성소수자 상담수련생이 경험한 차별과 억압에 관한 자문화기술지

윤다영(DaYoung Yun),진명일(MoungIl Jin) 한국동서정신과학회 2024 동서정신과학 Vol.27 No.1

본 연구는 성소수자임을 이유로 겪은 따돌림 경험 및 차별과 억압을 받아온 경험이 성소수자 상담수련생에게 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지 살펴보고, 사회문화적 맥락에서 분석함으로써 성소수자들의 심리적 어려움을 이해하는 것에 그 목적이 있다. 성소수자의 심리적 어려움을 내부자들의 관점으로 제시하는 자문화기술지로 연구하여 성소수자가 어떻게 자신을 수용하고 사회에 속해 가는지를 연구한다. 본 연구는 다음과 같은 의의를 갖는다. 사회적으로 소외되어 있는 성소수자의 현실을 보여주며, 성소수자의 차별과 억압에 대한 경험이 상담수련생으로서 동질 집단을 위한 옹호 활동으로 이어지는 것을 보여준다. 또한, 성소수자에 대한 차별과 억압은 개인의 문제가 아니라 사회문화적 맥락에서 일어나는 것임을 알려준다. 본 연구는 다음과 같은 바를 시사한다. 첫째, 이성애 중심적인 사회에서 성소수자들이 겪는 따돌림과 그로 인해 야기되는 고통에 대한 이해가 필요하다. 둘째, 성소수자가 느끼는 차별과 억압을 내부자적 관점에서 연구할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 상담 장면에서 성소수자에 대한 이해를 높일 필요가 있다. 성소수자에 대한 무지는 성소수자 내담자가 살아가면서 겪는 독특한 경험들에 대한 이해의 부족으로 이어지며, 이는 상담 장면에서 내담자에 대한 이해와 공감의 어려움으로 나타난다. This study aims to examine the impact of bullying, discrimination, and oppression experienced due to being a sexual minority on counseling trainees. By analyzing these experiences within a sociocultural context, the study seeks to understand the psychological challenges faced by sexual minorities. The purpose of this study is to investigate how sexual minorities accept themselves and belong to society by studying the psychological difficulties of sexual minorities with the perspective of insiders. This study holds the following significance: it shows the reality of sexual minorities who are socially marginalized sexual minorities, and the experience of discrimination and oppression of sexual minorities leads to advocacy activities for homogeneous groups as counselors. In addition, this study suggests that discrimination and oppression against sexual minorities occur in a sociocultural context, not in an individual's problem. The study suggests the following implications: first, there is a need to understand the bullying and resulting pain that sexual minorities endure in a heteronormative society. Second, it is necessary to study the discrimination and oppression of sexual minorities from an insider perspective. Third, it is necessary to enhance understanding of sexual minorities in the counseling scene. Ignorance of sexual minorities leads to a lack of understanding of the unique experiences that sexual minority clients experience in their lives, which appears to be a difficulty in understanding and sympathy for the client in the counseling scene.

장애인 성문제와 사회복지실천 개입방안 연구 : 장애인 성재활통합지원서비스 이용자를 중심으로

이상도,김대원 한국장애인재활협회 2008 재활복지 Vol.12 No.3

본 연구에서는 장애인의 성문제를 분류하고, 그에 따른 사회복지실천 차원에서의 개입방안을 모색하고자 문헌연구와 사례연구를 실시하였다. 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 장애인들의 주요 성문제를 살펴보면, 우리나라 남성장애인들의 많은 수가 발기부전 및 발기불능의 문제를 가지고 있으며, 여성장애인의 경우에는 성지식이 결여되어 있는 것으로 나타난다. 또한 지적장애나 신체적 부자유, 또는 이동권의 제한 등으로 의료기관에 대한 접근성이 미흡하여 생식기관의 위생이나 질환 및 임신, 출산, 육아 문제를 해결하는데 어려움을 겪고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 함께 지적장애인들의 무분별한 자위행위 및 성태도, 장애인들의 성적표현에 대한 부정적 인식, 외부로 부터 성적존재로 인정받지 못한다는 점이 문제로 제기되었다. 이러한 문제점을 바탕으로 사회복지실천 개입방안을 제시하자면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 성건강(sexual health)이란, 성과 관련하여 신체적, 정서적, 정신적, 사회적으로 평안한 상태를 뜻한다. 따라서 성건강 상태가 유지될 수 있도록 개인적 요인과 함께 성적억압 등의 환경적 요인을 함께 다루는 것이 중요하다. 둘째, 성적억압에 대한 심리상담 및 성욕조절 훈련 프로그램, 통합적 서비스 프로그램 등의 개발이 필요하다. 셋째, 노인장애인 및 이동권 제한이 있는 장애인들을 대상으로, 성관련 서비스는 물론 의료기관과의 연계를 통한 생식기관 질병관리 및 약물관리, 성재활 서비스 등 장애유형에 따른 구체적이고 실천적인 서비스가 필요하다. 이러한 결과를 토대로, 미시체계, 중범위체계, 거시체계로 구분하여 사회복지실천 개입방안에 대해서도 논의하였다. This study aims to find the intervention strategy of social welfare practice of disabled people with sexual problems. This study used literature research and case study. The results of this study, first, it is important to treat the personal factor and the environmental factor together in disabled people's sexual problems and health. Sexual health is a state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being related to sexuality. Second, the psychological counselling about sexual repression, sexual need control trainning program and integrated program development are important. Third, the subjects of the case study were 384 adult disabled people in the community(Deajeon Metropolitan City). The result of the case study confirmed composition needs of disabled people with sexual problems. The results include sexual service development for the aged and for disabled people. For example, medical Agency the service which connection reproductive organ disease management, medication management and sexual rehabilitation, etc. And specifically it emphasized a concrete and practical service for the disabled people type. We discussed the results of the intervention plan of social welfare practice with base also.

성 평등 및 다양성을 위한 민주주의교육의 변환과 적용

장원순 한국사회교과교육학회 2009 사회과교육연구 Vol.16 No.3

The problem of gender-discrimination and oppression is persisted in democratized korean society. it is problems of democratic education as well as problems of democracy in korean society. The aims of this article is to examines the problems of gender-discrimination and oppression and its origins in korean society and suggests the radical democracy as a alternative solution and on that ground, presents the nature and method of democratic education for the gender-equity and diversity. The radical democracy suggested as a alternative democracy extends the sphere of politics from the statecraft to the spheres of entire life including the subject and identity-formation and try to realize the principles of democracy in that extended spheres radically. According to the perspective of radical democracy, in order to resolve the problem of gender-discrimination and oppression, the democratic education must aim for the culture respecting gender-diversity and difference, the culture not classifying the man and woman, the culture regarding gender-identity as a personality beyond the education for equity between man and woman that presupposes the two kinds of gender. this article suggests the educational aims and various teaching methods to achieve the theses culture. 민주화된 한국사회에서 성 불평등과 차별의 문제는 여전히 존속하고 있다. 이는 한국 민주주의의 문제이자 또한 한국 민주주의교육의 문제라고 할 수 있다. 본 논문은 한국사회에서의 성 불평등 및 차별 문제와 제 원인을 검토하고 이러한 문제를 해결할 수 있는 대안 민주주의로 급진민주주의를 제시하고, 급진민주주의의 관점에서 성 평등 및 다양성을 위한 민주주의교육방법을 제시하고 있다. 본 논문에서 대안으로 제시하고 있는 급진민주주의는 정치의 영역을 국가적인 사무, 제도, 기구, 계급 등의 거대 주체의 문제에서 친구와 적의 구분이 발생하는 삶의 모든 영역, 더 나아가 주체 및 정체성 구성 문제로 확대하고 이러한 확대된 모든 영역에 민주주의의 기본원리인 자유와 평등, 연대의 원리를 철저히 실현하고자 한다. 이러한 급진민주주의 관점에서 볼 때 성 차별과 억압의 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 단지 두 가지 성 정체성만을 상정하는 양성평등교육을 넘어서 남성의 역할/여성의 역할 구분 자체가 의미 없어지는 문화, 한 사람의 행위가 성 정체성으로 설명되고 환원되는 것이 아니라 개성으로 이해되는 문화 곧 다양성과 차이가 존중되는 문화 민주주의를 실현해야 한다. 본 논문은 이러한 목적을 실현하기 위한 교육 목표와 몇 가지 실제적 방법을 제안하고 있다.

성인 비문해 학습자의 삶과 경험을 구성하는 생애과정과 공간 경로 탐구

양은아 한국성인교육학회 2017 Andragogy Today : International Journal of Adult & Vol.20 No.4

This study analyzed the narrative meaning of adult illiterate learners’ life and experience from the perspective of the cross-over of multi-steps of temporal life-course and various spatial moments in social areas. The author focuses on the nature of segmentation in time and spaces that are intertwined in adult illiterates lives. The life-course is not a homogeneous linear and seamless continuity, but rather the sum of segmented momentums exposed in heterogeneously located spatial social realities. In this research, the author reveals how the segments of life-pieces are colliding to shape dialogical interactions in one’s own personal learning history of literacy journey. This research used oral life history that included 18 learners who enrolled in a literacy education program in the City of Ulsan. This paper found out four meaningful categories or segments of life-space with the following different four themes: (1) home, (2) marriage, (3) community, and (4) adult literacy education space. First, home as a living space was a barren land that took the chance of learning away from them. It was the place where their learning deprivation has begun, and thus the fate of being illiterate has been assigned during their entire lives, as victims of prejudices as being women as well as being illiterate. Second, marriage looks to provide new space for escaping from the given ‘first family space’. It, however, consequentially ends up with a space where the problems and patterns of the previous home circumstances are continuously repeating. Third, local communities or social citizenship areas are the space where the learners completely face the limit as illiterate persons. As the modern social spaces are constructed with elaborated symbols and abstracts, the space applies endless repression and discrimination to illiterate persons and make them conceal and disguise their identities in return. it is the place where the learners embodied the demands of others and being “otherness.” They are constantly judged as abnormal by the groups they belong. Finally, the adult literacy education is the space of liberation. It is the learning space where the learners could feel free from the prejudices of ‘otherness’. It provides shelter to relocate themselves from ‘being-others’, and transform to the new identity who are able to construct new space of living, as another social birth. 본 연구는 생애과정이라는 시간성의 종적구조와 다양한 사회적 영역이라는 공간성의 횡적구조가 교차되는 지점에서 성인 비문해 학습자의 삶과 경험에 대한 서사적 의미를 분석하는 것과 함께 공간적 타자화와 탈타자화가 전개되는 복합적 맥락을 검토하였다. 이를 위해 울산지역 한 문해교육 거점기관에 등록한 학습자 18명을 대상으로 구술생애사 연구방법을 활용하였다. 연구결과, 공간범주는 집, 결혼, 사회, 문해교육 공간이라는 4가지 영역으로 구분되었다. 먼저, ‘집’ 공간은 이들에게 생애 전체를 가로지르는 장벽, 즉 교육의 첫 기회가 박탈되고 평생 비문해자라는 굴레가 덧씌워지는 연쇄적 고리가 꿰어지는 출발지점이며, ‘여자’라는 왜곡된 편견과 중첩된 억압을 경험하며 타자화되는 공간이었다. 둘째, 결혼을 통한 새로운 공간으로의 이동은 유청소년기 공간으로부터의 탈주의 계기로 삼지만, 결과적으로 이전 ‘집’ 공간의 문제와 패턴이 그대로 연장되고 반복되는 공간으로 상징화되었다. 셋째, 공적공간으로 편입해 들어가는 사회공간은 전면적으로 비문해자로서의 한계를 직면하는 공간이다. 비문해자에 대한 억압과 차별이 내리누르는 공간, 자신의 비문해자 정체성을 숨기고 위장해야 하는 공간으로서 타인과 집단이 요구하는 시선과 규범을 체현하는 장소인 동시에 전형적인 규범과 ‘정상’이라고 인지되는 범주 안에 자신을 구성해가는 공간이었다. 마지막으로 문해교육 공간은 타자적 시선에서 벗어나 탈타자화를 전유해가는 학습공간이며, 새로운 공간생산의 주체로 성장하는 곳이다. 그 점에서 문해교육을 통해 문해자로서 거듭나는 것은 또 다른 ‘사회적 탄생’을 의미한다.

성의억압과 부부관계: 일제 시기 농촌의 신혼생활을 중심으로

박부진 ( Boo Jin Park ) 한국문화인류학회 2004 韓國文化人類學 Vol.37 No.1

성소수자 문제와 미국의 다문화 교사교육에 관한 탐색적 연구

신경희 ( Kyunghee Shin ) 부산대학교 과학교육연구소 2015 교사교육연구 Vol.54 No.3

단일문화권인 한국과 달리 언어적, 문화적, 인종적 다문화 사회로 알려진 미국은 성소수자에 대한 사회적 수용정도가 높은 것으로 알려져 있다. 특히 최근 미국 연방 대법원의 동성결혼 합법 판결로 인해 미국의 동성애 자들은 더욱 개방적이고 공개적인 삶을 운영해나갈 수있게 되었다. 그러나 미국 교육학자들은 성소수자 논의에서 학교라는 영역은 이성애주의와 동성애혐오가 근본적으로 고착화되어 있어 내부에서 변화가 쉽지 않다고 주장한다. 다행히 최근 다문화 교사교육을 중심으로 동성애 문제가 공식적인 교육과정의 일부로 다루어지는 움직임이 일어나고 있다. 그러나 다양한 형태의 소수자를 위해 존재한다고 여겨지는 다문화 교육조차 성소수 자 문제를 피상적으로 접근하고 있다는 비난을 받고 있다. 본 연구는 성소수자들의 인권에 대해 가장 적극적으로 반응하고 이에 대한 해결책을 교사를 통해 제안하 는 미국 다문화 교사 교육과정을 주목한다. 또한 성소 수자라는 새로운 주제를 교사교육에서 적용하는 과정에서 나타나는 가능성과 제한점을 분석함으로써 한국 교사교육에게 제안하는 시사점에 대해서도 함께 논의하고자 한다. 이 목적을 위해 미국 대학의 강의 계획서를 검토하고 이 중 성소수자에 대한 체계적인 과제를 제시하는 대학교를 선별하여, 프로그램 속에서 미국 예비교사들이 동성애에 대한 부정적인 의식을 성찰하고, 성소 수자들의 인권을 위해 자신이 어떤 역할을 감당해나갈 지에 대한 생각의 변화과정을 분석하였다. As the U.S. Supreme Court recently ruled to legalize same-sex marriage, the American public is expected to move toward full acceptance of sexual minority issues. However, many teacher educators argue that the schools continue reinforce a culture of homophobia and heterosexism. Educators who are aware of this issue struggled to include sexual minorities issues into the existing teacher education programs. Although many universities in the U.S. cover these issues within their teacher education programs, they tend to be seen as a superficial add-on. This research examines how homo-sexual issues are covered within multi-cultural teacher education and finds implications for teacher education in Korea. This study reviewed the multi-cultural teacher education syllabus and checked whether homosexual issues were included. One teacher education program was selected in order to understand how prospective teachers perceive the current understanding and attitudes toward homosexual issues, and how to deal with prejudice and discrimination. The literature review introduced the main concepts of three feminism theories and provided an overview of homosexual issues within multicultural education

Connection and Inclusion through Two Strong Korean Girls' Voices in Historical Fiction from a Multicultural Feminist Perspective

윤은자 현대영미어문학회 2010 현대영미어문학 Vol.28 No.2

This paper seeks to address the notion of connection and inclusion through listening to two strong girls' voices in two historical fiction books, Sun‐hee and Sookan from Linda Sue Park's When My Name was Keoko(2002) and Choi Sook Nyul's Year of Impossible Goodbye(1991) respectively. Employing multicultural feminist perspectives suggested by Clark and Fink(2004), this paper will look into the patterns of oppression and resistance common in both stories, that is, naming, language, story, and nature. In addition, the notion of agency, a theme widely discussed in feminist and multicultural theories, will be discussed, comparing Sun‐hee and Sookan to Yoko from Yoko Kawashima Watkins's So Far From the Bamboo Grove(1986), which is set in the same historical period as When My Name was Keoko and So Far From the Bamboo Grove. As to the notion of agency, this paper explains why historical fiction can not achieve the voice of inclusion and connection without its historicity and the character's agency. This paper is also an attempt to reveal how reading historical fiction from multicultural feminist perspectives can bring connection to and inclusion of another time, place, and people by sharing characters' oppression and their resistance.

퇴계의 심미(審美)의식과 초월의 정신

김기현 ( Ki Hyun Kim ) 퇴계학연구원 2006 退溪學報 Vol.120 No.-

강경애의 성장소설 연구

전정연 숙명여자대학교 2002 숙명語文論集 Vol.4 No.-

The 'growing novel' is a general term which is being widely used by literary critics because it is more appropriate to designate a sub-branch of Korean novel than any other terms. Recently, some critics turn their own interest on 'feminine growing novel', and try to find any characteristics in this kind of novel, for example whether there is a certain kind of transfiguration in plot or there are qualitative differences in the process of growing of heroin in particular. To begin with, I define in this thesis 'the growing novel' as follows : 'a novel which describes the life of hero or heroin growing up from immature to full-fledged adult through the inner struggle of his (her) mind and outer struggle with the world.' With this definition, I will analyze the term, 'growing novel' and inquire the characteristics of that term. First of all, I have read two of Kang's novels, 「Mother and Daughter」(1931), and 「Human Problem」(1934) with great attention and analyze them with narratological method. From the view of a level of the story, 「Mother and Daughter」 has a narratological consolidation which was combined our heroin, Ok-yi's narration as a central axis with two peripheral narrations of her mother(Yepbun) and mother-In-Iaw(Sanhozoo). By dividing the story in sequence and reducing the story to several motif, we can see firstly that Ok-yi is growing up without parent which means that she has no chance to have protective role of parent, Secondly, she becomes a scapegoat of a male-chauvinistic family system which was traditional in Korea. Thirdly, she is awakened to social consciousness after being received new education. Fourthly, she is going out in search of a new way of life. The sequences of the story can be patterned by the formula which consist of 'ordeal', 'awakening' and 'separation' in turn. The main reason of ordeal which Ok-yi inevitably faced is coming from such a traditional family system as polygamy and marriage custom which allows a young girl to be taken one's family as a future daughter-in-law, After such an ordeal, Ok-yi has passing through sudden and short period of self awakening by receiving new education which makes it possible for her to separate herself from old fashioned family system and the past life. The separation is a key word by which we can see 'a developing narration' in novels of Korean literary circles in early 1930' s and it represents an ideal of socialist feminism which the author strongly maintained. In view of the level of discourse, the outstanding character of 「Mother and Daughter」 is a skill of narration borrowed from ancient literature, In the middle of narrations of main character, the narrator inserted two narrations which is a third of whole story. It takes a form of biographical narration concerning of the life of Ok-yi's mother and her mother-in-law, The narrator also tells a story to the reader directly like a performer in Pansori or Korean masked dance, This is a prematured and pre-modem forms of discourse, although it shows popularity in character and is based on reading experience of author herself and internalized tradition. Kang's novel, 「Human Problem」is an another 'growing novel' structured with double narrations in which two person are involved with an equal role. The story is unfolding with four different steps. The first step is about our heroin's growing without parent as depicted as the former novel, rMother and Daughterj The second step is connected with an ordeal the main character happened to be experienced by sexual assault. After passing through the period of torment, the heroin is going out to the world to find a new life. This is third step which is followed in conclusion by a tragic death of main character, 'Sunbi' caused by harsh reality of class society, 'Ordeal', 'separation' and 'frustration' are the names of the way the story is unfolding. The cause of ordeal is double discrimination, sexual and social class. This novel presents harsh reality more dramatically by taking hard and slow process of separation, The author tries to complete her own socialist vision by showing that the tragic death of 'Sunbi' provides the life and growth of 'the First' which is ascending conclusion. By showing antigrowing narrations of woman, the author places great emphasis on the necessity of growing for woman and accuse the limitation of the time. Background and objects are important elements at the level of story. In 「Human Problem」, there is a type of space confrontations, that is Won-so(lake) vs. spinning factory, a natural space vs. an artificial space, a space of dream and consolation vs. a space of torment and alienation, a space in which a rich man who is vicious must be punished vs. a space in which a poor labourer is exploiting and a space for life or death. And root for medical use vs, money shows same category of confrontation. In conclusion, these two novels tell us a story about women who have to grow up without parent and without proper education. As a result of personal and social background, they have to pass through many ordeals coming from the suppression of social system and violence. However, there is some differences between two main characters, Ok-yi in 「Mother and Daughter」 found her self-consciousness by taking an opportunity of new education and aid from mediator, but Sunbi in 'Human Problernj could not have an opportunity of receiving proper education and aid from mediator. As a result of it, she could not escape from a tragic death. In the former novel, the author represents optimistic and idealistic vision, and in the later novel objective and realistic vision has been presented. This difference has deep connection with the main current of Korean literary circle in early and middle years of 1930's, In this thesis, I tried to make it clear that Kang Kyung-ae is a unique female writer who wrote 'feminine growing novel' with a socialist feminism in 1930' s and I also pointed out that the objects and the qualitative process of growing depend on the time and ideology to which the writer belongs.

인문학적 상상력과 서사전략 1950년대 지식인 여성의 교육과 기독교 -임옥인의『들에 핀 백합화를 보아라』를 중심으로-

송인화 ( In Hwa Song ) 한국현대문예비평학회 2011 한국문예비평연구 Vol.- No.36

In this research we look into the role of christianity involved in intellectual women`s educational ideology after 1945, centered on leem ok in`s 『look at the lilies on the field』. Christianity that contributed to women`s liberation early in the modernization takes on a important role again through an woman`s educational establishment and a policy maker`s role. So we want to investigate it`s acting on the woman`s education and identity forming. In this process we especially take notice of the distinct characteristics of the 50`s korea along with the general religious doctrine. The inside of korea christian in 50`s was maked up complex elements including guilt due to the shrine, conservative evangelical faith, regime adhesions, so we can not be objectively explained the repression and conservatism appeared on the christian discourse of women`s education without that. Ideology of beauty which constructing the core women`s liberal intellectuals, was appeared as the oppression of women. Contents of beauty was limited to altruistic ethics such a service, sacrifice, dedication etc. and oppressed of women`s sexual desire and the flesh, on the other hand, praised the flesh of women contributing to the nation through showing a favor for the Miss korea. That produced sexually discriminational discourse christian ascetic ethics and conformism conservativeness contradictorily combined. Woman`s education was strongly limited to simple -technical post focused on a livlihood irrelevant Intellectuals, women`s professional society activities. On the other hand men were placed on the mental-leadership - professional areas, so hierarchy sexual discrimination appeared. Through this woman alienated ideology of beauty and hierarchy of knowledge the text finally assisted a marriage and familism as a purpose of woman`s life. Marriage was not a matter of choice for women. It must reach, even if some sacrifices have to be assumed as an absolute value. Sexist logic that women were basically immature and unstable existence therefor must governed by a system of marriage was constructed.