백색 가토 외안근후전술 후 Myosin Heavy Chain 아형들의 변화

사호석,오세열 대한안과학회 2009 대한안과학회지 Vol.50 No.8

Purpose: To study the changes in the amount and isoform pattern of the myosin heavy chain (MyHC) in rabbit extraocular muscle (EOM) fibers after recession. Methods: Sixteen New Zealand white rabbits were used. Recession surgery was performed on the right superior rectus (SR) muscle by 3 mm in eight rabbits, and performed by 8 mm in other eight rabbits. The left SR muscles were left intact as the control groups. The SR muscles in both eyes were harvested from two rabbits from each recession group at 3 days and 1, 2, and 4 weeks after surgery. The changes in MyHC amount and isoform pattern were analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Results: Total MyHC content decreased from 1 week after surgery in the 3-mm recessed group and from 3 days in the 8-mm group. The type IIb MyHC (MyHCIIb) plus EOM-specific MyHC (MyHCeom) showed similar proportional changes to the total MyHC at the different time points after surgery. Conclusions: The fast MyHCIIb plus the superfast MyHCeom decreased after EOM recession, and these results appear to be related to the changes in the global layer rather than in the orbital one. This suggests that the global layer might be the fast and the superfast twitch portions of rabbit EOM, which perform the fast saccades in ocular movements. 목적: 가토의 외안근후전술을 시행한 후 외안근의 Myosin heavy chain (MyHC) 양의 변화를 측정하고 MyHC 아형들의 변화를 알아보 고자 한다. 대상과 방법: 16마리의 New Zealand 백색 가토 중 8마리에서 우안 상직근 3 mm 후전술을, 8마리에서 우안 상직근 8 mm 후전술을 시행하였다. 수술하지 않은 좌안 상직근은 대조군으로 하였다. 수술 후 3일, 1주, 2주, 4주 때 상직근을 적출하여, MyHC의 총량과 그 아형들을 전기영동으로 분석하였다. 결과: 외안근후전술 후 MyHC 총량은 감소하였는데, 3 mm 후전술은 술 후 1주 때부터, 8 mm 후전술은 술 후 3일 때부터 감소가 관찰 되었으며, 감소량은 8 mm 후전술을 시행한 경우가 더 큰 경향을 보였다. MyHC 아형들의 변화는 빠른 아형인 MyHCIIb plus MyHCeom의 감소가 두드러졌고, MyHC 총량의 변화와 그 양상이 비슷하였다. 결론: 외안근후전술 후 MyHCIIb와 MyHCeom의 감소가 주로 관찰되었고, 이는 외안근 안구층의 변화에 의한 것으로 추정된다. 따라서 신속눈운동은 주로 안구층 근섬유들의 특징적 기능이라고 생각된다.

The Falling Profitability of U.S. Multinational Corporations Abroad: Implications for an Understanding of Global Profitability and the Great Recession

앤드루 클리먼 경상대학교 사회과학연구원 2012 마르크스주의 연구 Vol.9 No.2

This paper finds that U.S multinational corporations’ after-tax rate of return on foreign direct investment fell significantly between 1983 and the start of the recent global financial crisis. It also analyzes movements in this rate of return in the twenty countries in which the largest shares of U.S. foreign direct investment were located. The country-level evidence indicates that the fall in the rate of profit was very broad-based, both geographically and in terms of industrial composition, and that globally-operative forces seem to have contributed significantly to the fall in a large majority of cases. When considered together with evidence that U.S. corporations’ domestic rate of profit also fell during this period, the evidence presented herein suggests that the fall in the rate of profit was an underlying cause of the Great Recession. Moreover, the country-level evidence indicates that the general global rate of profit, of all U.S. and non-U.S. corporations taken together, probably fell as well.

The Global Financial Crisis and the Challenges of the Korean Economy

In June Kim 서울대학교 경제연구소 2012 Seoul journal of economics Vol.25 No.3

This paper analyzes why the U.S. financial crisis evolved into a global financial crisis, and why the Great Moderation led to the Great Recession. Then, the U.S. policy responses to the crisis are discussed and are compared with the policy measures prescribed by the IMF on the Korean economy immediately after the 1997 Korean Currency and Banking Crisis. The paper also deals with the sovereign debt crises of the Euro zone to analyze the needs for macro-prudential regulation and supervision. The main focus of this paper, however, is to examine the impacts of the global financial crisis on the Korean economy, to evaluate the macro-policy measures meant to ride out the crisis, and to present the major challenges that Korea will face in the future. Given that internal and external risk factors abound, along with persistent uncertainties in the Korean economy, the policies on securing price, financial, exchange rate, and fiscal stability as well as stable economic growth are recommended.

Small- and Medium-sized Firms' Internationalization and Performance during a Recession

KIM, Yong-Young,KIM, Young Ei,OH, Ka Young Korea Distribution Science Association 2020 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.7 No.9

This study aims to verify the relationship between overseas activities and performance of Korea's SMEs during the last financial crisis. Whether overseas activity performance of enterprises differed was determined based on characteristic variables, including the degree of concentration on R&D and marketing. This study also examined how SMEs' international transactions and their performance differed based on internal variable such as the level of stock holding and firm size. This study developed a model for analyzing the relationship between the level of internationalization and performance of Koran SMEs listed in the KOSDAQ. We used firm-level data, including annual reports and various data sources such as the KISVALUE program. To smooth annual fluctuations in accounting data, we used a three-year average from 2006 to 2009 for each variable in the study. The results showed that proactive overseas activities ultimately had a positive effect on an enterprise's performance, even though it initially had a negative effect. Therefore, enterprises should focus their capacity on R&D and marketing environment. Although numerous studies have focused on the relationship between overseas activities and performance of enterprises, the present study analyzed whether enterprises should continuously engage in overseas activities and what capacities they should strengthen during a global economic recession.

Populism out of Globalization: Drifting Civil Society in South Korea

임현진 한국사회과학협의회 2021 Korean Social Science Journal Vol.48 No.3

Today we are witnessing the decline of democracy and the resurgence of authoritarianism worldwide. Undoubtedly, democracy is in retreat, threatening to undermine political rights and civil liberties. I would like to point out two things of importance. First, while citizens throw doubt on electoral votes, they tend to rely on increasing activism on the streets and to show growing resentment online. This politics of distrust endangers representative democracy characterized by participation and contestation. Second, populism makes a comeback to threaten party politics while at the same time widening political and ideological cleavages. From Italy through Turkey to Brazil, populist parties have gained increasing power by resorting to either exclusionary nativism or inclusionary egalitarianism. This paper argues that neoliberal globalization has brought in sovereignty crisis in terms of making national policies on migration, refugees, inequality, polarization, job losses, and so on. I claim that the rise of populism manifests the weakness of today’s democratic representation system. However, populism is dictated by rhetoric and mobilization to remain in power. Propaganda and agitation often outweigh debates and participation. Populist movements or parties try to mobilize mass support to directly link to the people. I examine populist tendencies in South Korea that mobilize supporters through new social media characterized by fake news, misinformation, and biased broadcasting. South Korea’s civil society, that had expanded its space during candlelight protests in 2016 and 2017, has formed two antagonistic political camps, the pro-Moon group and anti-Moon group. It should be emphasized that civic empowerment would be the best possible solution to save democratic values and institutions in the face of populist challenges. In the midst of antagonistic conflicts between two opposing political camps, civil society has become too divided to play a part in empowering citizens. The future of Korean democracy would be dependent upon whether a strong and sound civil society can be revitalized for civic empowerment. I suggest that civil dialogues between two antagonistic political camps will play a key role. Today we are witnessing the decline of democracy and the resurgence of authoritarianism worldwide. Undoubtedly, democracy is in retreat, threatening to undermine political rights and civil liberties. I would like to point out two things of importance. First, while citizens throw doubt on electoral votes, they tend to rely on increasing activism on the streets and to show growing resentment online. This politics of distrust endangers representative democracy characterized by participation and contestation. Second, populism makes a comeback to threaten party politics while at the same time widening political and ideological cleavages. From Italy through Turkey to Brazil, populist parties have gained increasing power by resorting to either exclusionary nativism or inclusionary egalitarianism. This paper argues that neoliberal globalization has brought in sovereignty crisis in terms of making national policies on migration, refugees, inequality, polarization, job losses, and so on. I claim that the rise of populism manifests the weakness of today’s democratic representation system. However, populism is dictated by rhetoric and mobilization to remain in power. Propaganda and agitation often outweigh debates and participation. Populist movements or parties try to mobilize mass support to directly link to the people. I examine populist tendencies in South Korea that mobilize supporters through new social media characterized by fake news, misinformation, and biased broadcasting. South Korea’s civil society, that had expanded its space during candlelight protests in 2016 and 2017, has formed two antagonistic political camps, the pro-Moon group and anti-Moon group. It should be emphasized that civic empowerment would be the best possible solution to save democratic values and institutions in the face of populist challenges. In the midst of antagonistic conflicts between two opposing political camps, civil society has become too divided to play a part in empowering citizens. The future of Korean democracy would be dependent upon whether a strong and sound civil society can be revitalized for civic empowerment. I suggest that civil dialogues between two antagonistic political camps will play a key role.

China’s Macroeconomic Response to the Global Recession: Ideational Sources and Substantive Contents

Albert S. Yee 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2012 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.36 No.1

Confronted with a looming global recession in 2008–2009, Chinese policymakers quickly concurred on a multipronged package of fiscal,monetary, household, and social remedies. No doubt, crisis exigencies and an authoritarian political system contributed to their prompt convergence on this policy response. However, to more fully and accurately explain the substantive content and macroeconomic logic of this quick policy concurrence, an alternative ideational explanation is needed. This article delineates one such explanation. Chinese policymakers quickly concurred on their package response because epistemologically receptive and knowledgeable technocrats, equipped with operational experience and institutional capacity, diagnosed their predicament and pursued logically appropriate remedies, in accordance with a policy paradigm of macroeconomic fundamentals.

Economics During Global Recession: Sharia-Economics as a Post COVID-19 Agenda

Aryati ARFAH,Fahruddin Zain OLILINGO,S. SYAIFUDDIN,D. DAHLIAH,N. NURMIATI,Aditya Halim Perdana Kusuma PUTRA 한국유통과학회 2020 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.7 No.11

This research is a literacy study regarding the implementation and management of the economic role of haria as a new strategy in overcoming the problem of the global financial crisis that has hit the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research method comes from previous studies to compare the capitalist, socialist, and sharia economic systems. In response to various economic uncertainties, both internal and external, the ability to seize opportunities and transform has become the key to economic resilience. Islamic economics can be an alternative in responding to the dynamics of the global and national economy. Several things need to be taken into consideration in fulfilling the sharia economy and the primary strategy chosen must come from the inputs given by the stakeholders, including business actors, associations, regulators as well as experts, and academicians. The primary strategy in implementing the sharia economy also requires the support of various parties in order to develop sustainability. Strengthening regulation and governance is one of the fundamental factors. Optimization of the sharia economy based social sector such as Zakat, Infaq, Sadaqah, and Waqaf can be optimized both for collection and distribution so that the concept of sharing can certainly support the development and the economy both nationally and globally.

경제위기별 세입흐름의 특징과 시사점

심혜정 국회예산정책처 2021 예산정책연구 Vol.10 No.2

This paper examines whether the revenue shock was different for each economic crisis. The results find that revenue shock was relatively mild compared to the deep economic shock during the Asian economic crisis. Narrative evidence indicates that the surge in price indicators such as interest rates, inflation, and oil prices mitigated the revenue shock caused by an economic shock. However, during the Global financial crisis, the revenue shock was severe and their recoveries weak, due to a plunge of the windfall taxes. This paper argues that the revenue shock during the recessions associated with the collapse of the asset market bubble tends to be severe. Similarly, the revenue shock during globally synchronized recessions is often deep, and recoveries of tax revenues from these recessions are generally weak, with corporate income taxes and tariff taxes playing a much more limited role than in less synchronized recessions. 본고의 목적은 경제위기별로 세입흐름의 패턴이 달랐는지 살펴보고, 그 원인을 찾는 데 있다. 본고의 결과에 따르면 외환위기에는 상대적으로 큰 경기충격에 비해 세입충격은 덜했던 반면 글로벌 금융위기에는 경기충격에 비해 세입충격이 컸다. 외환위기에는 금리, 물가, 유가 등 가격지표의 급등이 경기충격에 따른 세입충격을 완화했다. 반면 글로벌 금융위기에 세입충격이 컸던 데는 위기의 특징이 (1) 자산시장의 거품 붕괴와 연관되어 경기침체가 전개됐다는 점, (2) 소비여력 및 소비성향의 둔화로 회복국면에도 민간소비 부진이 지속된 점, (3) 경기수축국면의 전 세계적 동조화 정도(Global Synchronization of Economic Cycles)가 높았던 반면 경기회복국면의 동조화 정도는 낮았다는 데 있다. 즉 직전 확장기의 세수호조를 견인하였던 자산관련 세수가 자산시장의 붐 붕괴로 큰 폭의 감소세로 반전했고, 경제위기가 전 세계적으로 동조화되면서 수출의존도가 높은 우리 기업의 영업이익 감소가 법인세수의 단기적 급락을 초래했다. 반면 확장국면에는 금융위기가 유럽 재정위기로 전이되는 등 경기회복의 전 세계적 동조화 정도가 낮아 세입회복이 상대적으로 낮은 수준에 그쳤다. 코로나19 사태로 인한 세입흐름을 살펴보면 저금리, 풍부한 유동성에 힘입은 자산관련 세수의 급등세가 법인세・부가가치세 등 실물부문의 세입충격을 상회하고 있다. 경기회복의 모멘텀이 전 세계적으로 동조화될 경우 세입증가율은 단기적으로는 장기 추세를 상회하는 높은 수준의 세입증가세로 반등할 가능성이 크다. 그러나 코로나19 사태가 장기화될 경우 세입충격의 하방위험이 증대될 가능성도 상존한다. 실물경제의 위기가 신용위험 또는 자산시장 충격으로 확산될 경우 세입충격을 완충해 주고 있는 자산관련 세수가 급격한 위축으로 이어질 가능성이 있기 때문이다.

Openness and Diversification of Foreign Direct Investment for Export Stability under the Global Economic Crisis: Case Study of OECD Countries

( Won Kyu Shin ) 한국EU학회 2010 Asia-Pacific Journal of EU Studies Vol.8 No.1

In an integrated world, no country is free from a possible downturn in business cycles, which entails fluctuations of export growth. However, FDI seems to stabilize exports during the crisis while reaping its own benefits in all times. With recent data from OECD countries, our new approach regarding FDI openness and diversification is introduced to draw some important policy implications for stability in export growth, and thus to economy. First, an economy more open to FDI is stronger against an external shock to exports. Openness in both inward and outward FDI makes exports less volatile during the hardest-hit times of recession. Second, along with the FDI openness, when geographical source of inward FDI and destination of outward FDI are diversified, it can also work as a buffer to an external shock.

금융위기 이후 전 세계 농업의 구조 변화 검증

김화년 사단법인 인문사회과학기술융합학회 2017 예술인문사회융합멀티미디어논문지 Vol.7 No.6

This paper analyzed whether agricultural production in the world experience a structural change and its growth was being maintained after the global financial crisis. The sales volume of global agricultural companies increased in the annual growth rate of 6.2% after the financial crisis and it exceeded the sales performance of non-agricultural companies. The estimation and test results of the panel data model showed that there was no structural break in the agricultural production of 58 countries including the United States, Australia, Brazil after the crisis. Moreover, using the interaction variable utilized with the financial crisis dummy variable the financial crisis didn’t have a statistically significant effect on the agricultural production. These results signifies the global economic recession is unlikely to have an effect on the growing trend of the agriculture. The current agriculture expands the base further to the highly growing agribusiness such as seed industries, agrochemical industries and global grain trading, and it is transformed into the smart agriculture using the advanced technologies including Internet of Things. Therefore the preconception that the agriculture is a declining industry should be given up and by investing in the seed and smart agriculture technologies, the agriculture will become more growing and profitable industry. 본 연구는 전 세계 농업이 글로벌 금융위기 이후 구조변화 없이 성장성이 유지되고 있는가를 분석했다. 금융위기 이후 전 세계 주요 농기업의 매출은 연평균 6.2% 증가하여 비농업 기업들의 실적을 상회했다. 패널데이터 모형을 이용해 금융위기 이후 미국, 호주, 브라질 등 전 세계 58개국의 농업 생산에 구조변화가 일어났는가를 분석한 결과, 구조변화가 일어나지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 금융위기 더미와의 상호작용 변수를 활용해 유의성을 검정한 결과, 금융위기가 농업 생산에 영향을 주지 못했다. 이는 글로벌 경기 침체 상황이 농업의 성장 추세에 영향을 미치지 못한다는 것을 의미한다. 현대 농업은 종자 및 농화학 산업, 곡물 트레이딩 등의 고성장 농산업을 포함하고 있고, 사물인터넷 등 첨단 기술을 활용하여 스마트 농업으로 변모하고 있다. 따라서 한국도 농업이 사양 산업이라는 선입견을 버리고 종자와 스마트 농업 기술 등에 투자하여 고수익의 성장 산업이 될 수 있도록 노력해야 할 것이다.