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다목적 여과저류지에서 여과수의 산출율과 수질개선도에 관한 실험연구
정재민(Jae Min Jeong),최홍규(Hong Gyu Choi),정관수(Kwan Sue Jung),김승현(Seung Hyun Kim) 大韓環境工學會 2013 대한환경공학회지 Vol.35 No.7
다목적 여과저류지에서 모래여재의 여과수 여과능, 적정한 표층폐색 제거주기 그리고 오염제거효율 등 설계와 운영 요소를 파악하기 위하여 서로 다른 3가지 입경의 낙동강 준설토를 채운 파일럿 규모의 테스트베드를 운영하였으며, 여과저 류지에서의 다양한 인공하천의 유속을 모사하기 위하여 표류수 유속을 0~40 cm/sec로 단계적으로 변화시켰다. 운영결과 여재표층의 슬러지를 7~13일의 주기로 제거함으로써 여과수량을 5~3 m3/m2-day로 유지할 수 있었고, 여과수량과 여재입경 그리고 표류수 유속 등의 차이에 의한 여과수의 수질차이가 없음을 알 수 있었다. 대부분의 오염제거는 표층 50 cm 부근에서 발생함을 알 수 있었고, 여과거리 2.4 m에서의 오염제거율은 탁도 80~95%, COD 20~30%, BOD 75~90%, T-N 5~20% 그리고 T-P 20~60%로, 주로 입자성 오염물의 제거율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. A pilot-scale test-bed was operated employing three soils with different grain sizes dredged from the Nakdong River to obtain the design and operation parameters of the multi-purpose filtration pond, such as the filtrate productivity of the filter sand, the appropriate removal period of the surface clogging and the contaminant removal efficiency. The cross-flow velocities were applied stepwise ranging from 0 to 40 cm/sec in order to simulate the various velocities in the artificial stream of the pond. Results showed that a filtrate production rate of 5~3 m3/m2-day was maintained by removing the surface clogging every 7 to 13 days and that the filtrate quality was not affected by the factors of the filtrate production rate, the grain size of the filter sand and the cross-flow velocity. Results also showed that most of the removal occurred within 50 cm of the top soil and that the removal efficiencies with the filtration distance of 2.4 m were 80~95% for turbidity, 20~30% for COD, 75~90% for BOD, 5~20% for total nitrogen and 20~60% for total phosphorus, which suggested that particulate matters had a high removal efficiency.
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지열히트펌프 지중열교환기용 벤토나이트계 그라우트재의 열전도특성 및 기본성능
배강(Bai, Kang) 한국태양에너지학회 2013 한국태양에너지학회 논문집 Vol.33 No.1
In this study, the thermal conductive characteristics and basic properties of the nine commercial products of bentonite grouts were studied. Six of the nine products for ground heat exchanger systems are imported and others for civil engineering are domestic. The thermal conductivities of all bentonite products are nearly similar among products. The frees well indexes, viscosities and filter losses of the ground heat exchanger grouts are lower than those of the civil engineering ones. These characteristics seem to increase of the fluidity to fill the bentonite slurry to bore-hall perfectly, rather than to prevent underground water penetration. Thus, the mixtures of bentonites and sands are recommended for high thermal conduction grouts.
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상업용 정밀여과/한외여과막의 특성 분석 및 해수 여과 성능 평가
최창규(Changkyoo Choi),김인수(In S. Kim) 대한환경공학회 2017 대한환경공학회지 Vol.39 No.9
본 연구는 국내에서 상용화된 3 종류의 친수성 정밀여과막/한외여과막을 대상으로 막의 특성분석 및 해수 여과 성능평가를 수행하였다. 접촉각 측정 결과에서는 PAN 재질인 Mem-3가 가장 친수성도가 높은 것으로 나타나 장기간 운전 시 유기성 오염 물질에 가장 내오염성이 높을 것으로 예상된다. FESEM 측정결과에서는 PE 재질인 Mem-1과 PVDF 재질인 Mem-2는 sponge 형태의 단면을 보였으며, PAN 재질인 Mem-3는 finger 형태의 단면을 나타냈다. EDS에 의한 막의 원소분석 결과에서 Mem-2는 Fluoride가 대부분이었고 Mem-3는 PAN이 Nitrile기로 인해 N이 32.47%의 높은 구성 비율을 보였다. D.I. water를 이용한 투과수량 분석은 압력 증가 시 Mem-3의 투과수량이 다른 막에 비해 큰 폭으로 증가되는 경향을 보였다. 탁도 및 부유물질 제거 실험은 모든 막에서 유출수의 탁도는 0.191-0.406 NTU, TSS는 2.2-3.0 mg/L 사이의 투과수질을 보여 단기간 실험으로부터 해수담수화 전처리용으로 사용하기에는 부적합하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. This paper was to analyze the membrane characterization of hydrophilicity, surface morphology and membrane chemical anlysis of three commercial microfiltration/ultrafiltration membranes, and evaluate the filtration performance of a seawater to assess the availability for pretreatment of desalination process. From the results of contact angle, Mem-3, fabricated with polyacrylonitrile, was highly hydrophilic. It find out that Mem-3 has more anti-biofouling property. In Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Mem-1 (polyethylene) and Mem-2 (Polyvinylidenefluoride) showed the sponge-like shape and Mem-3 showed fingerlike shape. Membrane chemical analysis by energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) presented that Mem-2 was mostly fluoride and Mem-3 had s high ratio of N (32.47%) due to the nitrile group. The permeation flowrate per time on suction pressures using deionized water (D.I. water) tends that permeation rate of Mem-3 more increased when the pressure was increased compared to other membranes. From the results of turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS) removal, turbidity of permeate was 0.191 NTU to 0.406 NTU and TSS was 2.2 mg/L to 3.0 mg/L in all membranes, indicating that it was not suitable for the pretreatment of seawater desalination by short-term experiments.
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PACl 및 Alum 응집제 특성이 정밀여과막 투과수량 및 막오염에 미치는 영향
진용철,최양훈,권지향,Jin, Yong-Chul,Choi, Yang-Hun,Kweon, Ji-Hyang 대한상하수도학회 2011 상하수도학회지 Vol.25 No.2
The objectives of this research are to investigate coagulation efficiencies of two coagulants l.e., alum and polyaluminum chloride and to understand effects of the coagulants on membrane fouling in microfiltration. The turbidity of supernatant from alum coagulation was increased with increasing doses whereas the turbidity from PACl coagulation was maintained at the low values. The observed injection volume of PACl for the same removal was approximately 30 percent less than alum, which produced a low sludge volume. The settling velocity of PACl flocs was greater than alum flocs. The results corresponded well with floc size measurements. Flux decline from alum coagulation was significant due in part to small sizes of flocs. At the low dose, alum floc had less specific cake resistance than PACl floc. However, as the dosage was increased, the increases in specific cake resistances of alum was substantial. Alum coagulation pretreatment needs careful operation to reduce membrane fouling by flocs. In general, PACl coagulants were more effective than alum coagulants for pretreatment of membrane processes because PACl showed the better performance in coagulation and membrane fouling.
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Al계 고분자 응집제 PACl 및 Alum 응집제 특성이 정밀여과막 투과수량 및 막오염에 미치는 영향
진용철,최양훈,권지향 대한상하수도학회 2011 상하수도학회지 Vol.25 No.2
The objectives of this research are to investigate coagulation efficiencies of two coagulants, alum and polyaluminum chloride and to understand effects of the coagulants on membrane fouling in microfiltration. The residual turbidity from alum coagulation were increased with increasing doses. whereas the turbidity of supernatant from PACl coagulation was maintained at the low values. The observed injection volume of PACl coagulant for the same removal was approximately 30 percent less than alum coagulants, which produced the low sludge volume. The settling velocity of PACl was greater than alum flocs which corresponded well with floc size measurement. Overall PACl showed better performance in coagulation compared to alum. Permeate flux decline of alum coagulants were significant due in part to small sizes of flocs. At the low dose, alum floc had less specific cake resistance than PACl floc. However, as the dosage was increased, the increases in specific cake resistances of alum was substantial. Alum coagulation pretreatment needs careful operation to reduce membrane fouling by flocs. In general, PACl coagulants were more effective than alum coagulants for pretreatment of membrane processes because PACl showed the better performance in coagulation and membrane fouling.
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