Can Exercise Make You Smart? Effect of Acute Exercise on Cognition

( Yu Kai Chang ) 한국체육학회 2015 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.1

Research related to acute exercise and cognition has been examined since the 1990s. Both narrative and meta-analytic reviews have generally demonstrated that acute exercise has a positive effect on cognitive functions. Recently, this research issue has been expanded by studies assessing various exercise types, the nature of cognitive functions, and the dose-response relationships at work between specific exercise components and cognition. In addition, the underlying mechanism beyond acute exercise and cognition was also investigated by many novel techniques derived from cognitive neuroscience approaches. These studies provide updated knowledge concerning the implications of how to maximize acute exercise effects on cognitive functions. The purpose of this talk is to reflect on the trends of this research issue by introducing previous and current understandings emphasizing acute exercise and cognitive functions. Specifically, along with reviewing some pioneer works, this presentation provides updated knowledge from our group, emphasizing: a) the effects of acute exercise on cognitive functions, especially studies involving issues of various exercise types, and dose-response relationships; b) acute exercise impacts on cognition as evidenced in a variety of neuroelectric and neuroimaging techniques, and lastly; c) current conclusions and implications regarding the outcome of acute exercise on cognitive functions.

The Relativity and Salience of Identity Across Cultures

임태섭,Mike Allen,Nancy Burrell,Sang-Yeon Kim 한국소통학회 2007 한국소통학보 Vol.8 No.-

이 논문은 문화적 차이를 연구함에 있어서 서양적 관점에 기초한 개인주의-집단주의식 비교의 문제점을 지적하고 동양적 시각을 반영하는 새로운 이론이 필요함을 주창한다. 동서양의 근본적인 차이는 일체주의적(holistic) 세계관과 분석주의적(analytic, atomistic) 세계관이라는 점에 입각하여, 이 연구는 인지적 상대주의 이론 내세우고, 그 타당성을 경험적으로 검증하였다. 조사 결과, (1) 한국과 같은 일체주의적 문화를 가진 사회에서, 구성원들의 정체성은 상황에 따라 변하는 경향이 높으며 (즉 상대적이며), 미국처럼 분석주의적 문화를 가진 사회에서는, 구성원들의 정체성이 인간관계나 상황에 따라 변화하는 정도가 낮고 절대성이 높다는 것과, (2) 일체주의적 사회에서는 개인적 정체성보다는 사회적 정체성이 더 중요하며, 분석주의적 사회에서는 사회적 정체성보다 개인적 정체성이 대인 커뮤니케이션에 더 많은 영향을 미친다는 것을 발견하였다. 이 결과는 인지적 상대성이론이 기존의 문화적 차이에 대한 이론들(즉, collectivism -individualism, particularism-universalism, high context-low context communication, 및 interdependent-independent construals)을 통합함으로써, 앞으로의 비교문화권적 연구에 보다 과학적이며 타당성 높은 이론적 틀을 제공할 가능성이 있음을 보여주었다. This study proposed and tested the theory of cognitive relativity. Results indicate that; (a) members of a holistic culture tend to develop more relative (or unstable) personal identity, which is easily affected by others in social relationships, whereas more absolute (or stable) personal identity forms among those from atomistic societies; (b) social identity appears more salient for the holists, while the atomists (or analysts) tend to possess more salient personal identities. These results imply that the theory of relativity can potentially provide scientific explanations to diverse cultural differences, with integrating most leading perspectives in cross-cultural studies such as the collectivismindividualism distinction, the particularism-universalism distinction, the high context-low context distinction, and the interdependent-independent construal of the self.

A Cognitive-Functional Account for Relative Clauses in Discourse

Kim, Kyungyul 한국중앙영어영문학회 2011 영어영문학연구 Vol.53 No.2

From a cognitive-functional perspective, this study examines the cognitive effects of relative clauses in discourse. The main purpose of this study is to identify a correlation between the grammatical roles of relative clauses and their pragmatically motivated functions. To identify the pragmatic factors that govern the choice of particular types of relative clauses and their cognitive effects on their occurrence in discourse, we analyzed the distributional patterns and the frequency of occurrence of particular types of relative clauses in discourse. The findings from the data analysis reveal that the discourse-oriented tendencies of particular types of relative clauses in relation to the location of relative clauses, the choice of a particular type of relative clause, and the length of relative clauses reflect human language processing and cognitive-pragmatic strategies, minimizing the complexity of relative clauses and the load of sentence processing. Finally, this study proposes that a more cognitively accessible linguistic structure implies more frequent use in discourse, lessening the complexity of human language processing.

A Cognitive-Functional Account for Relative Clauses in Discourse

김경열 한국중앙영어영문학회 2011 영어영문학연구 Vol.53 No.2

From a cognitive-functional perspective, this study examines the cognitive effects of relative clauses in discourse. The main purpose of this study is to identify a correlation between the grammatical roles of relative clauses and their pragmatically motivated functions. To identify the pragmatic factors that govern the choice of particular types of relative clauses and their cognitive effects on their occurrence in discourse, we analyzed the distributional patterns and the frequency of occurrence of particular types of relative clauses in discourse. The findings from the data analysis reveal that the discourse-oriented tendencies of particular types of relative clauses in relation to the location of relative clauses, the choice of a particular type of relative clause, and the length of relative clauses reflect human language processing and cognitive-pragmatic strategies, minimizing the complexity of relative clauses and the load of sentence processing. Finally, this study proposes that a more cognitively accessible linguistic structure implies more frequent use in discourse, lessening the complexity of human language processing.

한국어와 중국어에서 공간관계의 부호화 대조분석: 인지언어학적 접근

왕난난 언어과학회 2017 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.81

This paper discussed the cognitive system of Korean speakers and Chinese speakers by investigating the expressions of spatial relations between Korean and Chinese. The results are as follows: First, we pointed out the definition and characteristics of spatial relations and established their semantic types. Second, we compared expressions of spatial relation between Korean and Chinese through three types of spatial relations, namely relative static spatial relations, absolute static spatial relations and directional spatial relations. Third, we explained the universality and variety of the methods of conceptualization in terms of ‘figure-ground relationship’, ‘iconicity’, ‘perspective’, ‘prominence’, etc. .

Linguistic Relativity: Evidence from Native Korean and English Speakers and Factors Affecting Its Extent

남현정 한국현대언어학회 2017 언어연구 Vol.32 No.4

This study explores how linguistic relativity of a language affects the cognition of its speakers. The findings show compelling evidence supporting linguistic relativity. The way that native Koreans perceive objects was found to be different from that of native English speakers. The factors affecting the extent of linguistic relativity are the test type and the language exposure in the target culture. The linguistic test seems to trigger the path between the language and the cognition more directly than the non-linguistic test where the cognitive activity may bypass any linguistic encoding. The effect of English proficiency did not reach the statistical significance; however, the cultural exposure revealed a positive effect on linguistic relativity.

Linguistic Relativity: Evidence from Native Korean and English Speakers and Factors Affecting Its Extent

( Nam Hyun-jeong ) 한국현대언어학회 2017 언어연구 Vol.32 No.4

This study explores how linguistic relativity of a language affects the cognition of its speakers. The findings show compelling evidence supporting linguistic relativity. The way that native Koreans perceive objects was found to be different from that of native English speakers. The factors affecting the extent of linguistic relativity are the test type and the language exposure in the target culture. The linguistic test seems to trigger the path between the language and the cognition more directly than the non-linguistic test where the cognitive activity may bypass any linguistic encoding. The effect of English proficiency did not reach the statistical significance; however, the cultural exposure revealed a positive effect on linguistic relativity. (Dong-A University)

한국어와 중국어에서 공간관계의 부호화 대조분석

王楠楠(Wang, Nan-nan) 언어과학회 2017 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.81

This paper discussed the cognitive system of Korean speakers and Chinese speakers by investigating the expressions of spatial relations between Korean and Chinese. The results are as follows: First, we pointed out the definition and characteristics of spatial relations and established their semantic types. Second, we compared expressions of spatial relation between Korean and Chinese through three types of spatial relations, namely relative static spatial relations, absolute static spatial relations and directional spatial relations. Third, we explained the universality and variety of the methods of conceptualization in terms of ‘figure-ground relationship’, ‘iconicity’, ‘perspective’, ‘prominence’, etc.

아동의 또래관계 향상을 위한 놀이중심 인지재구조화 프로그램의 효과

손명희(Son, Myoung-Hee),오정숙(Oh, Jeung-Sug),김현영(Kim, Hyun-Young) 한국복지행정학회 2007 복지행정논총 Vol.17 No.1

본 연구는 놀이 중심의 인지재구조화 프로그램을 적용하여 또래관계를 변화키려는 소수 사례연구이다. 연구대상은 담임교사로부터 또래관계에 어려움이 있다고 의뢰된 아동 중 또래에 대한 지각이 부정적인 아동 5명으로 하였다. 프로그램은 인지적 문제해결기술훈련과 역할놀이, 정서적 교육 및 놀이의 치료적 요인인 동기유발, 통찰, 재경험에 중점을 두고 1회기 70분, 주 2회, 총 12회 실시되었다. 또래관계의 변화를 알아보기 위해 자기 보고식 또래관계 척도를 사전․사후․유지로 비교하고, 자유놀이 상황에서 2회기마다 놀이행동 관찰 기록지를 사용하여 아동의 놀이행동 변화를 측정하였다. 그 결과 놀이 중심의 인지재구조화 프로그램은 또래관계에서 긍정적인 변화를 가져왔다. 따라서 본 연구의 놀이 중심의 인지재구조화 프로그램이 또래관계에 긍정적인 변화를 가져온다는 것을 알 수 있었다. This research reports a case of 5 children whose peer relations have been improved through a play-based cognitive restructuring program. The 5 children with negative perception on peers were selected from children who were referred by the class teacher for difficulties in peer relation. The program was practised for six week, two sessions a week and a total of 12 sessions, and 70 minutes in each session, focusing on cognitive problem solving skill training, role play, emotional education and the therapeutic factors of play such as motivation, insight and re-experience. Changes in peer relation were examined by testing the children before, during and after the program using a self-reporting peer relation scale, and changes in the children’s playing behavior were measured using a playing behavior observation chart at every other session. The results showed positive changes in their peer perception and peer expectation, as well as in their peer relation, suggesting that a play-based cognitive restructuring program brings positive changes in children’s peer relation.

광고 및 홍보 연구에서 사회 인지 심리의 기여와 향후의 연구 방안

김재휘(Kim, Jae-Hwi),강윤희(Kang, Yoon-Hee) 한국광고홍보학회 2017 한국광고홍보학보 Vol.19 No.2

본 연구는 광고 홍보 영역에서 설득 커뮤니케이션의 효과를 보다 명확히 이해하기 위해 사회 인지적 패러다임을 통해 소비 심리를 설명하고자 한다. 심리학의 사회 인지 접근이 무엇인지 자세히 설명하고, 광고 및 홍보 연구에서 주요하게 다뤄지는 주제들을 중심으로 사회 인지의 여러 심리학적 이론들이 어떻게 적용되어 왔으며, 향후 적용될 수 있는지 소개 한다. 이를 통하여 궁극적으로 사회 인지 심리학의 이론들이 소비자 행동을 이해하고 효과적인 설득 커뮤니케이션을 위해 어떻게 활용될 수 있는지에 대한 이론적 준거를 제시하는 것이 주요한 목표라 할 수 있다. 보다 구체적으로 사회 인지 심리의 주요 특성 및 역사를 개관한 후, 기업의 사회 공헌 활동(CSR)에 대한 소비자 반응, 위기에 대한 반응과 위기 대처 커뮤니케이션, 건강과 헬스 커뮤니케이션, 공익 행동을 이끌어 내기 위한 설득과 같이 광고 홍보 연구에서 주요하게 다뤘던 연구 이슈들을 정리하고, 사회 인지 심리적인 관점의 여러 이론들을 통해 해당 주제를 보다 심층적으로 분석, 설명하고자 하였다. 이를 통하여 설득 효과에 대해 연구하는 연구자들에게 심리학적 이론들을 통해 현상을 보다 세밀히 설명하고, 관련 연구 주제에 적용할 수 있는 기회를 제공하고자 한다. The purpose of this study is to explain consumer psychology through social cognitive paradigm in order to more clearly understand the effect of persuasive communication in advertising and public relations. In other words, this article is introducing how psychological theories of social cognition have been applied and will apply in the future, focusing on topics that are mainly dealt with in advertising and public relations research. The main goal of this study is to provide a theoretical basis on how the theories of social cognitive psychology are applied to understand consumer behavior and how they can be used for effective persuasion communication. After analyzing the major characteristics and history of social cognitive psychology in detail, summarize the research issues that were mainly dealt with in advertising and public relations research. Key issues include that persuasion to drive public interest behavior, Health and Health Communication, Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR), Risk management communication. This study aims to provide a more detailed explanation of the phenomenon through the psychological theories to the researchers who study persuasive effect, and to provide opportunities to apply them to related research topics.