모순적이며 복합적이면서도 이를 추구하고자 하는 강력한 동기로서 작동하고 있음을 확인하였다. 또한, 객관성을 통해 이들의 검증과 보도는 타당성의 판단이 작동하는 비교 평가의 영역에서 인식되고 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 예시를 바탕으로, 본 연구는 언론에 있어서 객관성은 본질적이기 보다는 수사적(rhetorical)이며, 기술적(technologic)이기보다는 정체성을 형성하는 목적적인(telos) 것으로 이해되어야 한다고 강조하였다.

과학적 객관주의, 형식적 객관주의, 한국형 형식적 객관주의

이나연(Lee, Na Yeon) 한국언론학회 2018 한국언론학보 Vol.62 No.2

The purpose of this study is to examine whether and to what extent Korean newspapers’ practices of objectivity differ from those of prestigious publications, such as the New York Times and The Times of London. Based on previous research about the history of objectivity in journalism, the current study distinguishes between scientific objectivity, which refers to the application of scientific research methods to journalism practices, as distinguished from formal objectivity, which is defined as devices that journalists use to emphasize efforts made to produce objectively obtained information, such as a neutral style of newswriting. In this study, scientific objectivity is operationalized as the transparent use of quotations or attributions while formal objectivity is measured by the use of three types of quotations: accusatory quotes from anonymous sources, subjective verbs of attribution, and use of direct quotes in headlines. A content analysis of 820 news stories published on the front pages of twelve newspapers, including ten Korean daily newspapers, showed that Korean newspapers are more likely to practice formal objectivity while the New York Times and The Times of London are more likely to practice scientific objectivity. Specifically, the average number of transparent sources used in each news story were found to be significantly fewer in Korean newspapers compared to their use in the New York Times and The Times: 2.55 in Korean newspapers, 8.43 in New York Times, 4.26 in The Times. By contrast, about 14% of news stories in Korean newspapers employed accusatory quotes from anonymous sources while there were no accusatory quotes from anonymous sources in New York Times articles. These findings suggest that routine practices related to journalistic objectivity in Korean newspapers differ significantly from what is regarded as the global standard of objectivity.

포스트모더니즘의 회의론 논의와 역사인식의 객관화를 위한 학습의 모색

全炳喆(Jeon Byong-Chul) 歷史敎育硏究會 2010 역사교육 Vol.114 No.-

History education must deal with objective knowledge. In this context, the author in this study considered skeptical relativism of postmodernism to present methods for objectification of historical understanding. For doing this, the author examined various skepticisms to consider their possibility within the logic of objectification, and pursued methods for objective historical under -standing by applying logic of objectification. The results of this study are as follows. First, objectivity in historical understanding indicates good subjectivity. It is integration of subjectivity over an aspect, and is being completed as the present progressive form. Then, objectivity is achieved from a process in which the most objective possible explanations is inquire. However, postmodern epistemology fundamentally denies possibility of objectivity. According to it, historical description is only linguistic signs, thus truth in the past can not be known for good, and history is only discourse made by intentions. Second, such skepticism, however, does not have to be accepted to the extreme degree, for history is being consistently objectified by efforts of detachment and academic disputes of historians. Objectification means widening of knowledge horizon, or a process of accumulation of validity. Objective knowledge is a process of discovering exemplary answer. In this point, objectivity has a possibility within the logic of objectification. Third, such problems of objectivity has significant value in history education: there are right things that history must aim at; history is influenced by ideology; and historical judgment is important in history education. Therefore, history education should cope with objective knowledge, and students should materialize objective historical understanding by themselves. Teaching of objectification can be presented in this context: it may help to perceive problems, research perspectives, compare explanatory power, and objectify problems for materializing more objective knowledge.

화면해설(audio description)에서의 객관성 개념 분석: 지침, 연구자, 작가의 관점을 중심으로

이상빈 한국번역학회 2019 번역학연구 Vol.20 No.3

This article addresses a wide range of issues concerning objectivity in audio description (AD). Major research questions are as follows: What do AD guidelines prescribe for objectivity?, From what perspectives do audio describers and AD researchers view objectivity and subjectivity?, and What implications do the findings have for the AD community in South Korea? To answer these questions, the author reviewed several AD guidelines and related publications (books, scholarly journals, and online materials) and conducted an email interview with an experienced audio describer. This literature review and interview revealed main characteristics of the objectivity rules, the objectivity-subjectivity continuum, and the widening gap between AD guidelines (ideal) and professional practice (reality). The findings also showed that a new set of AD guidelines should be drawn up to better reflect conceptual approaches to objectivity, dominant AD norms (professional practice), and differences between the existing guidelines.

언론인의 공정성 인식에 관한 연구

김일철,김승일 한국주관성연구학회 2009 주관성연구 Vol.- No.18

The purpose of this study is to categorize journalists type in accordance with objectivity. Total P sample was collected randomly from Busan, Daegu and Gyungnam province who work for daily newspapers and broadcasting companies. The result proved 4 different types named scholastic, bureaucratic, politician, salaried type each. First type tries to meet the objectivity by his or her own regulation more than the endowed terms and conditions. Second pay more attention to law and regulation to keep the fairness if necessary. The third type trust the professionalism of which could maintain the minimum fairness. This is slightly different from the first type. And the 4th type stress the commercialism as much as journalism. Based on this findings and comparison with similar former studies, we argue that there are some slightly different perspectives among journalists about objectivity. More importantly, the perception about the objectivity has been changed in accordance with the development of society. In other words, those sub concepts like objectivity, balance, and neutrality are interpreted differently than former study. Clearly, this is result of democratization that brought the critical discursive publics. This study has limits on media and journalists sampling. Exclusion of new media in the digital era also remains as a defect. In the rushing convergent and emergent media environment, this study could be a milestone to detonate the digital objectivity contention hopefully. 본 연구에서는 현업 기자들의 공정성 인식을 유형화해보기 위해 부산, 경남, 대구 지역 종합일간지와 공중파 방송 기자 34명을 대상으로 공정성 인식에 대한 주관성 연구 및 분석을 실시했다. 그 결과 기자들의 공정성 인식은 뚜렷한 차이를 나타냈으며 그 유형은 학자형, 관료형, 정치가형, 샐러리맨형 등 4가지로 나타났다. 학자형은 공정성을 중시하면서도 기자 스스로 공정성을 구현하려는 것으로 분석됐다. 관료형도 공정성을 중시하지만 필요하다면 법적, 제도적 장치를 동원해야 한다고 생각하고 있는 점이 학자형과 구별되었다. 또 공정성을 중시하면서도 경향성을 뚜렷하게 선호하는 그룹이 존재했는데 이는 정치가형으로 분류됐다. 그러나 공정성을 중시하지 않는 유형으로 분류된 샐러리맨형은 광고주의 영향력이나 상업주의에 특히 민감한 것으로 분석되었다. 이 연구에서는 공정성 논의에 다양한 담론이 존재하듯이 현장 언론인들 사이에서도 공정성에 대한 인식에 다양한 편차가 있다는 것이 확인되었다.

쿠마 켄고 디자인의 객체성과 전복적 전유

박영태(Park, Young-Tae) 한국실내디자인학회 2015 한국실내디자인학회논문집 Vol.24 No.1

When it comes to the architecture design, Kuma Kengo rejects a strong and violent subject-centered position and advocates the design that is object-oriented. As can be seen in ‘gentle architecture’, ‘three lows principle’, ‘natural architecture’, and ‘connecting architecture’, he clearly expresses the objective nature of architecture design in those terms. In this respect, the purpose of this study is to make a close inquiry into the meaning, effect and characteristics of objectivity. In particular, we try to identify the contents of ‘impure architecture’, which has a clear ambivalence to be an instrumental expression strongly settled in the objectivity, in an aesthetic standpoint. To do that, we systemized the concept of mimesis and the theory of subversive appropriation by Walter Benjamin and Theodor Adorno in to a frame of interpretation. By systemizing translation, subversion, verbalization and the dialectic structure of the aesthetics of negation, we interpreted the features of his works as an objective work and ‘impure architecture’. His objectivity leads the situation by subversively appropriating the inherent elements of architectural conditions based on a dialectic solution in which inquiries on logical and scientific materials have played a critical role. Above all, through all these processes, he tried to suggest a language as a new technique for materials and structures. Ultimately, we could find out that this object oriented design sublates a subject oriented way that is monolithic and repetitive regardless of objects. Rather, it is a way that is effective in creating a new way of design by making a different approach to a new object rather unfamiliarly, yet deeply.

저널리즘 객관성에 대한 실용적 접근

홍원식 ( Won Sik Hong ),이효성 ( Hyo Seong Lee ) 한국커뮤니케이션학회 2016 커뮤니케이션학연구 Vol.24 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 객관 보도의 원칙을 수사학적 관점으로 재정의하는 것이다. 이를 위해서, 본 연구에서는 기존 객관보도에 대한 논쟁을 비판적으로 살펴보고 있다. 기존 저널리즘 객관성에 대한 논쟁의 분석을 통해서, 본 연구는 객관 보도의 원칙을 언어와 물적 존재의 상응성에 기반하고 있는 존재론적 이해 또는 객관성/주관성의 이원적 구분을 전제하고 있는 인식론적 기반 위에서 설명하려는 기존의 노력들은 적합하지 않음을 지적한다. 대신, 과학적 객관성을 새롭게 접근했던 수사학적 시도 (rhetoric of inquiry)의 논의를 저널리즘의 객관성에 접목하여, 보도의 객관성 역시 저널리스트들이 자신의 경험을 공중에게 전달하기 위해 적용하는 공유하고 있는 `집단적 합의`로 이해할 필요가 있음을 강조하였다. 나아가서, 객관성이 존재론적/인식론적 기반에 뿌리를 두고 있지 않다면, 이는 도덕적 규범의 영역에서 보다 정확하게 이해될 수 있다고 강조한다. 특히, 현재와 같이, 일상화된 정보의 홍수 속에서 저널리즘의 영역이 모호해지는 상황에서, 일상화된 정보와 달리 저널리즘의 영역을 차별화 할 수 있는 것은 존재론적/인식론적 기반이 아닌 저널리스트의 규범적 영역으로 접근되어야 한다는 점을 강조한다. 결론으로, 본 연구는 저널리즘의 객관성이란 존재론적/인식론적 진리의 존재 가능성에서 `실현`될 수 있는 것이 아니라 저널리즘의 목적을 달성하기 위한 도덕적 당위로서 `요구`되어지는 것이라 재정의하고 있다. The purpose of this study is to re-identify the journalistic ethic of objectivity in respect of its rhetorical purpose. This study argues that as the digital media increase the commonalities of information, it is more important to understand the rhetorical meaning of objectivity; rather than its ontological/epistemological ground. For the purpose, this study reviews the previous debate on journalistic objectivity. Through the reviews, this study argues that journalistic objectivity does not rest on an ontological/epistemological ground, rather it should be understood as their shared interpretive frameworks to legitimate their practices of profession. Also, this study argues that the primary role of journalists is to maintain discursive and material coherence among different subjectivities. For the reason, journalistic objectivity needs to be re-positioned as a normative practice for the purpose of journalism, a telos, which is to provoke conversation among the publics.

동계올림픽 모글 심사결과의 객관도 분석

김주용,석진수 한국체육학회 2023 한국체육학회지 Vol.62 No.4

The purpose of this study is to confirm the objectivity of the Winter Olympics mogul results and to provide basic data for various empirical studies using various competition data. So this study analyzed data was the results of the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics and 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics. For the study, the final results of the two Winter Olympics were downloaded from the FIS website and organized using Windows Excel 2021, and Windows SPSS 26.0 was used for statistical analysis to confirm the objectivity of the Winter Olympic results. For the organized data, descriptive statistics were conducted according to gender and competition classification, and ICC (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient) was calculated to confirm objectivity. The objectivity recognition standard was set at 0.80. As a result of the study, ICC was calculated that was much higher than the accreditation level in all results, and the results of the Mogul screening for the Winter Olympics tended to have a high level of objectivity. In addition, it was confirmed through the research results that the objectivity of the final score result increases when the effective score through trimmed score is used in the turn standard score and the turn deduction score that use the effective score through final score in determining. It is thought that it will be helpful to establish and operate a judge system that can achieve fairer and objective screening results by analyzing the results of various international competitions as well as the Olympics to identify various problems that may appear in subjective judge results.

인문,사회과학편 : 댄스스포츠 경기대회의 심사판정자 객관도

김응준(EungJoonKim),정진오(JinOhJeong) 한국체육학회 2006 한국체육학회지 Vol.45 No.3

Skating System(절대과반수 우위판정법)은 국제국내 댄스스포츠 경기대회에서 공식적으로 사용하는 댄스스포츠 등위판정 절차이다. 연구의 목적은 절대과반수 우위판정법을 사용한 댄스스포츠 경기대회의 등위판정의 객관도를 알아보는 것이다. 연구를 수행하기 위해 2005년 국제 댄스스포츠 경기연맹(IDSF) 그랜드슬램 시리즈대회의 3개 경기대회 결승전 등위판정 결과를 이용하였다. 분석은 Spearman's ρ, Kendall's coefficient of concordance (W) (Siegel, Castellan, 1988)를 이용하였다. 연구결과는 첫째, 스탠다드 댄스는 3개 경기대회에서 모두 심판간 객관도에 일관성이 있었다. 둘째, 라틴아메리칸 댄스는 3개 경기대회에서 중국대회의 룸바(p>.05), 독일대회(Watzlar-Sen)의 삼바와 차차차(p>.05)를 제외하고 심판간 객관도에 일관성이 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 결론적으로 댄스스포츠 등위판정의 객관도에는 차이가 있었으며 심판간 객관도는 완전하지 않았다. 따라서 댄스스포츠 평가영역 및 요소의 개발과 절대과반수 우위판정법이 개정되어야 할 것이다. The Skating System is the standard scrutineering procedure of DanceSport competitions. The purpose of this study was to investigate judges' objectivity of DanceSport Competition using the Skating System. To carry out this research, used IDSF(International DanceSport Federation) 3 competitions' final results of Grand Slam Series. The data from this study were analyzed using Spearman's ρ, Kendall's coefficient of concordance, and test of significance is critical value for the Kendall's coefficient of concordance (Siegel, Castellan, John, 1988). The result of this study was as following; first, the judges' objectivity of Standard dance in DanceSport Competition was significant differences(p<.05). Second, judges' objectivity of Latin American dance in DanceSport Competition was significant differences(p< .05) except Rumba in Chinese(p >.05), Samba and ChaChaCha in German (Watzlar-Sen)(p>.05). In conclusion, there was a difference consistency of judging DanceSport competition. judges' objectivity was not perfect. Therefore, It was suggested that developing evaluation domain of DanceSport and the Skating System need to be revised to improve low judges' consistency, objectivity.

‘대상’ 개념에 대한 비판적 일고찰

이지수,조은영 국제언어인문학회 2011 인문언어 Vol.13 No.1

This study searches for a precise meaning of 'object,' which is in general use as an important concept in the study of language. We first look into some instances of misunderstanding that have characterized previous definitions of the term, Dictionary definitions are also reviewed which strike one as problematic. In an attempt to grasp the precise meaning of 'object,' two concepts of the term are examined: first, whether to treat 'object' as a reality of the external or subjective consciousness of the inner substance; second, how to define the direction of the object. Object is suggestive of the subjective consciousness of the inner realities as well as the external ones. Furthermore, the objectivity of the consciousness and external realities are grounded in different meanings. In terms of directionality of the object, the direction of 'object to subject' as well as 'subject to object should be considered. Therefore, relationship between the subject and the object can be presupposed to be bidirectional.