중국 제1차 국공합작 및 국민혁명에 대한 한국인의 반향

한상도(Han Sang-Do) 한국사학회 2007 史學硏究 Vol.- No.85

일제 침략기 한인들은 중국 제1차 국공합작과 국민혁명의 성공을 한국의 독립과 해방을 위한 선행단계로 인식하였다. 국공합작과 국민혁명의 이념이었던 三民主義에 대한 해석은 대체로 좌경적인 경향을 띠었던 것으로 파악된다. 이는 삼민주의이론 자체에 내포되어 있는 친공산주의적인 성향과, 1920년대 식민지 한국사회 지식인그룹의 진보적인 역사관이 어우러진 결과로 평가할 수 있다. 國共合作에 대한 이해에 있어서는, 공산당원의 개별적인 국민당 입당 사실이 國民革命의 성취를 위한 것이요, 공산혁명의 ‘즉각 실현’을 위한 것은 아니라고 함으로써, 공산주의운동을 반제국주의 민족운동의 테두리 안에서 파악하였다. 한인들의 국민혁명 참여는 자발적이고 적극적인 양상을 띠었으며, 북벌전 참전으로 실천에 옮겨졌다. 적지않은 한인이 희생된 北伐戰場에서의 체험은 한인독립운동의 역량 강화와 항일진로 설정의 필요성에 대한 자각으로 이어졌으며, 그 같은 고민은 항일민족운동전선을 재정비하려는 노력으로 구체화되었다. 한인들은 국공합작 결렬의 일차적인 책임을 국민당 우파에게 묻는 등, 친공적인 경향을 띠었던 것으로 드러난다. 이는 다음의 사실과 인과관계에 있을 것이다. 일차적으로 ‘先安內後攘外’를 포함한 국민당정부의 정치노선에 대한 저항감을 꼽을 수 있겠다. 제국주의세력의 침략을 물리치는 일이 일차적 목표인 민족해방운동의 입장에서 볼 때, 제국주의 침략 세력과 타협적이고 때로는 굴종적인 모습마저 보이기도 하는 국민당정부의 입장은 쉽게 용납되지 않았을 것이다. 반면에 반외세반제국주의 투쟁이라는 선명한 기치를 내건 중국공산당의 모습은 젊은 한인혁명가들의 기대와 동경을 채워줄 수 있었을 것이다. 국공합작의 붕괴를 분기점으로 하여, 중국국민당정부 관할구역에서 활동하던 한인공산주의그룹은 활동기반을 상실하였고, 중국공산당의 구심력 안으로 흡인되고 말았다. 그리하여 1920년대 후반이후 중국관내지역에서 전개된 한인독립운동의 양상은 기본적으로 중국국민당정부와의 연대ㆍ우호관계를 대전제로 한 민족주의 우파세력과 좌파세력의 공존 및 대립 구도를 밑그림으로 삼기에 이르렀다. 이와 함께 한인독립운동이 國共合作과 國民革命이라고 하는 중국근대사의 흐름에까지 그 외연을 확대함으로써, 동북아시아 피압박민족의 반제국주의 민족해방운동의 일환이라는 성격을 띠기에 이르렀고, 이어지는 1930년대 ‘파시즘과 반파시즘체제의 대결’이라는 세계사 흐름에도 조응할 수 있는 자생력을 키운 경험을 축적할 수 있었던 것이다. During the period of Japanese imperialistic invasion Koreans conceived the First Coalition of Nationalist and Communist Parties and Chinese Nationalist Revolution as a preliminary stage for their independence and liberation from Japan. There was a tendency that Koreans' understanding of these political movements was tinged with communism Pro-communist elements inherent within Three Principles of the People and the revolutionary idea of history prevalent among Korean intellectuals in the 1920s are combined together and produced such a communist interpretation of Chinese politics. Communism at the time was accepted as almost identical with anti-imperialism and nationalism. Koreans' participation in Chinese Nationalist Revolution was voluntary and active. They even took part in an expedition to conquer the north, in which not a few Koreans died in action. Such an experience served to awaken Koreans a strong spirit of independence and reinforce their campaign for independence. Koreans had a pro-communist tendencies. That explained why they attributed the failure of coalition to the right wing of the National Party. To Koreans whose primary concern was to stop the Japanese imperialist invasion, the government of the Chinese Nationalist party appeared to be too reconciliatory toward and too submissive to Japan. It was generally recognized that Chinese communist party was inflexibly anti-imperialistic, and thus seen favorably by young revolutionary Koreans. But with the collapse of the coalition, the group of Korean communists lost its base of revolutionary activities in China, since it was located within the confines of the government of Chinese Nationalist Party. And they were forced to be assimilated into Chinese Communist Party. The importance of Korean independence movement in China cannot be overestimated. Korean independence movement was associated with, and became part of the turbulent history of modern China, sharing its lot with the First Coalition of Nationalist and Communist Parties and Chinese Nationalist Revolution. And it should be remembered that Korean resistance to Japan's imperialism was made not only for Koreans themselves but for all the oppressed in the northeast Asia: the cause of Korean independence movement became more and more universal, transcending its regional character. Thus the experience of such an resistance activity matured into an autogenous force to deal with an international situation such as the confrontation between fascism and anti-fascism in 1930s.

중국군으로 대일항전을 전개한 김홍일

한시준 ( Han Seejun ) 단국사학회 2018 史學志 Vol.57 No.-

Kim Hong-il was a Korean, yet participated in Chinese Army for nearly 30 years. He entered Guizhou Military Academy for Army (貴州陸軍講武學校: Guizhou Lujun Jiangwu Xuexiao) in 1919 for military training; since then till he came back to Korea in 1948, he served for Chinese army. For the time, Kim Hong-il participated in the Northern Expedition as a member of National Revolutionary Army (國民革命軍: Guomingemingjun); and during the Sino-Japanese War he fought against the Japanese empire as a commanding officer of Chinese army. His rank reached Brigadier General of Army (陸軍少將), and he passed through Army College (陸軍大學) which was the highest training course in Chinese Army. Besides the period in the early 1920’s in which Kim Hong-il served for Korean National Independence Army in Siberia, most of his military career was in Chinese Army. He started his Chinese Army career in 1926 as a major (小校) in the Eastern Rout Corps (東路軍) General Headquarter of National Revolutionary Army; he, then in sequence, took the posts of the vice-commander of an independent defence regiment in Zhejiang Province, the chief of staff and manager of arsenal of Wusong (吳淞) Fortress in Shanghai, the adjutant general of Army Engineering School in Nanjing, a member of Munition Planning Committee of Chinese Military Committee, the senior staff of Southwestern Government (西南綏靖公署) in Guizhou (貴州), the chief of staff in the 102nd division, the chief of staff of the 19th corps headquarter, the commander of the 19th division under the 19th corps, the chief of staff in the 2nd Army in Guilin (桂林), and the chief of staff of the Korean Liberation Army. After Japanese Empire surrendered, he took the office of the senior staff of the Northeastern Security Headquarter (東北保安司令部) which recovered Manchu area. Kim Hong-il participated in Northern Expedition and Sino-Japanese War as a member of Chinese Army. In 1926, he joined into National Revolutionary Army in Shantou (汕頭) of Guangdong Province, and fought against Warlord Sun Chuanfang in Fujian (福建), Shanghai (上海), and Hangzhou (杭州). Especially, he defeated Sun Chuanfang’s troops in Longtan (龍潭) nearby Nanjing; for this he received a medal from Guomintang Government. Since Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937, he as a commanding officer fought several battles against Japanese army. Among them, the Battle of Wanjialing in October of 1938 and the Battle of Shanggao in March of 1941 represents the victories of Kim Hong-il as a commander. He participated in the Battle of Wanjialing as the chief of staff of the 102nd division, and in the Battle of Shanggao as the commanding general of the 19th division. He destroyed Japanese camp by firing mortars in Wanjialing; and he lured Japanese troops into a trap and besieged them in Shanggao. Especially, the Battle of Shanggao was one of China’s great notable victories in the history of Sino-Japanese War, and is known as ‘Shanggao Huizhan (上高會戰)’. Kim Hong-il’s activities should be highlighted as important examples of Chinese-Korean Anti-Japanese Alliance. During the first half of the 20th century, Korea and China shared a common fate fighting against the Japanese Empire, Korean and Chinese peoples allied together in various ways against Japanese army throughout Manchu and Chinese continent. One of the ways is that Koreans participated in Chinese Army in order to fight against the Japanese empire, like the case of Kim Hong-il. Thus, the historical cases in which Korean and Chinese peoples allied together against the Japanese empire should be discovered and researched.