북한의 조립식 건축의 도입과 ‘평양속도’의 탄생

김태윤 연세대학교 국학연구원 2023 동방학지 Vol.203 No.-

본 연구는 기존의 북한의 도시·건축연구에서 깊게 다루지 않았던 북한의 조립식 건축방식에 대하여 조명하였다. 1958년을 기점으로 평양의 도시계획에는 많은 변화가 있었다. 8월 전원회의 사건으로 인한 건설계의 숙청의 분위기가 종식되었으며 1957년 평양콘크리트블록 공장이 완공되어 생산을 진행하였다. 1958년 이전에는 중심공간에 계획이 집중되어 이외의 공간에 도시개발이 이루어지지 않았고, 시공 방법도 일제시기의 것과 크게 다르지 않았다. 반면 1958년 부터는 「설계의 표준화, 시공의 기계화, 건재생산의 공업화」를 바탕으로 한 조립식건축방식을 도입하면서부터 건축에 소요되는 시간이 변하게 되었고, 더 효율적인 주택건설을 위한 연구도 활발하게 진행되었다. 그 결과 설계방면에서는 표준설계와 주택구획계획, 시공방면에서는 계단흐름식 시공방법 건재생산에서는 경량콘크리트가 새롭게 연구·개발되어 평양의 도시계획에 적용되었다. 북한에서 현재까지도 전후복구 이후 최대의 성과로 강조하고 있는 ‘평양속도’는 이러한 조립식건축방식의 발전과 일맥상통한다. 14분에 주택 1호 완성이라는 믿기 힘든 주장이 신화로만 치부되지 않는 것은 경제개발 5개년계획 기간 건설의 공업화와 조립식 건축에 대한 성과를 만들어 내야했던 건축기술자들의 연구성과를 기반으로 한 것이었다.

현장사례분석의 비교 감식을 통한 화재원인 분석 - 조립식 샌드위치패널 화재사례를 중심으로 -

김용운,Kim, Yong-Un 한국화재조사학회 2007 한국화재조사학회 논문지 Vol.11 No.1

조립식 건축물의 화재는 건축자재의 종류에 따라 다양한 화재 특징을 나타내게 되는데 금번 연구과제로 선정한 화재는 지난 2006년 12월에 발생한 조립식 샌드위치패널 숙소 화재사례로서 이번 연구를 통해 조립식 샌드위치패널 건축물의 화재원인분석과 감식방법을 고찰해 보고 아울러 발표된 연구논문자료와 실제 화재재현실험을 통한 감식능력 향상을 도모하고자 한다.

사례연구를 통한 군 모듈러 독신간부숙소의 설계지침 연구

이종찬(Lee Jong-Chan),강윤도(Kang Yoon-Do),강한승(Kang Han-Seung),김병선(Kim Byung-Seon) 대한건축학회 2011 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.27 No.4

A prefabricated building system is strongly recommended for military facilities in order to take efficiency on military rearrangement plan based on prospective change in operation environment. Modular architecture not only has typical benefits of prefabricated building such as shorter build time and budget reduction, but also can get mobility, reusability and proved quality via mass production. This study present improvement plan about modular architecture(BOQ : Bachelor Official Quarter) which contains reference from former modular architecture case study and technical data analysis, and satisfies military functional demand. According to modular applicable facility judgement from analyzation considering legislation, military demand and construction system, design guidelines are like followings - Basic specifications of modular lodge for single officer is (W)3,300㎜×(L)5,700㎜×(H)3,200㎜ - Modular unit contains each walls and ceiling, and its factory manufacture rate should over 80% (include equipments) - Advanced equipment and foundation work without PIT for better mobility and reusability. - Absorbing material and thermal insulating material should be constructed. - Integrated order for efficiency when modular produced by factory manufacturing. In conclusion, this study present basic plan for effective apply of modular architecture in the military

20세기 초, 중반 미국에서 조립식 대량생산 주택의 기원과 확장

서명수(Seo, Myengsoo) 대한건축학회 2016 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.32 No.11

This research explores the origins of prefabricated housing (prefab) in the United States from the early to mid-20th century and its expansion not only throughout the United States, but also into the mass production of housing in other countries. Prefab appeared not only as a way to address the need for more houses after the World Wars, but also as a result of the desire for a new life in modern times. Moreover, prefab housing is strongly related to the development of greater mechanization and industrialization which enables mass production in housing. However, the beginnings of such mechanization and industrialization in architecture did not emerge abruptly in modern times, but had its origins in other movements, such as CIAM (Congrès internationaux d’architecture moderne), the International Style, and others in Europe before the 20th century. Through these processes, mechanization and industrialization were adapted to the architecture of the United States in the early 20th century, and this process played an important role in changing modern life in America, especially with respect to mass production in housing. In addition, adopting mechanization in architecture helped to overcome the shortage of housing in the mid-20th century. In order to identify the origins of this process, this research scrutinizes the beginning of mechanization and industrialization in Europe and traces how these ideas were adopted in the United States. Moreover, this research explores a pioneering engineer, Robert Gilmore (R.G.) LeTourneau, who introduced the idea of the machine in America’s housing improvement through his inventions, such as the “steel panel system” and the so-called “Tournalayer” machine. In this sense, this research helps to identify the essence and origins of prefabricated housing through the example of America’s prefabricated buildings. This research also suggests that the example of the United States influenced the mass production of housing in other countries.

건축가 김정수의 동교동 건물(173-13)에서의 기술적 시도와 건축적 특징에 관한 연구

장원석,김성우,안창모 대한건축학회 2006 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.22 No.11

Kim Joung-Su(1919-1985) was an architect who emphasized the importance of technological aspect as well as aesthetic side of architecture through his design of several projects between 1950' and 1960’s. One projects represents his challenge is the 4-story building at Donggyo-dong 173-13. By designing and supervising construction, he introduced pre-cast panel to Korea in 1965. and the significance of this building is as follows.First, Dongyo-dong Building is the first trial with double-skinned pre-cast wall panel in Korea. Second, Kim Joung-Su explored not only technical feature but also aesthetic possibilities of pre-cast panel in designing exterior elevation. Third, He devised a method of construction and details fit to Korean circumstances. The success of his experiment of panel and detail design makes him apply pc panel to other buildings. Kim attamped The 'Scientific Architecture' based on technology and function, His experiment involves evaluating construct method, reducing construction cost and time at the same time. Korean architecture developed in quality as well as in quantity through his trial of engineering and aesthetic aspect of architecture

현장사례분석과 비교 감식을 통한 화재원인 분석 : 조립식 샌드위치패널 화재사례를 중심으로

김용운 한국화재조사학회 2007 한국화재조사학회 논문지 Vol.11 No.1

Walter Gropius의 Block Unit槪念과 集合住居의 特性에 관한 硏究

김경연(Kim Kyoung-Yon),김형우(Kim Hyung-Woo) 대한건축학회 2009 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.25 No.1

In this study, the role of Walter Gropius and the concept of ‘block unit’ are investigated by reviewing 6 cases, which are obtained from a literature review and an onsite survey of housing constructed during the advent and development of modern housing. The structures of the 'block unit' housing of Walter Gropius can be classified largely into 3 types: Basic type, Reiterate type, and Extension type. These structures were found to be presented as the combined styles , such as the low-rise reiterate housing, the mid-to-high rise flat-type housing, and the expansion style housing. The cases of block unit housing were analyzed, and the results are summarized as follows: 1) In response to the desperate need for low-income housing after World war, a method of mass producing the housing units at low cost was invented by standardizing housing types. 2) Even if the structures of ‘block unit’ housing can be classified into the above 3 types, variations of the types were explored to avoid uniformity. 3) In the case of the low-rise reiterate type housing, the advantages of the single detached housing and the complex housing as well as those of the urban style and the rural style were pursued. In the case of the mid-to-high rise flat-type housing, which repeats the basic block unit, the demand for the mass-produced housing at the time was apparent. Due to his design of the flat-type high-rise housing, Walter Gropius has been criticized as a culprit architect who created an urban space which has non-characteristic appearances and creates anonymous and dehumanizing atmosphere. However, his design intent should be re-evaluated in the context of housing problems of the time.

태양전지모듈 후면의 냉각조건에 따른 조립식 건축자재와 일체화에 관한 연구

이소미(Yi, So-Mi),이용호(Lee, Yong-Ho),홍성민(Hong, Sung-Min) 한국신재생에너지학회 2006 신재생에너지 Vol.2 No.2

The application of photovoltaics into building as integrated building components has been paid more attention worldwide. Photovoltaics or solar electric modules are solid state devices, directly converting solar radiation into electricity; the process does not require fuel and any moving parts, and produce no pollutants. And the prefab building method is very effective because the pre- manufactured building components is simply assembled to making up buildings in the construction fields especially the sandwich panel. So, the purpose of this research is to integrated prefab building materials depending on the cooling type of PV modules. It is concluded that the prediction of BIPV system's performance should be based on the more accurate PV module temperature. From the basis of these results on the correlation of temperature and irradiation were obtained.

태양전지모듈 후면의 냉각조건에 따른 조립식 건축자재와 일체화에 관한 연구

이소미(Yi, So-Mi),이용호(Lee, Yong-Ho) 한국신재생에너지학회 2006 한국신재생에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2006 No.06

The application of photovoltaics into building as integrated building components has been paid more attention worldwide. Photovoltaics or solar electric modules are solid state devices, directly converting solar radiation into electricity; the process does not require fuel and any moving parts, and produce no pollutants. And the prefab building method is very effective because the pre-manufactured building components is simply assembled to making up buildings in the construction fields especially the sandwich panel. So, the purpose of this research is to integrated prefab building materials depending on the cooling type of PV modules. It is concluded that the prediction of BIPV system's performance should be based on the more accurate PV module temperature. From the basis of these results on the correlation of temperature and irradiation were obtained.

태양전자모듈 후면의 냉각조건에 따른 조립식 건축자재와 일체화에 관한 연구

이소미 ( So Mi Yi ),이용호 ( Yong Ho Lee ),홍성민 ( Sung-min Hong ) 한국신재생에너지학회 2006 신재생에너지 Vol.2 No.2

The application of photovoltaics into building as integrated building components has been paid more attention worldwide. Photovoltaics or solar electric modules are solid state devices, directly converting solar radiation into electricity; the process does not require fuel and any moving parts, and produce no pollutants. And the prefab building method is very elective because the pre - manufactured building components is simply assembled to making up buildings in the construction fields especially the sandwich panel. So, the purpose of this research is to integrated prefab building materials depending on the cooling type of PV modules. It is concluded that the prediction of BIPV system's performance should be based on the more accurate PV module temperature. From the basis of these results on the correlation of temperature and irradiation were obtained.