프랑스 유럽·지중해문명박물관 (MuCEM)의 지중해주의

김용우 효원사학회 2018 역사와 세계 Vol.- No.54

The Museum of the Civilizations of Europe and the Mediterranean (MuCEM), opened to the public in June 2013 in Marseille, France, is the world's first national museum dedicated to the Mediterranean. Focusing on the process of making this important French museum and it’s permanent exhibitions, I seek to reveal the following points. First, it was the French government's European and Mediterranean policies that played a major role in the process of musealization. Second, permanent exhibitions ignore the Mediterranean as a colonial sea. In short, despite the remarkable attempt to musealize the Mediterranean, it is my claim that the character of this museum, at least until now, can be captured by the concept of strategic Mediterraneanization. Strategic Mediterraneanization is a kind of Mediterraneanism that seeks to instrumentalize the history and memory of the Mediterranean. 2013년 6월 프랑스 마르세유에서 문을 연 유럽·지중해문명박물관(MuCEM)은 지중해에 바쳐진 세계 최초의 대형 국립박물관이다. 필자는 이 중요한 박물관이 만들어지는 과정과 상설전시에 주목하면서 다음과 같은 점들을 밝히고자 했다. 첫째, 지중해가 박물관화하는 과정에서 가장 중요한 역할을 한 것은 프랑스 정부의 유럽과 지중해 정책이었다는 사실이다. 둘째, 상설전시는 식민의 바다로서의 지중해를 외면하고 있다는 점이다. 요컨대 지중해를 본격적으로 박물관화한 주목할만한 시도임에도 불구하고, 이 박물관의 성격은, 적어도 지금까지는, 전략적 지중해화라는 개념으로 잘 포착될 수 있다는 것이 필자의 주장이다. 전략적 지중해화는 지중해의 역사와 기억을 도구화하려는 일종의 지중해주의이다.

渤海 유역의 역사문화와 동아시아 세계의 이해 - ‘터(場, field)이론’의 적용을 통해서 -

尹明喆 동아시아고대학회 2008 동아시아고대학 Vol.17 No.-

동아시아의 역사공간의 네트워크는 전체이면서 부분인 터(field)와 또 부분이면서 전체이기도 한 3개의 中核과 주변의 몇몇 行星들, 그들을 싸고도는 衛星들이 있고(multi-core), 중첩적인 線(line)들로 이어졌다. 선이란 교통로를 말한다. 3핵은 첫째, 중국공간 혹은 中華文明이다. 둘째, 北方遊牧文明이다. 셋째는 한반도와 만주일대에서 성장한 東方文明이다. 행성들은 각 중핵지역의 주변에 위치한 지역들이다. 위성들은 각각의 행성 내부에 있는 소규모의 국가 내지 문화권이다. 線(line)은 핵들과 핵들을 이어 주는 역할을 하면서, 동시에 그 자체도 독립성을 지녔다. 그리고 동아시아의 역사공간에서 큰 역할을 담당한 부분이 해양이다. 필자는 이 공간을 東亞地中海라고 명명하면서 성격을 규명하고 각각 지역 종족 문명의 역할을 규명하였다. 동아지중해는 수천 년 동안 지정학적으로 협력과 경쟁, 갈등과 정복 등의 상호작용을 통해 공동의 역사활동권을 이루어왔다. 한편 농경의 定着性(stability) 문화와 유목 해양의 移動性(mobility) 문화가 만나 상호보완되면서 독특한 성격을 탄생시켰다. 특히 발해의 역사공간은 대륙과 해양을 공히 활용하며, 동아지중해의 中核(core)에 위치하고 있다. 몇몇 지역과 국가를 전체적으로 연결하는 海陸네트워크를 가지고 있다. 발해유역의 자연환경은 바다와 대륙과 반도가 만나는 곳이다. 만주지역의 삼림문화 동몽골과 북방의 유목문화, 요동반도의 농경문화, 그리고 황해의 해양문화가 모이는 곳이었다. 이렇게 변화된 지리, 기후 등 자연환경 속에서 생태계와 문화의 형태도 다양하게 변화했다. 그와 함께 수십 혹은 수백 개에 달하는 다양한 종족과 언어권, 그에 상응하는 다양한 문화들이 생성되어 있었다. 발해유역은 하나의 지역 안에 색다른 자연환경, 이질적인 문화가 공존하면서 복합적인 역사공간으로 되었다. 발해는 6000년 전부터 ‘內海’, ‘灣’, ‘小地中海’의 성격을 지니고 있다. 면적이 적당하고 해양교통에 편리하고, 경제적으로 풍요롭다. 고대사회에서는 문명이 발전하기에 적합한 크기이다. 8000년 전에 높은 수준의 신석기 문화가 태동했다. 5000년 전후해서는 紅山문화가 발전했다. 이어 夏家店下層문화, 뒤를 이은 夏家店上層문화가 발전했다. 요동반도의 동쪽에는 해양문화를 비롯하여 고인돌(dolmen) 문화가 발전했다. 고조선과 관계가 깊은 문화이다. 이렇게 발해유역은 東方문명, 北方문명, 中華문명이 교차하고 재생산하는 據點(i.c, heart)의 역할도 하였다. 중국은 발해유역의 문화를 ‘遼河文明論’이라고 부르고 있다. 그 논리는 중국중심적이며, 육지중심적이다. 필자는 ‘渤海文明論’을 제창하고, 동아시아 문명의 성격을 규명하며, 아울러 우리문화의 정체성을 찾고자 한다. The network in the historical region of East Asia consists of three cores which can be either the whole or the field, few planets, and satellites that go around all of these. There are also reiteratedlines which indicate the routes. Such frames of analysis are ‘field and multi core theory’. Those three cores are the Chinese civilization, the north nomadic civilization, and the east civilization that grew from the Korean peninsula and the Manchuria region. The planets refer to regions around these three nucleuses. The satellites refer to countries or cultural areas in each of these regions planets. The lines connect those cores together and also have their own independence. And the ocean takes the important part in East Asia's historical space. The author names the space as East Asian- Mediterranean-sea, and investigates the characteristics and roles of each regional culture. East Asian-Mediterranean-sea has made up a field of historical actions through interactions such as cooperation, competition, conflicts, conquests, and etc for thousands years. One hand, both stability of agriculture and mobility of nomadic culture met and completed a unique characteristic. Especially, Palhae-sea's historical space use the land and the sea practically and is located in the core of East Asian-Mediterranean-sea, where has an ability to connect the yellow sea. and that she has the ocean network, connecting the regions and the countries over all. Palhae-sea basin had a unique characteristic that formed articulated connections between the ocean, the peninsula, and the land with the core at the center. It was a concentrated area that the forest culture of Manchuri, the nomad culture of East-Mongolia and the north, the agri-culture of the Liaodung peninsula area, and the ocean culture from Yellow-sea. The movements of residents were frequent which caused serious conflicts and the economical formation were various because it was the area where meadow, forests, ocean, hill were intercepted. Various types of natural environment and culture importantly affected to changes of social system and the characteristics of the region. Palhae-sea period became the space of history that various natural environment and different cultures co-existed within the area of region. Palhae-sea from before 6000 have the character of `inland-sea' `gulf' ‘small -mediterranean sea'. The area is suitable and Is convenient to an oceanic traffic, is abundant economically. The New stonework culture of high phase advanced before 8000. The Hongsan culture developed before 5000. Continued and the Hagajum upper level culture advanced a Hagajum lower stratum culture and after next. To east of the Liao-river insurgent including an oceanic culture and the dolmen culture advanced. With proto-Chosun is a culture where the relationship is deep. The Palhae-sea basin the Chinese civilization, the north nomadic civilization, and the east civilization intersects like this, took charge of the strong hold role which reproduces. China as Liaohua-civilization theory calls the ‘a Palhae-civilization theory'. It China is central, is a logic in the land center. The author asserts ‘a Palhae-civilization theory', examines closely seeks character of East asia-civilization, the identity of our culture.

동아시아 지중해론과 한국문명의 가능성:

옥한석(Oak, Han-Suk) 동양사회사상학회 2018 사회사상과 문화 Vol.21 No.2

이 연구는 한국 근대의 특징을 문화변동론적 시각에서 살펴보고 동아시아에서 한국문명의 가능성을 살펴보고자 한다. 한국은 문화변동론에 의하면 변동의 도입경로, 변동에 대한 저항의 정도는 동아시아의 중국과 북한과 비슷하였으나 선택의 메카니즘이 달라지고 지위와 역할의 변동이 나타나 시민혁명을 몇 차례 겪은 후 거의 서구사회에 동화되고 있다 고 보아야 할 것이다. 일본은 천황제를 통하여 서구 문명에 큰 저항 없이 산업화되었으나 그 실상은 근대화라고 보기 어렵다. 한국은 개신교 기독교가 근대화 메커니즘에 중요한 역할을 하게 되었으며 한국의 기독교가 차지하는 인구가 27.6%나 되어 중국, 일본과 비교하여 압도적으로 높다. 이는 일본의 ‘천황제’, 중국의 ‘당황제’, 북한의 ‘어버이수령제’를 대 신할 수 있는 하나의 이념라고 볼 수 있다. 민족(ethnic group)의 가치를 중시하는 ‘천황제’, ‘당황제’, ‘어버이수령제’는 동아시아의 평화보다는 갈등과 전쟁을 가져올 위험성이 크다. 특히 경제적 번영을 경험하고 있는 동아시아 3국은 향후 인구 급감을 경험하게 됨으로 해서 동아시아 이외로부터의 외국인 인구의 유입이 이루어질 때 성령, 사랑, 창조, 공동체의 한국 기독교가 다문화의 중심이 되는 동아시아 지중해 문명의 허드(hearth)을 제안하고자 한다. This study suggests the ideas toward East Asia’s Mediterranean Korean Hearth focused on the cultural change theory. The theory gives insights about Korean cultural change of westernization, affected by South Korea s civil revolution and christianity. Japan and mainland China, North Korea became the mal-westernization society based on the the personality cult which will give cause for some reoccurrence of China-Japan war, Korean-Japan war. Korean Christian and missionaries grown up to be major group, comparing with other countries. In next decades the population of east Asia s countries will decrease rapidly, and to overcome the problem of multi-cultural society they have to be changed as an open and multiple society. The christianism can lead to the society and become the East Asia’s Mediterranean Hearth of Korean Modern civilization.

지중해 지역문명 간 교류 연구의 정책적 활용

김정하 ( Kim Jungha ) 고려대학교 역사연구소 2017 사총 Vol.91 No.-

Whether to recognize the Mediterranean Sea as a `Closed Sea` or to define it as an `Open Sea` is closely related to the historical research tradition in Europe. The former limits the geographical boundaries of the study to the Mediterranean Sea and its surrounding regions (the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Africa). The latter, on the other hand, is the result of interpretation according to the perspective of interchange between local civilizations. In historical studies, geographical boundaries and cultural boundaries do not coincide. Therefore, the historical interpretation of the two perspectives shows completely different results. This study examines the historical problems of the ancient and medieval Mediterranean in the context of the series of problems faced by modern Europe (The influx of african refugees in Europe, `Grexit` and `Brexit`). In other words, most of the problems are due to Euro-centrism. The view of open sea is a viewpoint of interchange between civilizations and also a viewpoint of competitive cooperation. Based on this, in ancient and medieval history, the Mediterranean was not the boundary of civilization and barbarism, nor the sea of ancient Greek city civilization. Many local civilizations in Africa-Eurasia were the history of the balance of relationships established through the process of complementary exchange and contact. This implies an improvement in the history of the Mediterranean-European region. First, the meaning of difference in historical studies should be interpreted as diversity, not discrimination. Second, interpretation of the history of the Mediterranean as a dichotomy of civilization and barbarism is a distortion of history. Third, interpretation of the Mediterranean history should be based on the composition of competitive cooperation. Fourth, in the ancient and medieval periods of the Mediterranean, the Alexander Empire, the Roman Empire and the Sicilian kingdom of Friedrich II were experiments for the realization of coexistence of the Mediterranean multi-culturalism. In the development of history, violent means such as war were mobilized, but there was active exchange in the background. History distortion occurs when both sides of history are not considered together. At this point, the historical meaning of the conflict is misinterpreted as evolution (or development). The problem of North African refugees comes from misinterpretation of history. Inter-racial discrimination is a one-sided rejection of the other, and the logic of cross-cultural superiority is only used as a justification for the logic of domination-domination. Different interpretations reveal new history. Even in the case of historical studies, the complementary composition of the relevant factors (the framework of competitive cooperation) will be an alternative to the European civilization crisis.

한국의 지중해문명 연구 동향과 그 담론적 쟁점

최춘식 부산외국어대학교 지중해지역원 2019 지중해지역연구 Vol.21 No.1

The purpose of this paper is to examine the trends and issues related to Mediterranean Studies of Korea in the last 10 years. In this work, I introduce the development of anti-Eurocentric debate surrounding Mediterranean Studies and an alternative to Eurocentrism. This anti-Eurocentrism was triggered by Martin Bernal (Black Athena, 1987), A.G. Frank (Reorient, 1998) and P. Horden & N. Pucell (The Corrupting Sea : A Study of Mediterranean History, 2000). Briefly, in order to criticize or overcome Eurocentrism, the proposition of Asiacentrism or Sinocentrism and even Afrocentrism could be another consequence of erroneous criticism of the centralism. Rather, it is more important to doubt and dismantle those facts that we have long believed to be self-evident and objective. Next, “the connectedness model”, an explanatory method emphasizing connectedness, fluidity and networks centered on the Mediterranean emerged along with the criticism of “the stable cellular model” of Finley-Hopkins’s Mediterranean analysis. Accepted as an orthodox interpretation of ancient scholarly academic circles until the 1980s, this model foresaw the transition of interpretation of the Mediterranean civilization. The Theory of Balanced Relations on Mediterranean Studies and the study on the types of intercultural exchanges in the Mediterranean provide a rich perspective and could become a new methodology for interpreting the Mediterranean civilization.

철 기술 전파로 본 사하라 무역로의 역할과 지중해와 서아프리카 수단 지역 문명의 교류

김광수 부산외국어대학교 지중해지역원 2019 지중해지역연구 Vol.21 No.4

Although recorded data and archaeological excavations are not sufficient, the West African Sudanese region had early contacts with the Mediterranean, North African, and Sahara deserts through Greek, Latin, Arabic historical records and ancient Saharan rock art. In addition, access to camels made it possible for the Sahara trade routes to develop and for the three civilizations to develop exchange. The iron technology that was introduced into the Mediterranean and North Africa appears to have been transmitted through the Trans- Saharan trade routes to the Western Sudan. The Phoenicians brought iron knowledge to North Africa, especially to today’s Tunisia and Libya, passing through Carthage the “passage of knowledge” crossing over the Sahara Desert to the Western Sudan.Those who brought iron technology to the Western Sudan region were the Garamantes and Berbers who traveled through the Trans-Saharan Trade Route. They were able to deliver iron technology since the Trans-Saharan trade routes connected the Mediterranean, North Africa and Western Sudan regions. These areas were not isolated but were connected and carrying out exchanges. Hence, this paper refutes the argument that claims ‘Africa has no history’ or ‘African history is excluded from the center of world history.’ It also seeks to identify from the Afrocentrism perspective that the North African and Western Sudan civilization were not on the periphery of the Mediterranean civilization and they should be duly evaluated as an African civilization and even as a part of world civilization.

고대 지중해 문명 교류와 卍자(字)의 기원적 상징성

최혜영 ( Choi Hae-young ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해지역원 2021 지중해지역연구 Vol.23 No.1

The Swastika (卍) is widely found from the east to the west, from prehistoric times, to the extent that tens of thousands of pieces have been identified. There have been numerous views on the meaning or origin of the swastika. This paper argues that the swastika was originally a symbol of the air or wind god in Oriental civilization, and that it could have been applied to the ancient Mediterranean regions where cultural exchange and sharing with the Orient were active. Looking at the swastika from this point of view, it could represent all the previous views: the wind or air god could be represented as a personification, could come out with various animals on land or sea, could be expressed like a whirlpool, and was closely related to the sun and the moon. Wasn’t it a natural attempt to symbolize the air or wind that was thought to be the highest deity and the most basic cosmic element? And then, wasn’t it hard to find a more fitting symbol of the wind blowing in all directions or of the air and wind filling the universe, than the swastika pattern. Above all, the swastika’s shape basically resembles a whirlpool of wind, and even a toy wind vane.

지중해 문명교류의 전자문화지도 설계 -십자군을 중심으로-

김정하 ( Jung Ha Kim ),강지훈 ( Ji Hoon Kang ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해지역원 2013 지중해지역연구 Vol.15 No.4

In recent years, there have been many demands for digital convergence of the future. Since a necessity of interdisciplinary research between the Humanities and Engineering Studies was gradually raised, Electronic Culture Atlas, especially, was pointed out as the typical example of it. A map on which represents various aspects related to culture by using dot, line, face and so on is called “Culture Atlas”. In this sense, “Electronic Culture Atlas” is the electronic form of the Culture Atlas, namely, a concept of database which makes it possible to combine the use of data values such as theme, space and time. Consequently, the user could be provided with the cultural information which is intimately linked to the application of these three values. Furthermore, it also could be integrated way to understand about the culture of specific region. In this paper, Electronic Culture Atlas will be suggested to apply for researching global area studies, in particular, Mediterranean region Studies. Existing Electronic Culture Atlas was used the two-dimensional images as a base map, which resulted in visual blurring when it is zoomed in. In this respect, Electronic Culture Atlas should be designed using three-dimensional map (which is based on Google Earth) to solve this problem. Besides, the result produced by the author`s humanistic interpretation will be presented on the basis of objective and general information on the existing Electronic Culture Map. This research will be expected to express the results of global area studies visually by using this creation of Electronic Culture Atlas. It helps to understand the research results easily and makes it possible to use them as a preliminary data for new research. The interdisciplinary research such as Electronic Culture Atlas will be invigorated in many fields including future academic research. I hope this research is of cornerstone as a research method for interdisciplinary research.

중세 지중해의 문명 교류와 이슬람

윤용수 ( Yoon Yong-soo ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해지역원 2017 지중해지역연구 Vol.19 No.3

The individual civilizations of the Mediterranean are indebted to another cultures without exception. Classical Greek civilization was born by accepting the achievements of ancient Orient civilization. Roman civilization was based on the Hellenistic civilization, an international civilization that blended Eastern and Western civilizations based on classical Greek civilization. Islamic civilization, led by Arab and Muslims in the Middle Ages, was also nurtured by the cultural and academic accomplishments of the Roman and Byzantine empires. The resurrection of the Renaissance was possible because of the academic achievement and cultural heritage of Islamic civilization. Therefore, the Mediterranean region where Christianity and Islamic civilization, Asia, Europe and Africa coexist can be considered as a complex civilization space in which the traces and footsteps of many empires and civilizations that have flourished in the Mediterranean region are deposited. This study aims to investigate the relationship between Islamic civilization and European civilization in terms of interchange and proliferation centering around the Middle Ages. Especially, I will try to analysis to understand the contribution of Arab and Islamic civilization to human civilization through the role of Islamic civilization, which was the mainstream civilization in medieval Mediterranean region, and the process of spreading to European civilization.

고대 지중해 문명 교류의 거대사적 해석

윤용수 ( Yoon Yong-soo ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해지역원 2016 지중해지역연구 Vol.18 No.4

This research analyzed the correlation between the various civilizations of the Mediterranean region by re-interpreting the ancient Mediterranean civilizations using the view of Big History. The Mediterranean has been the cradle of world civilizations since the Neolithic Era around 9000 BC. The ancient Mediterranean civilization was the result of remarkable historical events, and this era was one of the most turbulent periods, which has widely influenced the development of human cultures. The Mediterranean Sea was the central superhighway of transport, trade, and cultural exchange between diverse peoples encompassing three continents: Europe, Asia, and North Africa. Therefore, the history of the Mediterranean region is the history of the interactions of the cultures and people surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. The civilizations in the Mediterranean developed in an intersecting and complex circular structure, such that most of the civilizations in the area essentially have the characteristics of hybrid civilizations. Therefore, it is more reasonable to approach interpretations of Mediterranean civilizations from the perspective of exchange. Based on prior research, this research also explored the forests of the ancient Mediterranean civilizations from a long distance to observe and analyze their forms and features.