동일 축사내에서 Aluminum Sulfate 처리와 단백질 수준에 따른 육계의 생산성과 암모니아 가스 발생 및 깔짚내 수용성 P의 함량에 미치는 영향

최인학,남기홍 한국가금학회 2003 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.30 No.2

In this study, broilers were raised up to 6 weeks of age in a single room to determine if different levels of dietary protein or addition of aluminum sulfate[alum, $Al_2$(SO$_4$)$_3$ㆍ14$H_2O$] to the litter affected growth performance, production of ammonia(NH$_3$) and soluble phosphorus(SP) content of the litter.The experimental treatments consisted of six treatments in a 2x3 factorial arrangements: T$_1$=23% protein + 0.2% alum to litter; T$_2$=21% protein + 0.2% alum to litter; T$_3$=19% protein + 0.2% alum to litter; T$_4$=23% protein + no alum; T$_{5}$=21% protein + no alum; T$_{6}$=19% protein + no alum. For broiler performance, there was no effect of alum addition to the litter, but the dietary protein levels significantly affected feed intake from days 22 to 42(P<0.05) and day 0 to 42(P< 0.05), weight gain during all periods(P<0.05 or 0.01), and feed:gain from day 0 to 21(P<0.05) and day 0 to 42(P<0.05). Alum addition to the litter did not affect body weight at 21 and 42 days, but dietary protein levels has a significant effect on it at both 21(P<0.0l) and 42 days(P<0.05). Alum addition only affected ammonia production at weeks 3(P<O.05), but different protein levels affected ammonia production from week 2 to week 6(P<0.05 and 0.01). The interaction between alum and protein showed a significant effect(P<0.05) at week 6. Total phosphorus content of litter was significantly affected by both addition of alum to the litter and dietary protein levels as well as their interaction(P<0.0l),but soluble phosphorus content of the litter was only affected by alum addition(P<0.05). If we summarize this research again, when broilers are raised in the same room with 3 different protein levels and alum addition on the litter, different protein levels affect broiler performance and ammonia content in the cage, but alum addition did not show any significant effect except soluble phosphorus in the litter.

앨럼의 처리가 깔짚 내의 질소 함량과 암모니아 가스 발생에 미치는 영향

최인학,남기홍 대구대학교 생명과학연구소 2003 생명과학연구 Vol.1 No.3

본 연구에서는 단백질 수준을 달리한 Alum의 첨가가 깔짚 내의 질소(N) 함량의 변화와 Alum의 효과가 6주에서 암모니아 발생에 어떠한 영향을 주는지 알기 위해서 실시하였다. 실험은 6개의 처리구에 단백질 수준(23%, 21%, 19%)을 달리하여 T_1; protein 23% + Alum addition, T_2: protein 21% + Alum addition, T_3; protein 19% + Alum addition, T_4; protein 23% + No Alum addition, T_5; protein 21% + No Alum addition로 처리하였다. T_1, T_2, T_3구에는 깔짚(왕겨)에 Alum(Al_2(SO_4)_3·14H_2O)을 왕겨 kg당 200g씩 첨가하여 top dressing 하였으며, T_4, T_5, T_6구에는 Alum을 첨가하지 않았다. 질소 함량과 이용 가능한 질소함량에 있어 깔짚은 C:Organic-N 비율의 앨럼 주 효과만을 제외하고는(P>0.05). pH에서 C:Organic-N 비율에 이르는 Alum, 단백질의 주 효과 및 Alum과 단백질의 상호작용간에 통계적 차이를 보였다(P<0.05와 0.01). Alum 처리 구(T_1, T_2, T_3구)와 Alum을 처리하지 않은 구(T_4, T_5, T_6구)를 비교시, Alum 처리 구가 pH, 수분, C:N과 C:Organic-N 함량 비율은 낮은 반면, 전체적인 질소 함량은 높게 나타났다. 깔짚에서 전체적으로 질소 함량간에 차이를 보였다고 하더라도 T_1처리구가 높았다는 것을 의미한다. Alum을 처리하지 않은 구는 반대의 결과를 나타낸다. 6주동안 깔짚 내에서 측정된 암모니아가스 농도는 1주와 2주, 4주와 5중에서 통계적인 유의차가 없었지만(P>0.01과 0.05). 3주에서는 Alum과 단백질 주 효과(P<0.01과 0.05). 6주에서는 단백질 주 효과(P<0.01), Alum과 단백질의 상호작용(P<0.05)에서 통계적 유의차를 보였다. Alum을 처리한 구(T_1, T_2, T_3구)가 Alum을 처리하지 않은 구(T_4, T_5, T_6구)보다 암모니아 발생이 감소하는 경향을 보여 주고 있다. 결론적으로, 깔짚에 Alum을 처리할 경우 단백질 수준에 따른 질소 함량을 높이는 효과와 질소 비료원으로써 가치 및 퇴비로 이용시 식물의 양분공급, 토양의 화학적·생물학적 특성을 개선하는 결과의 기대뿐만 아니라 6주에서는 다소 암모니아 발생이 증가되었지만, Alum 처리 구가 암모니아 발생을 감소시키는 결과를 보여주었다. This study was conducted to determine the change of Alum addition with the different levels of crude protein on nitrogen contents in litter and the effect of Alum on ammonia gas emission at 6weeks. An experiment was assigned to six treatments with third levels of crude protein(23%, 21%, 19%): T_1; protein 23% + Alum addition, T_2; protein 21% + Alum addition, T_3; protein 19% + Alum addition, T_4; protein 23% + No Alum addition, T_5; protein 21% + No Alum addition, T_6; protein 19% + No Alum addition. T_1, T_2 and T_3 had ALUM added as a top dressing to the litter at a rate of 200g ALUM / ㎏ of rice bran, while T_4, T_5, T_6 did not have ALUM added to the litter. For litter excluded the main effect of Alum(P> 0.05) in nitrogen contents and available nitrogen contents, there was a significant difference among interactions between Alum and protein and the main effects of Alum and protein ranged from pH contents to the rate of C:Organic-N(P< 0.01 and 0.05). Compared to Alum addition(T_1, T_2, T_3) and no Alum addition(T_4, T_5, T_6) with the different levels of crude protein in litter, Alum treatments were lower in the contents of pH. moisture and the rates of C:N, C:Organic-N, whereas most of the nitrogen contents were higher. It means there was higher in T_1 treatment, although there was collectively difference among nitrogen contents for litter. No Alum treatment was the opposite. There was no difference in ammonia gas concentration measured during 6 weeks(P> 0.01 and 0.05) at 1 and 2 weeks, 4 and 6 weeks. But both the main effects of Alum and protein(P< 0.05 and 0.01) at 3 weeks and interaction between Alum and protein(P< 0.05), the main effects of protein (P< 0.01) at 6weeks did affect them. Alum treatment(T_1, T_2, T_3) tends to be more decreased than no alum treatment(T_4, T_5, T_6) for ammonia gas emission. Consequently, use of chemical amendments(Alum addition) with the levels of crude protein to broiler litter has potential effects increased nitrogen contents and the N fertilizer value and should be expected to improve the property of a chemical and biological soil. Alum treatments showed that ammonia gas emission should be reduced, while increasing to some degree ammonia gas emission at 6 weeks.

Alum과 Ferric chloride가 줄지렁이 개체군에 미치는 생태독성학적 영향

박광일,배윤환 유기성자원학회 2012 유기물자원화 Vol.20 No.1

This study was carried out to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects of Alum and Ferric chloride on the population of Eisenia fetida in vermicomposting of sewage sludge. Using contact filter toxicity test, it was shown that LC50 of Alum and Ferric chloride on adult Eisenia fetida were 457.4 mg kg-1 and 1,665.2 mg kg-1, respectively,which meant Ferric chloride had much higher acute toxicity on earthworm than Alum. Alum didn't affect on cocoon production, hatchability and number of hatched larvae of Eisenia fetida. Ferric chloride didn't have any efects on number of hatched larvae per cocoon, but reduced cocoon production and hatchability. Larval density of next generation was reduced by the food containing Alum and Ferric chloride. Above results indicated that the Alum and Ferric chloride could be one of the hazardous materials that made extinction of earthworm population when the sewage sludge treated with Alum and Ferric chloride was supplied to the earthworms. 하수처리시 사용하는 무기 응집제인 알럼과 철염이 지렁이 개체군에 미치는 생태독성학적인 영향을 평가하였다. 여지접촉법에 의한 급성독성 평가에서 Alum과 Ferric chloride의 줄지렁이에 대한 반수치 사농도(LC50)는 각각 457.4 mg kg-1, 1,665.2 mg kg-1로 Alum의 독성이 Ferric chloride보다 강한 것으로 나타났다. Alum은 줄지렁이 산란수, 부화율, 난포당 부화개체수에 영향을 미치지 않았다. Ferric chloride의 경우 난포당 부화개체수에는 영향을 미치지 않았으나 산란수와 부화율을 감소시켰다. Alum 또는 Ferric chloride를 첨가한 먹이를 공급한 줄지렁이는 차세대 발육 유충수가 감소되는 것으로 나타났다. 이상에서 무기응집제인 Alum과 Ferric chloride가 함유된 슬러지를 지렁이에게 급이할 경우 이것들이 줄지렁이 개체군 사멸현상을 유발하는 원인물질중 하나일 가능성을 시사하였다.

돈분뇨 퇴비화 과정에서 Alum 처리가 암모니아 휘산과 인산 안정화에 미치는 영향

이용복 ( Yong Bok Lee ),이현복 ( Hyeon Bok Lee ),윤홍배 ( Hong Bae Yun ),이연 ( Youn Lee ) 한국환경농학회 2008 한국환경농학회지 Vol.27 No.4

Composting is a good strategy for management of livestock manure. However, it leads to large ammonia emissions and has a potential phosphorus runoff due to high content of soluble phosphorus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of alum on reducing ammonia emissions and stabilizing phosphorus during composting of pig manure. For this study, alum was applied at rates of 0 (No-Alum), 1.0 (Alum-L), and 3.0 (Alum-H) g Al kg-1 pig manure and sawdust mixture (fresh matter basis). The thermophilic stage was quickly achieved in Alum-L and No-alum treatment, but it was delayed to 5 days in Alum-H treatment. The thermophilic stage was maintained for 2 weeks in all treatment. The pH of compost treated with alum remained below 8.0 for the 35 d but it was above 8.0 in No-Alum treatment. For the first 15 days of composting process, 93, 87, and 58% of total ammonia emissions were occurred in No-Alum-L and Alum-H, respectively. The Alum-H and Alum-L treatments reduced NH3 volatilization by 31 and 78% compared with No-Alum treatment. Alum treatments shifted manure P form H2O and NaHCO3 extractable P into NaOH extractable P which is very stable under acid and alkaline condition. Therefore, alum is a good chemical amendment for reducing ammonia emission during composting and potential losses of P following compost applications.

옥수수에 대한 정수 슬러지(Alum sludge)의 시용효과와 AluminumOI 옥수수의 유식물 생장에 미치는 영향

장기운(Ki Woon Chang),구자공(Ja Kong Koo),임재신(Jae Shin Lim),김영한(Young Han Kim) 유기성자원학회 1995 유기물자원화 Vol.3 No.1

Effect of water treatment sludge(alum sludge) application on the growth of Korea local corn(Zeas Mays L.) was evaluated and phytotoxicity of alum sludge on the growth of corn roots and plant height was tested. Alum sludge itself and composted alum sludge compost were applicated by 1500kg/ha in the plot respectìvely. For the fertìlity test , yield, chlorophyll content ‘ plant height of corn treated by alum sludge and composted alum sludge were better than that of control. No clear toxìxity of alum sludge was found. At the food chemical analyses of seed corn , no obvious component variation were evaluated either. Test of pH effect on phytotoxicity of alum sludge on corns showed that plant height and root growth of corns were inhibited at low pH 4 solution. Phytotoxìcity test of alum sludge extract which was extracted at various pH solutions, showed that growth and cations uptake inhibition were found the more serious the lower the pH. Plant height and root growth injury were serious at higher than lOOppm. A1 content solution. 본 실험은 옥수수에 대한 정수장 슬러지 (Alum 슬러지)의 시용효과와 다양한 pH별로 용출된 alum슬러지 추출물이 옥수수의 유식물 생육에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해서 수행되었다. Alum슬러지와 부숙된 Alum슬러지 퇴비를 각각 1500kg/ha를 시용하여 옥수수를 재배한 결과 수량,엽록소함량초장 동의 평가에서 대조구에 비해서 비효가 인정되었으며,뚜렷한 비해 현상은 나타나지 않았다. 처리구별 옥수수의 종실에 대한 식품화학적 분석에서도 뚜렷한 성분 변화는 발견되지 않았다. pH 에 대 한 옥수수 유식물의 생육은 pH4 미만에서 지상부와 지하부의 생육저해가 나타났으며 무기이온의 흡수는 pH4 이하에서 크게 장해를 받는것으로 나타났다. 반면 alum슬러지의 추출물에서는 pH가 낮아지면서 지속적인 생육저해와 양이온 흡수저해가 나타났다. 또한 Aluminum함량이 100ppm 이하에서 극심한 생육저해가 나타났다.

하수슬러지와 Alum 슬러지를 이용한 퇴비화

장기운,임재신,이인복,김영한,Chang, Ki Woon,Lim, Jae Shin,Lee, In Bog,Kim, Young Han 유기성자원학회 1995 유기물자원화 Vol.3 No.1

본 실험은 alum슬러지를 도시하수슬러지나 톱밥과 같은 유기물질들과 혼합하여 퇴비화를 하였을때 그 사용 가능성을 알아보고자 실행되었다. 톱밥과 제지슬러지를 같은 부피의 비율로 혼합한 후 alum슬러지를 이들 원료에 대해서 부피로 0%, 25%, 35%, 45%를 혼합하였다. 퇴비화장치는 aerated static pile을 사용하였으며, 화학분석과 미생물의 변화를 조사하여 부숙정도를 판정하였다. 퇴비화 과정중 0%와 25% alum 처리구는 30일 까지 온도가 $55^{\circ}C{\sim}68^{\circ}C$까지 급격히 상승하였으며 세균 및 방선균의 수가 급격히 증가하였으나, 35%와 45% alum 처리구의 온도는 $50^{\circ}C$ 이상 올라가지 않았다. 퇴비화 기간중 모든 처리구에서 탄소함량과 C/N율은 점차적으로 감소하였다. 양이온 치환용량(CEC) 은 0%, 25% alum 처리구에서 퇴비화 30일 동안 70me/100g까지 증가하였으나 다른 처리구에서는 약간 증가하거나 혹은 증가하지 않았다. This study is concerned with the assessment of the possibility of alum sludge composting, as well as changes of some chemical properties during composting. Alum sludge was mixed in different proportions, which are 0%, 25%, 35% and 45%, respectively, with a sewage sludge and sawdust mixture. The final mixtures to be composted are placed on static piles constructed with a perforated aeration pipe on the ground, and composted for more than 50 days. During the composting of some alum sludge treatments, there was not notable difference in changes of pH, C/N ratio, and content of several minerals among the alum sludge treatments, while changes of pile temperatures and CEC were significant and these remarkable differences in related to the pile temperatures and CEC seem suitable for the evaluation of alum sludge maturity. Also, the results suggested that the proper mixing ratio of alum sludge for composting was 25% level.

제지슬러지에 대한 alum 처리 및 퇴비화에 따른 인 흡착능 변화

이인복 ( In Bog Lee ),장기운 ( Ki Woon Chang ),박진면 ( Jin Myeon Park ) 한국환경농학회 2007 한국환경농학회지 Vol.26 No.2

Excess application of paper mill sludge (PMS) in field can limit phosphorus uptake by crops because aluminum presented in the sludge can fix or adsorb available phosphorus which is necessary for crop growth. To investigate phosphorus (P) adsorption characteristics of PMS, we examined P adsorption maximum (Xm) using Langmuir isotherm and P adsorption energy constant (Kf) using Freundlich isotherm for PMS without alum, PMS with alum, and composted PMS with alum through a laboratory incubation test. The maximum P adsorption capacities were 800 ug g-1 in soil, 47 mg g-1 in PMS without alum and 61 mg g-1 in PMS with alum. P adsorption capacity with alum treatment for PMS increased by 30% That of PMS compost was 68 mg g-1 and showed that composting increases 11% of P adsorption. Freundlich constant Kf was 22 in check soil, while Kf values in PMS without alum and in PMS with alum were 398 and 426, respectively. After composting, Kf value of PMS compost significantly increased as 1,819. In conclusions, P adsorption capacity for PMS were increased by alum treatment or composting and therefore excess or continuous land application of alum-amended or composted PMS can limit P uptake for crops by reducing available P in soil.

Al계 고분자 응집제 PACl 및 Alum 응집제 특성이 정밀여과막 투과수량 및 막오염에 미치는 영향

진용철,최양훈,권지향 대한상하수도학회 2011 상하수도학회지 Vol.25 No.2

The objectives of this research are to investigate coagulation efficiencies of two coagulants, alum and polyaluminum chloride and to understand effects of the coagulants on membrane fouling in microfiltration. The residual turbidity from alum coagulation were increased with increasing doses. whereas the turbidity of supernatant from PACl coagulation was maintained at the low values. The observed injection volume of PACl coagulant for the same removal was approximately 30 percent less than alum coagulants, which produced the low sludge volume. The settling velocity of PACl was greater than alum flocs which corresponded well with floc size measurement. Overall PACl showed better performance in coagulation compared to alum. Permeate flux decline of alum coagulants were significant due in part to small sizes of flocs. At the low dose, alum floc had less specific cake resistance than PACl floc. However, as the dosage was increased, the increases in specific cake resistances of alum was substantial. Alum coagulation pretreatment needs careful operation to reduce membrane fouling by flocs. In general, PACl coagulants were more effective than alum coagulants for pretreatment of membrane processes because PACl showed the better performance in coagulation and membrane fouling.

Potassium alum과 비우식성 감미료의 병용이 Streptococcus mutans의 성장에 미치는 영향

김윤정,차정단,김지영,김강주,이흥수 대한구강보건학회 2003 大韓口腔保健學會誌 Vol.27 No.3

Traditionally, Koreans have used potassium alum by mouth rinse when they suffered from stomatitis. This study was carried out to investigate the combined effect of potassium alum with aspartame, sorbitol and xylitol on the growth of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). The relative growth ratio of S. mutans JC-2 cultured at different concentrations of potassium alum and different concentrations of aspartame, sorbitol and xylitol was examined. The combined effect of different concentrations of potassium alum with 0.5% and 10.0% of aspartame, sorbitol and xylitol was examined. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration of potassium alum was 5.0mg/ml against S. mutans JC-2. The relative growth ratio of potassium alum on S. mum JC-2 was affected at the concentration of 2.0mg/ml. The growth of S. mutans JC-2 decreased at the concentration of 10.0% of aspartame and sorbitol. Also, a combination of potassium alum and sugar substitutes was more effective against S. mum than the use of one sugar substitute alone. The inhibitory effect of potassium alum and sugar substitutes on S. mutans may be an important mechanism of caries prevention by potassium alum.

The alum-processing mechanism attenuating toxicity of Araceae Pinellia ternata and Pinellia pedatisecta

Hongli Yu,Hao Wu,Yaozong Pan,Xiuyun Ge,Qian Zhang,Fagen Zhu,Baochang Cai 대한약학회 2015 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.38 No.10

The present study aimed at investigating thealum-processing mechanism attenuating toxicity of AraceaePinellia ternata and Pinellia pedatisecta. Animalretroperitoneal inflammatory model in vivo andmacrophagocyte release inflammatory factor model in vitrowere used to detect the effect of alum processing onraphides and lectin. Scanning electron microscopy wasused to observe the change in raphides during processing;HPLC method was used to determine the correlation betweenthe dissolution and corrosion of raphides and ion inthe alum solution; 27Al-NMR technology was used to detectthe relationship between aluminum oxalate complexformation and the dissolved and corrosion of raphides. Thechange in protein peptide sequence of lectin during theprocessing of alum solution was determined by ShotgunLC–MS assay. Raphides induced severe rabbit conjunctivaledema and an intraperitoneal injection of lectin increasedPGE2 and protein in mice peritoneal exudate, whiledecreased after treatment with alum solution processing. During the processing raphides was dissolved and corroded,then its structure was damaged. Raphides was soaked inthe alum solution and significantly decreased the oxalatecontent, and the effect was related with Al3? in the alum. Al3? in the alum combined with C2O42- of raphides into astable complex compound promoted the dissolution ofcalcium oxalate. Raphides soaked in the alum made lectinproteins dissolve, whereas protein peptide sequence oflectin was changed and the protein structure was damaged. Conclusion: Alum solution could decrease the toxicity ofP. ternata (Thunb.) Breit. and P. pedatisecta Schott. Sinceit made a special crystal structure of raphides damage andthe protein of lectin dissolve. The structure of toxic substancessignificantly changed, which decreased the inflammatoryeffect.