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황병하(Hwang Byung Ha) 명지대학교 중동문제연구소 2015 중동문제연구 Vol.14 No.2
To investigate al-Sisi's response to Islamism and the reaction of the Muslim Brotherhood (MB) to al-Sisi's Islamic policy, and to understand the current political situation of Egypt, it is necessary to explore how and why the MB disappeared so suddenly and forcefully from Egyptian politics and people's mind. In a hostile political environment, the MB ultimately fell because of its own political, ideological, and organizational failures. The MB's leadership is said to have failed to placate the powerful realities of Egypt, the military and judiciary, and to legitimize its Islamic democratic project. Currently, the MB is deeply committed to choose one way among total eradication, its triumphant comeback, or reconciliation. In the current political situation in Egypt, it should be acknowledged that MB's failure signifies the end of its electoral slogan "Islam is the solution," though it does not yet mean the end of political Islam in Egypt.
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황병하 ( Byung Ha Hwang ) 한국이슬람학회 2013 한국이슬람학회논총 Vol.23 No.3
This paper is intended to research the change of political power structure in Egypt after the Arab Spring. The political power structure of Egypt has changed two times after the Arab Spring. After the Arab Spring, Islamist Mursy was elected as President of Egypt through a democratic election. During his first year in office, Mursy was regarded as doing little to tackle economic and social problems. He was ousted by the military in July 2013. It was a coup. After coup, Egypt was in turmoil, and polarized politically,religiously, and socially. In chapter Ⅱ, this paper analyzed the current situation of Egypt. A democratically elected president has been removed by the military. In chapter Ⅲ, the relationship between Mursy and the military in the first year of Mursy and MB``s response after coup were described. In chapter Ⅳ, the change of political power structure in Egypt after the Arab Spring was presented. The power structure after military coup is expected as same as the power structure of Mubarak. In chapter Ⅴ, the pivotal factors(America, the military, MB) influencing the political power structure of Egypt and their roles were presented. The most urgently needed thing in Egypt are reconciliation and democracy.
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2012년 이집트 헌법의 주요 내용 분석 및 평가 : 이슬람과 군부관련 내용을 중심으로
황병하(Hwang Byung Ha) 한국이슬람학회 2014 한국이슬람학회논총 Vol.24 No.3
This paper is intended to research the analysis of the main articles of Egyptian Constitution 2012 and its evaluation focused on the articles on Islam and military. The Egyptian Constitution 2012 was very familiar with other countries' constitutions in terms of the language, structure, and institutions. It was regarded as products of domestic political debates, particularly between MB and the military. But the opposition had raised questions and protests against some articles related with Islam, especially Article 4 and Article 219. In order to understand the meaning of Article 219, we have to start with the principles of the Islamic Sharia, which Article 2 of the Constitution 1971(amended in 1980, reproduced in th 2012 draft) proclaimed as the main source of legislation. In chapter Ⅱ, the history and changing process of Egyptian Constitutions were presented. In Chapter Ⅲ, the main topics of the Constitution 2012 were researched. In Chapter Ⅳ, the analysis of the Constitution 2012 and its evaluation focused on the Islam and the military were given. In Egypt, the interpretation of Article 219 fell into the Supreme Constitutional Court(SCC). The Islamic Sharia has provoked a lot of intellectual inquiries and questions from Constitution 1971. In Egypt, the Islamic Sharia has regarded as a authoritative tradition and principles. So in Constitution 2012, SCC had no choice except accepting Sharia as a tradition and treating it a little bit roughly and unimportant. Most of Article 219's terms came from the traditional Sunni methodology based on the Quran, Sunna, Qiyas, and Ijma. In Constitution 2012, Mursi and MB had tried to include an article to reduce the Military's political and economic power through the revision of the Constitution. But the Military had acknowledged MB's attention, and checked that article not being included in the Constitution. Since then, the relationship between MB and the Military had become worsen, and finally Mursi government was collapsed by the Military coup in 3rd July, 2013. So we can say that the reason of Mursi's downfall was not because of the Article 219, but because of the conflicts with the Military.
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