관광산업에서 NPS 지수의 효과적인 활용 방안에 관한 연구

유홍도,김석현,원철식 한국호텔관광학회 2023 호텔관광연구 Vol.25 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 관광객의 추천의향과 NPS지수가 재방문의도, 관광객 충성도 및 관계지속의도에 미치는 영향을 규명하고 관광객의 관광지 경험을 정확하게 평가하고 지속적으로 관계를 유지하기 위한 효과적인 평가체계를 제안하는 것이다. NPS는 관광산업에서 긍정적 구전과 관련되는 추천의향을 통해 산정되는 지표로서 관광의 성과를 평가하고 마케팅 커뮤니케이션을 통한 고객과의 관계를 관리하기 위한 효과적인 평가체계라고 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 2년 주기로 발표되는 대한민국 대표 관광지 100선에 선정된 관광지를 대상으로 NPS지수를 산정하였으며, 2021-2022 대한민국 대표 관광지 100선 중 한 곳 이상을 방문한 경험이 있는 내국인 관광객을 대상으로 3465개의 유효표본을 수집하였다. NPS지수가 관광지의 성과를 평가하기 위한 유의한 지표인지 검증하기 위해 NPS지수와 추천의향이 재방문의도, 관광객 충성도, 관계지속의도에 미치는 영향을 비교하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 추천의향과 NPS지수 모두 재방문의도, 관광객 충성도, 관계지속의도에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 재방문의도에는 NPS지수가 추천의향 보다 더 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 관광객 충성도에는 추천의향이 NPS지수 보다 더 크게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, NPS지수가 관계지속의도에 미치는 영향이 추천의향이 미치는 영향 보다 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 종합적으로, 추천의향보다 NPS지수가 관광성과를 예측하는데 효과적인 지표로 확인되었다. 본 연구는 NPS 지수를 관광지 평가에 활용하기 위한 방안에 대한 실무적 시사점을 제공하고, NPS 지수가 관광산업의 성과로 적합한지를 논의한다.

NATO Pipeline System(NPS)

이상영(Lee, Sang-Young) 경북대학교 사회과학연구원 2010 사회과학 담론과 정책 Vol.3 No.2

이 논문은 에너지 안보시대에 나토파이프라인시스템(NPS, NATO Pipeline System)의 역할 변환과 그에 따른 현상을 조명하였다. NPS는 냉전시절 북대서양조약기구(NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 동맹군의 연료 보급을 목적으로, 각 나토 회원국에 구축된 에너지 인프라를 연결한 병참 네트워크였다. 동유럽 국가들이 점진적으로 나토에 가입하자 NPS의 지리적 반경이 넓어졌고, 에너지 확보 경쟁이 치열한 시기에 접어들면서 NPS는 군사목적을 넘어 일반적인 에너지 수급까지 담당하게 되었다. 유럽대륙이 NPS에 에너지 안보를 의존하는 만큼 그 중요성이 제고되어, 전통적인 유럽 에너지 공급원인 러시아와의 관계도 새로운 국면을 맞게 되었다. 러시아와 국경을 맞댄 구소련 국가들조차 나토 가입을 시도하자 러시아는 구소련의 에너지 인프라가 나토 영향권으로 흡수됨으로써 러시아의 우월한 에너지 공급 지위가 약화될 것을 우려하고 있다. 따라서 서방은 러시아 영향권을 우회하는 에너지 수송로를 계획하였고 이에 대항하여 러시아는 적극적으로 새로운 파이프라인 건설을 추진함에 따라 동유럽은 파이프라인 건설 경쟁이 치열하게 전개되고 있다. 이 논문은 NPS에 에너지 안보라는 새로운 임무가 부여될 수 있었던 논리적 필연을 파악하고, 이로부터 빚어지는 현상을 분석하고자 하였다. This paper examines the transition of the NPS(the NATO Pipeline System) and the consequential phenomenon in the energy security era. The NPS was a logistics network in the Cold War era connecting energy infrastructure of each NATO member state for supplying fuel. The NPS has been enlarging itself since the Eastern European nations gradually joined the NATO. Moreover, it became in charge of providing energy not only for military use but for general needs, as the competition for energy security got more intense. Therefore, the European nations came to deeply depend on the NPS and the situation between the European nations and Russia entered upon a new phase. Because even the former Soviet Union countries alongside of Russia intend to join the NATO, Russia concerns if the former Soviet Union"s energy infrastructure is absorbed by the NPS and if this undermines Russia"s supremacy as an energy supplier. This circumstance stimulates the Western countries to develop pipelines detouring Russia as well as Russia to construct counter-pipelines aggressively, so now the competition of constructing pipelines is unfolding in the Eastern Europe. This paper will analyze the logical necessity of how the NPS undertake the assignment of energy security and the resultant dynamics.

Up-Conversion Nanoparticles/PMMA Composites for Light-Emitting Applications

Yongling Zhang,Peng Lv,Xiang Liu,Haoyuan Chi,Guoqing Xi,Zhengkun Qin 성균관대학교(자연과학캠퍼스) 성균나노과학기술원 2020 NANO Vol.15 No.03

In this paper, we prepared KMnF3:Yb3+, Er3+ nanoparticles (NPs)/polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) composites, NaYF4:Yb3+, Tm3+NPs/PMMA composites and NaYF4Yb3+, Er3+NPs/PMMA composites by in situ polymerization, and these NPs/PMMA composites can emit red, blue and green up-conversion fluorescence excited by 980nm, respectively. The mixed white NPs/PMMA composites were obtained by adjusting the doping ratio of the above three NPs. These NPs/PMMA composites are transparent. We tested the up-conversion fluorescence spectra of all the NPs and NPs/PMMA composites, under 980 nm excitation. The up-conversion luminescence spectra of the NPs and NPs/PMMA composites are consistent, which further indicates that the in situ polymerization has not changed the chemical structure of the NPs. Then, we prepared transparent bulk polymers by curing these NPs/PMMA composites. Under 980 nm laser excitation, these NPs/PMMA bulk polymers can emit red, blue, green and white up-conversion emissions, respectively. The results indicate that the NPs/PMMA composites can be applied to three-dimensional (3D) display.

Prevalence of new psychoactive substances in Northeast Asia from 2007 to 2015

Lee, Junhui,Yang, Songhee,Kang, Yujin,Han, Eunyoung,Feng, Ling-Yi,Li, Jih-Heng,Chung, Heesun Elsevier Sequoia 2017 Forensic science international Vol.272 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The proliferation of new psychoactive substances (NPS) has been a global trend in drug abuse and its regulation has been a worldwide concern. There is no doubt that it is necessary to share information related to these emerging substances between countries and continents for the effective regulation of NPS. With efforts for the efficient regulation of NPS, many studies and information have been published for the prevalence of NPS in the United States and other countries in Europe and Oceania. However, there is lack of information available for the prevalence of NPS in Asian and African countries. Therefore, this research was focused on the investigation of legal status of certain NPS in Northeast Asian countries, including China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, in order to provide information on the prevalence and trend of emerging NPS in these countries. The results showed that a total of 940 NPS was reported in 4 Northeast Asian countries from 2007 to 2015. Among 940 NPS, 882 NPS are legally restricted in at least one country (94%) and 96 substances were not currently under control (6%) in these countries. The number of controlled NPS that are currently controlled in all 4 countries was only 25 (or 28%) out of 882 NPS. Each substance was categorized in 9 groups according to the classification proposed by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). In Northeast Asia, the most commonly controlled NPS were synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, and phenethylamines. It was found that Japan is the most proactive country in terms of the NPS regulation with 41% of the total number of controlled NPS in Northeast Asia, followed by South Korea (21%), China (28%), Taiwan (10%). Comparing the number of NPS newly regulated in each country every year, NPS has been broadly scheduled in 2011 and the number of scheduled NPS has dramatically increased from 2013 to 2015. It was shown that Northeast Asia is also in danger of these emerging NPS and the effective regulation across countries is important for the prevention of NPS. Also, this study will bring attention to local law enforcement in the construction of local drug crime prevention network sharing information for these controlled substances.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The trend and legal status of NPS in China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan was studied. </LI> <LI> Among total of 940 NPS reported, only 25 are currently controlled in 4 countries. </LI> <LI> Japan is the most proactive country regarding the NPS regulation followed by Korea. </LI> <LI> The information on emerging NPS in four countries was conducted for the first time. </LI> </UL> </P>

Selective synthesis of Au and graphitic carbon-encapsulated Au (Au@GC) nanoparticles by pulsed laser ablation in solvents: Catalytic Au and acid-resistant Au@GC nanoparticles

Lee, Seung Heon,Jung, Hyeon Jin,Lee, Seung Jun,Theerthagiri, Jayaraman,Kim, Tae Ho,Choi, Myong Yong Elsevier 2020 APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE - Vol.506 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) are the most versatile nanomaterials reported to date owing to their unique physiochemical properties as well as promising various applications. Recently, many techniques have been used for the synthesis of Au NPs. In this study, various types of Au NPs were synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) using the following four solvents: methanol, deionized (DI) water, hexane, and acetonitrile. Pulsed laser ablation in methanol and DI water is used for the synthesis of bare Au NPs, as photocatalysts. Au NPs showed an enhanced catalytic activity toward the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol. Interestingly, Au NPs prepared by PLAL using hexane and acetonitrile were encapsulated with graphitic carbon (GC) layers (Au@GC), where the solvent was used as a carbon source for the GC layers. In contrast to bare Au NPs, Au@GC NPs exhibited no catalytic activity due to the protective GC layers formed on Au NPs. On the other hand, Au@GC NPs demonstrated a high corrosion resistance against strong acids. The present study revealed that the PLA of Au plate in various liquid medium is a facile method for the synthesis of excellent catalytic or acid resistant Au NPs with a unique surface structure.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Bare Au nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by PLA in methanol and DI water. </LI> <LI> Au@graphitic carbon (GC) NPs were prepared by PLA in hexane and acetonitrile. </LI> <LI> Catalytic activity was observed by only bare Au NPs, but no activity by Au@GC NPs. </LI> <LI> GC layers were formed only on small Au NPs (< ~50 nm) due to carbon solubility. </LI> <LI> Acid treatment is an easy and simple way for the preparation of small Au@GC NPs. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Shape-dependent antimicrobial activities of silver nanoparticles

Cheon, Ja Young,Kim, Su Jun,Rhee, Young Ha,Kwon, Oh Hyeong,Park, Won Ho DOVE MEDICAL PRESS 2019 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE Vol.14 No.-

<P><B>Purpose:</B> An important application of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) is their use as an antimicrobial and wound dressing material. The aim of this study is to investigate the morphological dependence on the antimicrobial activity and cellular response of Ag NPs.</P><P><B>Materials and methods:</B> Ag NPs of various shapes were synthesized in an aqueous solution using a simple method. The morphology of the synthesized Ag NPs was observed via TEM imaging. The antimicrobial activity of the Ag NPs with different morphologies was evaluated against various microorganisms (<I>Escherichia coli</I> [<I>E. coli</I>]<I>, Staphylococcus aureus</I> [<I>S. aureus</I>]<I>, Pseudomonas aeruginosa</I> [<I>P. aeruginosa</I>]). The antimicrobial activity of the Ag NPs was also examined according to the concentration in terms of the growth rate of <I>E. coli</I>.</P><P><B>Results:</B> The TEM images indicated that the Ag NPs with different morphologies (sphere, disk and triangular plate) had been successfully synthesized. The antimicrobial activity obtained from the inhibition zone was in the order of spherical Ag NPs > disk Ag NPs > triangular plate Ag NPs. In contrast, fibroblast cells grew well in all types of Ag NPs when the cell viability was evaluated via an MTT assay. An inductively coupled plasma mass assay showed that the difference in the antimicrobial activities of the Ag NPs was closely associated with the difference in the release rate of the Ag ions due to the difference in the surface area of the Ag NPs.</P><P><B>Conclusion:</B> The morphological dependence of the antimicrobial activity of the Ag NPs can be explained by the difference in the Ag ion release depending on the shape. Therefore, it will be possible to control the antimicrobial activity by controlling the shape and size of the Ag NPs.</P>

Au@NiO core-shell nanoparticles as a p-type gas sensor: Novel synthesis, characterization, and their gas sensing properties with sensing mechanism

Majhi, Sanjit Manohar,Naik, Gautam Kumar,Lee, Hu-Jun,Song, Ho-Geun,Lee, Cheul-Ro,Lee, In-Hwan,Yu, Yeon-Tae Elsevier 2018 Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical Vol.268 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this work, Au@NiO core-shell nanoparticles (C-S NPs) as a p-type gas sensing material was synthesized by a facile wet-chemical method, and evaluated their gas sensing properties as compared to the pristine NiO NPs gas sensors. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) results exhibited the well-dispersed formation of Au@NiO C-S NPs having the total size of 70–120 nm and NiO shells having 30–50 nm thickness. The C-S morphology as well as the overall particle sizes are unchanged even at 500 °C. The gas sensing result reveals that the response of Au@NiO C-S NPs gas sensor is higher than pristine NiO NPs gas sensor for 100 ppm of ethanol at 200 °C operating temperature. The baseline resistance in the air for Au@NiO C-S NPs sensor is lowered as compared to pristine NiO NPs, which is due to the increased number of holes as charge carriers in Au@NiO C-S NPs. The high response of Au@NiO core-shell NPs as compared to pristine NiO NPs is attributed to electronic and chemical sensitization effects of Au. In Au@NiO C-S structure, the contact between metal (Au) and semiconductor (NiO) formed a Schottky junction since Au metal acted as electron acceptor, a withdrawal of electrons from NiO by Au metal core leaved behind number of holes as charge carriers in Au@NiO C-S NPs. Therefore, the baseline resistance of Au@NiO C-S NPs greatly decreased than pristine NiO NPs, as a result the Au@NiO C-S NPs showed higher response. On the other hand, in chemical sensitization effect, Au NPs catalyzed to dissociate O<SUB>2</SUB> molecules into ionic species. This work will give some clue to the researchers for the further development of p-type based C-S NPs sensors.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Au@NiO core-shell nanoparticles (C-S NPs) maintained spherical morphology and showed porous structure after calcined at 500 °C. </LI> <LI> Au@NiO C-S NPs sensor showed higher ethanol response than pure NiO NPs. </LI> <LI> The baseline resistance of Au@NiO C-S NPs was lowered than pure NiO NPs. </LI> <LI> Au@NiO C-S NPs sensor showed good repeatability. </LI> <LI> The role of Au NPs for high response of Au@NiO C-S NPs was investigated. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>Au@NiO core-shell nanoparticles (C-S NPs) as a p-type gas sensing material was synthesized by a facile wet-chemical method and shows higher gas sensing properties as compared to the pristine NiO NPs gas sensors.</P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

방사선치료 시 전자포털 영상장치를 이용한 잡음전력스펙트럼 수평 및 수직 측정비교

김기원(Ki Won Kim),최관우(Kwan Woo Choi),정회원(Hoi Woun Jeong),장서구(Seo Goo Jang),권경태(Kyung Tae Kwon),손순룡(Soon Yong Son),손진현(Jin Hyun Son),민정환(Jung Whan Min) 대한방사선과학회(구 대한방사선기술학회) 2016 방사선기술과학 Vol.39 No.2

영상화 품질향상은 방사선 치료영역과 진단영역의 영상화 검사와 같이 quality assurance (QA) 장비들의 특성평가에 매우 중요한 요소이다. 본 연구의 목적은 치료장비의 megavoltage X-ray 에너지를 사용하여 측정방법에 있어서 NPS에 대한 수평, 수직적인 방법에 대한 측정결과를 비교 평가하는 것이다. 잡음전력스펙트럼 평가 방법들은 국제 전기 규격 international electro-technical commission (IEC 62220-1) 기준을 사용하여 치료 영역에 적용되었다. 사용한 전자포털 영상장치(electronic portal imaging device, EPID)는 Siemens BEAMVIEWPLUS, Elekta iViewGT 그리고 Var ian ClinacR iX aS1000이었다. 데이터들로부터 각각의 주파수 값에 대응하는 노이즈 값들의 평균에 대해서, 각각의 주파수 별로 대응해서 표현하였으며, 수평 수직되어있는 주파수별 평균값의 노이즈값을 합산해서 정량적으로 장비마다 비교 평가하였다. 결과값은 Elekta iView에서 4가지 방법론에 의한 가로방향에서의 horizontal측정된 NPS값과 vertical 세로방향에서의 측정치는 비슷한 경향성에 따라서 horizontal과 vertical값은 3~5%정도의 차이가 있었으며, Siemens BEAMVIEWPLUS, Varian ClinacR iX aS1000에서 horizontal측정된 NPS값과 vertical 측정된 NPS값은 편차의 차이가 전체값의 평균으로 했을 시 horizontal과 vertical값은 15%정도의 차이가 나타남을 보였다. 본 연구에서는 수평 수직되어있는 주파수별 평균값의 노이즈값을 합산해서 정량적으로 장비마다 비교 평가하였으며, 정량적인 평가방안을 제시하였다는 점을 둘 수 있다. The quality assurance (QA) is very important for diagnostic field and radiation therapy field to evaluate the characteristic of devices. The purpose of this study was to compare different NPS methodologies results which are measuring NPS with regard to horizontal and vertical directions by using megavoltage X-ray energies. The NPS evaluation methods were applied to the International Electro-technical Commission standard (IEC 62220-1). The electronic portal imaging devices (EPID) devices such as Siemens BEAMVIEWPLUS, Elekta iViewGT and Varian ClinacR iX aS1000 were used. NPS data were expressed by corresponding each frequency about average of noise value corresponding the each frequency, and NPS were evaluated quantitatively by totaling up the noise values of average frequency which are on horizontal and vertical directions. In NPS results for Elekta iViewGT, NPS of horizontal and vertical by using 4 methods were indicated the difference of 3~5% between horizontal and vertical direction. In the results of Siemens BEAMVIEWPLUS and Varian ClinacR iX aS1000, the NPS of horizontal and vertical direction were indicated the difference of 15% when averaging the whole values. This study were evaluated the NPS of each devices by totaling up the noise values of average frequency which are on horizontal and vertical directions suggesting the quantitative evaluation method using the data.

Influence of ligand chemistry on silver nanoparticles for colorimetric detection of Cr³⁺ and Hg²⁺ ions

Kailasa, Suresh Kumar,Chandel, Madhurya,Mehta, Vaibhavkumar N.,Park, Tae Jung Elsevier 2018 Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomole Vol.195 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this work, we describe the role of ligand chemistry on the surfaces of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) for tuning their analytical applications. The citrate and melamine (MA) molecules were used as ligands for the surface modification of Ag NPs. The addition of Cr<SUP>3+</SUP> ion in citrate-Ag NPs (Cit-Ag NPs) and of Hg<SUP>2+</SUP> ion in melamine-Ag NPs (MA-Ag NPs) cause Ag NPs aggregation, and are accompanied by a color change and a red-shift. The resulting distinctly visual readouts are favorable for colorimetric detection of Cr<SUP>3+</SUP> and Hg<SUP>2+</SUP> ions. Under optimal conditions, the linear ranges are observed in the concentration ranges of 1.0–50.0 and of 10.0–100.0 μM, and with detection limit of 0.52 and 1.80 μM for Cr<SUP>3+</SUP> and Hg<SUP>2+</SUP> ions. The simultaneous detection of Cr<SUP>3+</SUP> and Hg<SUP>2+</SUP> ion is driven by the changing the ligand chemistry on the surfaces of Ag NPs that allows to tune their specific interactions with target analytes. Finally, the functionalized Ag NPs were successfully applied to detect Cr<SUP>3+</SUP> and Hg<SUP>2+</SUP> ions in water samples with satisfactory recoveries.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Tuning of Ag NPs colorimetric sensing applications with ligand chemistry </LI> <LI> Citrate- and MA-Ag NPs show high selectivity towards Cr<SUP>3+</SUP> and Hg<SUP>2+</SUP> ions over other metal ions. </LI> <LI> The sensors exhibit good linearities for Cr<SUP>3+</SUP> and Hg<SUP>2+</SUP> ion with limits of detection at micromolar range. </LI> <LI> This method was successfully applied to detect both ions in water samples. </LI> <LI> The developed sensors exhibit good accuracy and precision. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical Abstract</B></P> <P>Schematic representation of influence of ligand chemistry on Ag NPs surfaces for tuning of their analytical applications.</P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Supercapacitor performance of carbon supported Co₃O₄ nanoparticles synthesized using Terminalia chebula fruit

Edison, T.N.J.I.,Atchudan, R.,Sethuraman, M.G.,Lee, Y.R. Elsevier BV ; C/o Dept. of Chemical Engineering, N 2016 JOURNAL- TAIWAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS Vol.68 No.-

Carbon supported cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB>Γ NPs) were synthesized by simple thermolysis of cobalt(II) acetate tetrahydrate and Terminalia chebula (T. chebula) fruit. The synthesized Co<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB>Γ NPs were characterized using attenuated total reflection conjunction with Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. The specific surface area of Co<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB>Γ NPs was measured by N<SUB>2</SUB> adsorption-desorption isotherm. The ATR-FTIR analysis revealed that the phytoconstituents of T. chebula were carbonized and supports the Co<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> NPs. The synthesized Co<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB>Γ NPs were highly crystalline with carbon support, exposed by the XRD patterns. As inferred from microscopic images, the particle size of Co<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB>Γ NPs is in the range of 15-25nm with distorted spherical shape. The EDS results confirmed the presence of three major elements such as Co, O and C in the synthesized Co<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB>Γ NPs. The calculated specific surface area of Co<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> NPs is 22m<SUP>2</SUP>/g. The supercapacitor performance of synthesized Co<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB>Γ NPs in 2M aqueous KOH was analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) methods. The Co<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB>Γ NPs showed a maximum specific capacitance of about 642F/g at 1 A/g of discharging current density between 0 and 0.50V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The high specific capacitance of Co<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB>Γ NPs could be attributed to the combination of both double layer capacitance and pseudocapacitance.