Mobile IPv6 망에서 소스이동성을 갖는 멀티캐스팅 라우팅 및 비용 모델

박병섭 한국콘텐츠학회 2004 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.4 No.4

In mobile network, the maintenance of host grouping or the multicast delivery tree for multicasting algorithm becomes a major issues. In this paper, we explore the issues of mobile Multicast scheme using Mobile-IPv6, and addresses case when a mobile host is a source as well as a recipient of a given multicast operation using MLD(Multicast Listener Discovery) scheme, and the proposed MLD-based multicasting protocol asks its HA(Home Agent) to stop forwarding multicast for group using tunneling. We examine and compare our model to existing approaches by proposed cost model, and observe an improved performacne. 모바일 네트워크에서 멀티캐스팅 알고리즘을 구현시에는, 호스트 그룹핑이나 멀티캐스트 제공 트리를 효율적으로 관리하는 것이 주요한 이슈이다. 본 논문에서는 Mobile-IPv6 기반에서 멀티캐스트 문제 등을 고찰하며, MLD 프로토콜을 사용하여 수신자뿐만 아니라 소스도 이동성을 갖는 기법을 제안한다. 제안된 기법은 터널을 사용하여 그룹에 대한 멀티캐스팅을 중단하도록 HA에 요청하는 방식이며, 비용분석 모델을 통하여 그 효율성을 입증한다.

국내 이동오염원에서 발생되는 벤젠 배출량 산정

이주형(Ju-Hyoung Lee),차준석(Jun-Seok Cha),홍지형(Ji-Hyung Hong),정동일(Dong-Il Jung),김지영(Ji-Young Kim) 한국대기환경학회 2008 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.24 No.E1

Benzene is a very harmful and toxic compound known as human carcinogen by all routes of exposure. Owing to the risky feature of benzene, several countries such as Japan, UK and EU have established the ambient air quality standard and protect from that risk of it. Korea also has designated it as one of the criteria air pollutants and established the concentration limit (5 ㎍/㎥) in the air and is going to apply the standard from 2010. Benzene is emitted from various sources such as combustion plants, production processes, waste treatment facilities and also automobiles. Mobile source is known as one of the major emission sources of benzene. In this study, we estimated the domestic emissions of benzene from mobile source and compared the results with those of advanced countries. Mobile source was divided into 2 categories, i.e., on-road source and non-road source. The total emissions of benzene from mobile source were estimated as 3,106 tons/yr and 1,612 tons/yr was emitted from on-road source and 1,494 tons/yr was from non-road source. Emission ratio of benzene from on-road source showed that 80.0% was from passenger cars, 10.1% was from taxis, 7.2% was from light-duty vehicles, 2.5% was from heavy-duty vehicles and 0.2% was from buses. In the case of non-road source, the distribution showed that 66.3% was from construction machineries, 14.5% was from locomotives, 11.7% was from ships, 7.1% was from agriculture equipments and 0.5% was from aircrafts. The cold-start emissions were estimated as 942 tons/yr and this value was almost 1.5 times greater than that for hot engine emissions (608 tons/yr). In addition, the fuel-based distribution was 65.9%, 31.1% and 2.8% from gasoline, LPG and diesel vehicles, respectively. The emission ratio from mobile source occupied 65% and 30% of total benzene emissions in USA and UK, respectively. In case of Korea, the emission ratio of benzene from mobile source occupied 29% (15% from on-road source, 14% from non-road source) which showed similar value with UK.

국내 이동오염원에서 발생되는 벤젠 배출량 산정

이주형(Ju-Hyoung Lee),차준석(Jun-Seok Cha),홍지형(Ji-Hyung Hong),정동일(Dong-Il Jung),김지영(Ji-Young Kim) 한국대기환경학회 2008 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.24 No.1

Benzene is a very harmful and toxic compound known as human carcinogen by all routes of exposure. Owing to the risky feature of benzene, several countries such as Japan, UK and EU have established the ambient air quality standard and protect from that risk of it. Korea also has designated it as one of the criteria air pollutants and established the concentration limit (5 ㎍/㎥) in the air and is going to apply the standard from 2010. Benzene is emitted from various sources such as combustion plants, production processes, waste treatment facilities and also automobiles. Mobile source is known as one of the major emission sources of benzene. In this study, we estimated the domestic emissions of benzene from mobile source and compared the results with those of advanced countries. Mobile source was divided into 2 categories, i.e., on-road source and non-road source. The total emissions of benzene from mobile source were estimated as 3,106 tons/yr and 1,612 tons/yr was emitted from on-road source and 1,494 tons/yr was from non-road source. Emission ratio of benzene from on-road source showed that 80.0% was from passenger cars, 10.1% was from taxis, 7.2% was from light-duty vehicles, 2.5% was from heavy-duty vehicles and 0.2% was from buses. In the case of non-road source, the distribution showed that 66.3% was from construction machineries, 14.5% was from locomotives, 11.7% was from ships, 7.1% was from agriculture equipments and 0.5% was from aircrafts. The cold-start emissions were estimated as 942 tons/yr and this value was almost 1.5 times greater than that for hot engine emissions (608 tons/yr). In addition, the fuel-based distribution was 65.9%, 31.1% and 2.8% from gasoline, LPG and diesel vehicles, respectively. The emission ratio from mobile source occupied 65% and 30% of total benzene emissions in USA and UK, respectively. In case of Korea, the emission ratio of benzene from mobile source occupied 29% (15% from on-road source, 14% from non-road source) which showed similar value with UK.

Optimal Trajectory Control for Capturing a Mobile Sound Source by a Mobile Robot

Kim, M. S. Hyunwoo,Han, Jongho,Lee, Jangmyung World Scientific Publishing Company 2017 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANOID ROBOTICS Vol.14 No.4

<P>This paper presents a novel trajectory planning optimization process for a mobile robot to capture a mobile sound source (MSS) efficiently. The sound source can be an arbitrary object for the mobile robot to follow, such as a human being. The mobile robot is equipped with a microphone array so that it can obtain the location and direction of the MSS. During the capturing process, the location and direction of the MSS need to be known in advance so that an optimal path for capturing the sound source can be generated based upon a single or a double curvature path. Also a path predictive algorithm is used to estimate the moving path of the sound source. The conventional Kalman filter is used to realize an efficient prediction process for the mobile robot to capture the sound source quickly and accurately. The validity of the proposed algorithm has been demonstrated through its application in real experiments.</P>

교통환경정책 수립을 위한 대기환경 개선효과 추정방안 연구 도로이동오염원을 중심으로

한진석 ( Jin-seok Hahn ),서은주,서원호,김승범,최윤영 한국환경정책평가연구원 2016 기본연구보고서 Vol.2016 No.-

본 연구에서는 도로이동오염원을 대상으로 추진하는 교통환경정책의 수립 단계에서 활용 가능한 대기환경 개선효과 추정방안을 제시하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 방안은 정책 추진에 따른 도로이동오염원의 통행량과 대기오염물질 배출량의 변화, 대기오염물질의 공간적 확산과 이로 인한 인구의 건강영향을 순차적으로 고려한다. 특히, 도로이동오염원의 통행량 변화는 정책 효과와 직접적인 연관이 있기 때문에 대기환경 개선효과 추정방안에서 반드시 고려되어야 하며, 본 연구에서는 도로이동오염원 배출량 산정 시 교통분석모형 기반의 상향식(BUA: Buttom Up Approach) 방법을 적용하여 하향식(TDA: Top Down Approach) 방법 대비 정책 추진에 따른 통행자의 통행행태 변화를 상세하게 반영하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 대기환경 개선효과 추정방안은 기존 도로이동오염원의 배출량 분석 방법론 및 대기질 분석 방법론, 건강영향 분석 방법론, 국내외 관련 연구 사례 등을 검토하여 거시·중위 수준의 분석 방법론과 미시 수준의 분석 방법론으로 구분하여 제시하였으며, 시나리오 분석을 통하여 제시한 분석 방법론의 활용성을 검토하였다. 도로이동오염원의 배출량 분석 방법론은 정책 유형에 따라 TDA 접근 방법, BUA 접근 방법 모두 적용이 가능하다. 그러나 정책 추진으로 통행자의 통행행태 변화가 예상되는 경우에는 BUA 접근 방법의 적용이 필요하다. 본 연구에서 제시한 분석 방법론은 정책의 수혜 규모, 파급효과 등에 따라 거시·중위 수준 또는 미시 수준으로 적용이 가능하나 도로이동오염원 배출량 산정에 대한 미시 수준의 BUA 방법은 아직까지 공신력 있는 기초자료가 구축되어 있지 않기 때문에 현실적인 적용에는 한계가 있다. This study proposes an analysis method to test the improvement effects of air quality that can be used at the establishment stage of transport policy targeting mobile sources. The method considers changes to the volume of mobile emissions following policy enforcement, changes to the emission level of air pollutants, atmospheric dispersion of air pollutants, and the effects of air pollutants on the health of local residents, sequentially. In particular, changes to the traffic volume of mobile sources must be considered in the method to improve the effects of the atmospheric environment because the traffic volume has a direct connection to the effects of the policy. In this study, we intend to detail the changes to travelers`s travel behavior following policy enforcement. We will apply the bottom-up approach (BUA) based on the traffic demand model rather than top-down approach (TDA) when calculating changes to the emission level of the mobile sources. This study proposes analysis methods to test the effects of air quality by classifying into macro/meso-level analysis and micro-level analysis based on reviewing the analysis methodology used to test the emission level of mobile sources, analysis methodology for air quality, analysis methodology for health effects, and the related study cases from within and outside Korea. The TDA method and/or BUA method will be used to analyze the emission level of the mobile sources, depending on the type of policy. However, the BUA method must be applied when changes to the traveler`s travel behavior are expected in response to policy enforcement. The analysis method proposed in this study can be applied at the macro/meso level or micro level according to the size of the benefit from the policy, ripple effect, and other factors; however, application of the micro level BUA method in calculating the emission level of mobile sources is limited because the database on public confidence has not yet been established.

A Novel Architecture for Mobile Crowd and Cloud computing for Health care

kumar, Rethina,Ganapathy, Gopinath,Kang, Jeong-Jin The International Promotion Agency of Culture Tech 2018 International Journal of Advanced Culture Technolo Vol.6 No.4

The rapid pace of growth in internet usage and rich mobile applications and with the advantage of incredible usage of internet enabled mobile devices the Green Mobile Crowd Computing will be the suitable area to research combining with cloud services architecture. Our proposed Framework will deploy the eHealth among various health care sectors and pave a way to create a Green Mobile Application to provide a better and secured way to access the Products/ Information/ Knowledge, eHealth services, experts / doctors globally. This green mobile crowd computing and cloud architecture for healthcare information systems are expected to lower costs, improve efficiency and reduce error by also providing better consumer care and service with great transparency to the patient universally in the field of medical health information technology. Here we introduced novel architecture to use of cloud services with crowd sourcing.

깊은 신경망 기반 음원 추적 기법

박희문(Hee-Mun Park),정종대(Jong-Dae Jung) 한국전기전자학회 2019 전기전자학회논문지 Vol.23 No.4

본 논문은 모바일 로봇과 자동제어 시스템에 적용될 수 있는 음원 위치 추적 시스템(Sound Source Localization, SSL)을 보여준다. 대부분 SSL의 기법은 음원 도달 시간차(Interaural Time Difference, ITD)와 음압 레벨의 차이(Interaural Level Difference, ILD)를 구하고, 마이크로폰 배열의 기하학적 원리를 이용하여 위치를 찾게 된다. 하지만 본 논문에서는 음원의 수평 각도를 구하기 위해 깊은 인공 신경망을 기반으로 한 다른 접근법은 제안한다. 인간의 귀를 모방한 로봇의 양쪽 마이크로폰에서 음원의 신호를 채집하여 연구에 사용했다. Network를 학습시키기 위해 양쪽 마이크로폰에서 얻어진 음원의 스펙트럼 분포 차이를 이용하였다. 각 10도 마다 채집한 데이터로 네트워크를 학습시켰고 임의의 각도에서 얻어진 데이터로 결과를 확인했다. 실험 결과 제안한 SSL의 접근 방식은 상당히 가능성이 있는 결과를 보여주었다. In this paper, we describe a sound source localization(SSL) system which can be applied to mobile robot and automatic control systems. Usually the SSL method finds the Interaural Time Difference, the Interaural Level Difference, and uses the geometrical principle of microphone array. But here we proposed another approach based on the deep neural network to obtain the horizontal directional angle(azimuth) of the sound source. We pick up the sound source signals from the two microphones attached symmetrically on both sides of the robot to imitate the human ears. Here, we use difference of spectral distributions of sounds obtained from two microphones to train the network. We train the network with the data obtained at the multiples of 10 degrees and test with several data obtained at the random degrees. The result shows quite promising validity of our approach.

Mobility-Sensitive Multicast Protocol in NEMO

Long-Sheng Li,Hung-I Chi,Kai-Chung Xie,Din-Yuan Chan 한국인터넷정보학회 2022 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.16 No.6

In view of the past, the mobility of the multicast source in the mobility networks is seldom discussed in the traditional multicast protocols. It is a heavy cost for the traditional multicast protocols to reconstruct the multicast tree in the Network Mobility (NEMO) environment. This article proposes an alternative multicast protocol, referred to as Mobility-Sensitive Multicast protocol (MSM), for the NEMO environment. The MSM can be considered as an alternative version of the Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) protocol to maintain the multicast tree in the NEMO. There are two obvious contributions for the MSM. Reconstruct mechanism could rebuild the multicast tree for the mobility of the multicast source. Multi-group suppression mechanism reduce the multicast tree maintaining cost for the mobility of the multicast members. Through the performance evaluations and analyses, the MSM has less cost to maintain the multicast tree than the traditional multicast protocols, especially for a large numbers of multicast groups. Moreover, the MSM allows the mobility of the multicast source to reconstruct the multicast tree easily.

단방향 링크를 지원하는 이동 Ad Hoc 라우팅 프로토콜

이광배,김현유,정근원,Lee, Kwang-Bae,Kim, Hyun-Ug,Jung, Kun-Won 한국전기전자학회 2001 전기전자학회논문지 Vol.5 No.1

본 논문에서는 단방향 링크를 포함하는 이동 Ad Hoc 망에 대해 비대칭 경로를 지원하는 동적 소스 라우팅 프로토콜을 제안하였다. 기존의 동적 소스 라우팅 프로토콜은 양방향 링크로 구성된 대칭경로만을 지원하도록 구현되어있다. 그러나 실제적인 무선환경에서는 단말의 비대칭성이나 무선환경 특성등에 기인한 단방향 링크가 존재할 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 좀 더 일반적인 무선환경에 맞는 이동 Ad Hoc 망 라우팅 프로토콜을 구현하기 위하여 단방향 링크를 지원하도록 하였다. 특히 이동성으로 인한 경로 실패를 인식한 경우, 신속한 경로 재설정을 수행하기 위해 다중경로유지 기법을 사용하였다. 성능평가는 평균 경로설정시간 및 평균 데이터수신율에 대해 수행하였으며, 그 값을 얻기 위해 경로 상에 중간노드캐쉬의 사용여부 및 서로 다른 이동성과 연결성을 제공하는 시나리오를 고려하여, 100초 단위로 900초까지 성능평가를 수행하였다. In this paper, we propose a dynamic source routing protocol supporting asymmetric paths for mobile Ad Hoc networks that contain unidirectional links. At present, the existing dynamic source routing protocol supports only symmetric paths that consist of bidirectional links for routing. However, in fact, there can exist unidirectional links due to asymmetric property of mobile terminals or current wireless environment. Thus, we implement a mobile Ad Hoc routing protocol supporting unidirectional links, which is fit for more general wireless environment. Especially, the proposed protocol uses an improved multipath maintenance method in order to perform rapid route reconfiguration when route error due to mobility is detected. For performance evaluation, we consider the following factors: average route discovery time and average data reception rate. In order to obtain the factors of the performance evaluation, we did simulation for 900 seconds in the step of 100 seconds with the following scenarios: usage of route cache in intermediate nodes on route path, and different mobility/connection patterns.

A Novel Architecture for Mobile Crowd and Cloud computing for Health care

레티나쿠마르,Gopinath Ganapathy,강정진 국제문화기술진흥원 2018 International Journal of Advanced Culture Technolo Vol.6 No.4

The rapid pace of growth in internet usage and rich mobile applications and with the advantage of incredible usage of internet enabled mobile devices the Green Mobile Crowd Computing will be the suitable area to research combining with cloud services architecture. Our proposed Framework will deploy the eHealth among various health care sectors and pave a way to create a Green Mobile Application to provide a better and secured way to access the Products/ Information/ Knowledge, eHealth services, experts / doctors globally. This green mobile crowd computing and cloud architecture for healthcare information systems are expected to lower costs, improve efficiency and reduce error by also providing better consumer care and service with great transparency to the patient universally in the field of medical health information technology. Here we introduced novel architecture to use of cloud services with crowd sourcing.