황룡사 창건 구층목탑 단상

이주헌 국립문화재연구원 2019 헤리티지:역사와 과학 Vol.52 No.2

『삼국유사(三國遺事)』에 의하면 황룡사 구층목탑은 백제의 장인 아비지(阿非知)에 의해 선덕여왕 13년(645)에 건립된 것으로 전한다. 이후 고려 고종 25년(1238) 몽고군의 침략으로 사찰이 완전히 불타버리기 전까지 약 700년 동안 당시대인의 정신문화 속에서 최고의 자리를 차지하는 상징이자 호국불교의 구심체로서 존재하였다. 그동안 많은 연구자들이 문헌기록과 발굴조사 자료를 근거로 황룡사 창건 목탑에 대한 구조와 전체적인 형태에 대한 다양한 복원안을 제시해왔다. 하지만 그들이 제시한 황룡사 목탑의 모습은 기본적으로 현재 남아 있는 목탑지의 외형적인 형태와 단순한 목구조를 가정한 사각구층의 형태였다. 이는 관련 자료의 부족과 제한된 지식으로 인해 황룡사 창건 목탑의 기술적 계보에 대한 충분한 인식이 부족한 시기에 이루어진 것이어서 새로운 자료의 발견과 고대 대형 불탑의 구조 체계에 대한 인식정도에 따라 충분히 수정될 수 있을 것으로 생각한다. 본고에서는 2005년부터 진행된 <황룡사 복원 연구>를 통해 정리된 목탑지에 대한 재분석 자료를 근거로 동아시아 고대 불탑의 구조 체계에 대한 폭넓은 이해 속에서 황룡사 창건 목탑의 계보와 구조에 대한 새로운 인식이 필요함을 제안해보고자 한다. 황룡사 창건 목탑은 통일신라와 고려시대에 걸쳐 적어도 두 번의 큰 중창을 겪는 동안 기단의 규모와 평면 형식 등이 변화된 것으로 추정되며, 이에 따라 상부 구조에도 큰 변화가 있었을 것으로 파악된다. 발굴조사 결과 드러난 유구에서 삼국시대에 만들어진 것으로 전하는 구층목탑과 관련된 흔적은 현재 판축으로 조성된 기단토와 심초석 정도이며, 그외 초석과 기단 석재 등 대부분은 9세기 이후의 것일 가능성이 높다. 따라서 황룡사 창건 목탑의 실질적인 구조는 당시 동아시아 대형 불탑의 변화과정 속에서 이해하여야 하며, 기술적 계보는 북조의 영향을 받은 백제의 대형 불탑에서 찾아야 할 것이다. 나아가 남산 탑곡 마애조상군에 표현된 9층 마애탑의 모습과 황룡사지 강당지에서 출토된 금동제 불탑 난간편 분석을 통하여 파악된 고고자료를 근거로 황룡사 창건 목탑의 이미지를 추정해본다면 외형상으로뿐만 아니라 구조적으로도 지금까지 우리가 인식하고 있던 순수한 목구조를 한사각구층탑과는 다른 형태로 파악되는데, 아마도 실심체를 갖춘 이원 구조의 팔각구층탑일 것으로 파악된다. According to the Samguk Yusa, the nine-story wooden pagoda at Hwangnyongsa Temple was built by a Baekje artisan named Abiji in 645. Until the temple was burnt down completely during the Mongol invasion of Korea in 1238, it was the greatest symbol of the spiritual culture of the Korean people at that time and played an important role in the development of Buddhist thought in the country for about 700 years. At present, the only remaining features of Hwangnyongsa Temple, which is now in ruins, are the pagoda’s stylobate and several foundation stones. In the past, many researchers made diverse inferences concerning the restoration of the original structure and the overall architecture of the wooden pagoda at Hwangnyongsa Temple, based on written records and excavation data. However, this information, together with the remaining external structure of the pagoda site and the assumption that it was a simple wooden structure, actually suggest that it was a rectangular-shaped nine-story pagoda. It is assumed that such ideas were suggested at a time when there was a lack of relevant data and limited knowledge on the subject, as well as insufficient information about the technical lineage of the wooden pagoda at Hwangnyongsa Temple; therefore, these ideas should be revised in respect of the discovery of new data and an improved level of awareness about the structural features of large ancient Buddhist pagodas. This study focused on the necessity of raising awareness of the lineage and structure of the wooden pagoda at Hwangnyongsa Temple and gaining a broader understanding of the structural system of ancient Buddhist pagodas in East Asia. The study is based on a reanalysis of data about the site of the wooden pagoda obtained through research on the restoration of Hwangnyongsa Temple, which has been ongoing since 2005. It is estimated that the wooden pagoda underwent at least two large-scale repairs between the Unified Silla and Goryeo periods, during which the size of the stylobate and the floor plan were changed and, accordingly, the upper structure was modified to a significant degree. Judging by the features discovered during excavation and investigation, traces relating to the nine-story wooden pagoda built during the Three Kingdoms Period include the earth on which the stylobate was built and the central pillar’s supporting stone, which had been reinstalled using the rammed earth technique, as well as other foundation stones and stylobate stone materials that most probably date back to the ninth century or earlier. It seems that the foundation stones and stylobate stone materials were new when the reliquaries were enshrined again in the pagoda after the Unified Silla period, so the first story and upper structure would have been of a markedly different size to those of the original wooden pagoda. In addition, during the Goryeo period, these foundation stones were rearranged, and the cover stone was newly installed; therefore, the pagoda would seem to have undergone significant changes in size and structure compared to previous periods. Consequently, the actual structure of the original wooden pagoda at Hwangnyongsa Temple should be understood in terms of the changes in large Buddhist pagodas built in East Asia at that time, and the technical lineage should start with the large Buddhist pagodas of the Baekje dynasty, which were influenced by the Northern dynasty of China. Furthermore, based on the archeological data obtained from the analysis of the images of the nine-story rock-carved pagoda depicted on the Rock-carved Buddhas in Tapgok Valley at Namsan Mountain in Gyeongju, and the gilt-bronze rail fragments excavated from the lecture hall at the site of Hwangnyongsa Temple, the wooden pagoda would appear to have originally been an octagonal nine-story pagoda with a dual structure, rather than a simple rectangular wooden structure.

황룡사구층목탑 가구 및 결구기법에 관한 추론적 고찰

황세옥 국립문화재연구원 2013 헤리티지:역사와 과학 Vol.46 No.1

The wooden stupa of Hwangyongsa temple - which was designed and constructed by master craftsman Abigi of the Baekje Dynasty during the Silla Dynasty between the 12th year of Queen Seondeok (AD 643) and AD 646 - can be regarded as a typical Korean wooden stupa. However, it was destroyed by fire during an invasion by the Mongolians in AD 1238 during the Koryo Dynasty. In spite of progress in research for the restoration of the wooden stupa, there are some remains to be re-considered in regard to ruins, relics and literature previously discovered.In particular, research conducted on frame construction and structure can be considered an important basis for restoration. However, previous studies seem to have not attempted to establish structural and formative characteristics of the wooden stupa based on the indigenous techniques and styles of traditional Korea, but general characteristics of the wooden stupa biased toward cultural interchange with neighbouring countries. As such, in this study the frame construction and structure of the wooden stupa of Hwangyongsa temple were analysed and considered in detail based on the re-interpretation of literature which can be a clue about the structure of the stupa, related ruins of the 7th century period, and previous studies. As a result, this paper supposed and presented a model picture for the plane arrangement of pillars, structural methods for Dwibburi (뒤뿌리) of Haangjae (하앙재), Shimju (심주), and other key areas. The author hopes that this study contributes substantially to research on the wooden stupa of ancient Korea and to the establishment of construction and structural methods. 황룡사구층목탑은 신라시대에 백제인 아비지(阿非知)에 의해 설계·시공된 우리나라 최고(最高)의 목 탑으로 선덕왕 12년(643)에 시작되어 646년에 완성된 후 1238년 고려시대 몽고의 침입으로 소실될 때 까지 오랫동안 한국 목탑의 전형으로 볼 수 있다. 그러나 황룡사구층목탑의 복원에 관한 기존 연구에도 불구하고, 이미 발굴된 유구와 유물, 문헌적 자료를 통하여 새롭게 고찰될 부분이 있다. 특히 황룡사구층 목탑의 가구구조와 결구에 관한 연구는 복원을 위한 중요한 근거가 될 수 있음에도 그동안 우리나라 전 통기법과 양식에 바탕을 둔 목탑의 구조적·조형적 특성을 규명하기보다는 관련 주변 국가와의 교류를 고려하여 목탑의 보편적 특성 규명에 치우쳐 왔다는 생각마저 든다. 이에 본고에서는 구조적으로 해석될 수 있는 해당 목탑에 관한 문헌의 재해석과 건립 당시인 7세기 전후 국내의 관련 유구 및 선학의 연구를 바탕으로, 황룡사구층목탑의 가구구조와 결구의 기법을 구체적으로 분석 고찰하였다. 즉, 평면의 기둥배 치 모형도, 중요부위별 결구방식, 하앙재 및 추녀 뒤뿌리의 결구방식, 사천주 및 심주의 결구방식 등을 추정 제시하였다. 본인은 이러한 연구를 통하여 한국 고대목탑건축의 연구자료에 활용함은 물론 구조기 법과 결구기법의 실체에 한 걸음 더 접근할 수 있는 계기가 마련될 것으로 본다.

미륵사지서탑 축조의구조원리에 관한 기초 연구 : 6~7세기 전반 목탑과의 비교분석을 중심으로

조은경 국립문화재연구원 2009 헤리티지:역사와 과학 Vol.42 No.2

미륵사는 백제 무왕(재위 600~641)이 창건한 사찰로 이와 관련한 창건 기록이『삼국유사(三國遺事)』기이(紀굋) 제이(第二) 무왕조(武王條)에 언급되어 있다. 서원의 미륵사지서탑은 해체 전 6층까지의 일부가 남아있었으며 미륵사지 내의 유일한 현존 건축물로서 최근 사리장엄 발견으로 639년이라는 건립연대가 밝혀졌다. 또한 백제 사찰의 발굴조사 자료가 축적되 고 동아시아의 학술적 교류가 활발해지면서 미륵사지서탑의 조영을 당시 불탑 건축의 발전 과정과 연관시켜 해석할 수 있 는 가능성이 한층 높아졌다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 미륵사지서탑의 축조에 적용된 구조원리와 1층 평면의 형성을 중심으 로 6~7세기 불탑 건축의 발전과정에 있어서 대형의 불탑건축이 어떻게 이루어졌는지에 관한 기초적 연구를 시도하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 미륵사지서탑은 내부와 외부가 독립적인 개념으로 축조되었는데 이는 당시의 고층 불탑건축에서 나타나는 구조 원리의 표현으로 보여진다. 영녕사 목탑지에서 확인된 탑실심체와 같이 내부의 구조체를 형성하는 개념과 유사하게 내부 적심을 형성하고 외부 부재를 부가하는 방식으로 축조된 것이라 판단된다. 둘째, 미륵사지서탑에서는 상부의 적심부와 동시에 심주석이 동시에 존재하는 혼합 구조를 표현하고 있는데 이는 중 국의 영녕사 목탑과 같은 실심체의 구조보다 발전된 것으로 조팽성 불사의 심초석과 항토 실심체의 구조와 유사한 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 혼합 구조는 황룡사 목탑이나 일본의 목탑과 같이 내외진을 전부 목구조로 형성하고 심주가 독립적으로 지지되는 구조 방식보다 선행되는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 셋째, 미륵사지서탑의 경우 1층에 십자형의 공간이 형성된 것은 심주석에 위치한 사리 봉안에 의한 것일 가능성이 높 다. 이는 심주석을 중심으로 하는 4방향의 구심적 공간이며 사리의 본질적 의미에 기인하여 백제 6~7세기의 횡혈식 석실 분과 유사한 방식으로 축조되었다. 횡혈식 석실분의 축조기법은 사리가 봉안되어 있는 상징적 공간을 효과적으로 표현하 기 위한 방법인 동시에 석재를 사용하여 축조된 서탑에 있어서 재료적 동일성으로 인하여 수용이 더욱 용이하였던 것으로 추정된다. Mireuksa Temple was founded during the reign of King Mu of Baekje(AD 600-641). The circumstance of the construction of this temple is documented in Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms (Samgukyusa) . The pagoda named stone pagoda at Mireuksaji temple stands outside the main sanctuary of the western area. The south and west sides of the stone pagoda have completely collapsed, leaving only the eastern facade of six of its levels intact. Through the recent discovery of sarira reliquary we can see that the erection of this pagoda was in 639. So owing to accumulation of excavation results about Baekje temple site and vigorous academic exchange, it is possible that architecture of western pagoda at Mireuksaji temple can be understood in connection with the architectural development of wooden pagoda from 6th to early 7th century in East Asia. So this study is on the consideration of building of this pagoda putting first structure of upper part and cross-shaped space in 1st floor. It was considered that the material characteristics as stone could be applied to the temple pagoda architecture of large scale. The results are as follows. First, it had been built in recognition that the outer and inner part of pagoda should be separated. As it is the expression of structural system in temple pagoda architecture of large scale at that time. In pagoda there was a selferected structure and the members of outer part of it were constructed additionally. Second, in Mireuksaji stone pagoda there is central column with stones. With inner part of pagoda it can be regarded as mixed structural system that constitutes central contral column and inner structural part. And it could be a kind of middle step to more developed structure of whole as wooden pagodas in Japan. Third, as the sarira reliquary was in central column on the first floor, the cross-shaped space could be made. The formation of this space was so on the natural meaning of sarira that the concept as memorial service of graves could be apllied to the pagoda. The style of tomb in Baekje was expressed to the space of 1st floor in pagoda where Sarira had been mstalled. That was not only effective presentation of symbolic space but also easier method in the use of same material.

미륵사지서탑의 목구조 표현과 해석

조은경(Cho Eun-Kyung) 대한건축학회 2010 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.26 No.12

The purpose of this study was to understand the presentation of wooden structure in the elevation of Mireuksajiseotap. Mireuksajiseotap is the stone pagoda in the western area of Mireuksaji. It has been said that the pagoda was only the adaptation of wooden pagoda because it was made with stone. But through the dismantle and investigation of this pagoda it revealed that the cental column is from 1st floor to 4th floor and how the elevation members are composed. And it can be understood that this pagoda is the only adaptation of elevation in wooden architecture or the interpretation of wooden structure. This study is progressed first by the analysis of interrelationship between Mireuksajiseotap and so called 'wooden tower pagoda', after that it is need to analyze the elevation members of the pagoda. The results of this study were as follows; Mireuksajiseotap has interrelated with ancient wooden tower pagoda. First in Mireuksajiseotap the horizontal members are amphasized by being piled up one on another. Second the only members inserted to inner structural part in this pagoda is the 'upper roof support stone' as the 'bo(梁)', insertion members in wooden tower pagoda. Third there are members containing two different direction and characters in one piece. Of course as the pagoda had made with stone, it could not but differ from wooden pagoda. But the composition of elevation members had been based on the sufficient understanding of structural characteristics in wooden pagoda.

고려(高麗) 금동탑(金銅塔)을 통해 본 법주사(法主寺) 팔상전(捌相殿)의 구조형식계통(構造形式系統)

김경표,Kim, Kyeong-Pyo 한국건축역사학회 2005 건축역사연구 Vol.14 No.1

The central aim of this thesis is to see if the structure of Palsangjeon(捌相殿) in Pubjoo Temple(法住寺), a five sto wooden pagoda in Chosen(朝鮮) Dynasty, was handed down from the ancient and middle ages. This study was performed through an analysis of Gilt-Bronze Pagoda built in Koryo(高麗) period. In other words, it is aimed at analyzing which lineage the structure of Palsangjeonbelongs to as a wooden pagoda. In analyzing the structure of Palsangjeon, I attempted to find out its source from the remains of Koryo period prior to the Chosen Dynasty. Examples are the Gilt-Bronze Pagoda, built during the Koryo period. I have also examined its relationship with other existing wooden pagodas and remains. The analysis of Palsangjeon, a five story wooden pagoda in Chosen Dynasty, focuses on the following: First, I explored the possibilities of whether the structure of Palsangjeon was newly invented in Chosen Dynasty, or if it had been derived from the wooden pagodas in the Koryo period. Secondly, I tried to find out if the stable vertical planes, with a great successive diminution ratio, were derived from the middle age, i.e. Koryo period. The results of the study of Palsangjeon through Gilt-Bronze Pagoda analysis are as follows: 1. The structure of Gilt-Bronze Pagoda, a wooden pagoda from the Koryo period, is roughly classified into the accumulation type, using pipe pillars, and the one story type using whole pillars. In the accumulation type, stories are connected in either a flat format or an intervening format. The Gilt-Bronze Pagoda is mainly composed of pipe pillars, with some whole pillars. However, the central pillar was omitted in the building structure. Generally, the upper and lower stories are connected by pipe pillars in a crutch format. All the pillars, whether they are pipe pillars or whole pillars, used Naiten(內轉) technology. The Eave supporter has the Haang type(下昻) and the Muhaang type(無下昻). In most cases, high balustrades are furnished, but few tables of high balustrades have been found. The slanting roof formats have been handed down from Paekche(百濟), Silla(新羅), or Koryo(高麗). However, the structure of the octagon is assumed to be derived from Koguryo(高句麗). The structure of the Gilt-Bronze Pagoda from the Koryo period is mainly composed of accumulated flat squares, with some spire types. intervening format, the structure of Palsangjeon used whole pillars in a half story format in which upper level side pillars are installed on the lower level tie beam. From the Bronze Pagoda from the Koryo period, we can assume that the half story format of wooden pagodas that has stable vertical planes with a great successive diminution ratio was created during the mid-Koryo period at the latest and had been idly developed by the time of the Chosen Dynasty. 3. The whole pillars in Palsangjeon are also found in Gilt-Bronze Pagodas from the Koryo period. Hence, all of the pillars in Palsangjeon seem to have been handed down from the ancient construction technology. They were also used in the construction of wooden pagodas from the Koryo period. Therefore, it is assumed that Palsangjeon was constructed using the construction technology of the Chosen Dynasty that had been developed from the wooden pagoda construction technology of the Koryo period. The stable vertical planes with a great successive diminution ratio in Palsangjeon are derived from ancient Korean wooden pagodas, which have developed into indigenous Korean wooden pagodas with fairly stable vertical planes and a great design, in the half story format of Koryo and Chosen Dynasty. Therefore, it is assumed that the structure of Palsangjeon has a systematic relationship with traditional Korean wooden pagodas and is one of the indigenous Korean wooden pagoda structures. 4. In China, the intervening format has been mainly used between stories in multi-story architecture since the ancient days. At the same time, the flat format as also

대목장 최기영의 작품분석에 관한 연구

조성규(Cho, Sung-Kyu),남해경(Nam, Hae-Kyung) 대한건축학회 2016 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.36 No.2

신라 사천왕사 건축 연구

김숙경 동국대학교 WISE(와이즈)캠퍼스 신라문화연구소 2023 新羅文化 Vol.62 No.-

This paper is a fundamental architectural research study on the layout of Sacheonwangsa Temple and basic stage of architectural evidence of various structures such as Geumdang (main building of temple), Moktop (wooden pagoda), and Danseok (assumed altar). Summerizing the research contents, they are as follows. Firstly, the spatial dimensions of the front and back courtyards, which are centered on the Geumdang and the Iklang (wing corridor), were compared and reviewed based on the architectural plan of the Hwaerang (corridor). The size of the space is determined by the proportion of buildings inside the space, and the size of the Hwaerang is also adjusted accordingly. Therefore, the standard of Sacheonwangsa Temple's layout should be based on the Geumdang. Based on the Ikrang plan, the width of the internal space of the temple is closely related to ensuring the entrance space and the placement of the two pagodas facing each other. The size of the foundation stone (초석) of Sacheonwangsa Temple is based on the size of the Iklang, which is smaller than the Hwaerang. Secondly, the Chayang-kan (sloping eave bracket system) of the Geumdang was installed at the latest stage of the construction sequence. However, the Joomang (grid of columns) makes the Dori-kan evenly spaced, requiring a structural system that reinforces the Cha-yangkan, and this can be seen as an early structural form among the Geumdangs of the Silla period. Since the Geumdang has a Chayang-kan structure and a round seat size of the main hall-foundation stone is same, it is believed that the main building is a single-story architecture, including the roof of the Chayang-kan, which makes up the two-story of the Geumdang‘s exterior. Thirdly, Moktop preserves the standard plane of the Silla-style three-kans pagoda, making it a very important cultural property. The Ma-ae Pagoda in Namsan exhibits a evenly decreased shape, and is understood as a stacked pagoda structure with individual floors, rather than a continuous structure. Taking into account the size differences between the foundation stones of the 4 central-columns (사천주) and outer-columns (외주), as well as the dimensions of the supporting seat of Noban and the methods used to support the lower part of the bracket, it is thought that central-columns were connected by a short column, closing the distance between columns, from 2.15 meters at the first floor, to about 1.5 meters at the top floor. Lastly, Danseokji is believed to be a building site where a religious ritual called the Munduru Bibeop was performed. Specifically, it is judged to be a first-floor plan of a high-floor (고상) building. The small stones (소초석) inside were installed to support stairs or ladders leading up to the high-floor building. Buildings in square floor plans without columns on the inside and located in symbolic positions include the Danseokji Stone Platform, the Hwangboksa Temple Pagoda Site (assumed), and the Building Site No.12 in Hwangnam-dong. The elaborate stone carving of the foundation stone and the circular hole are closely related to the majestic level seen in the foundation stones of the Sacheonwangsa Temple, and are believed to have been measures taken to erect a tall pillar. Architecture such as high wooden floor can be referenced in ancient Chinese architectural paintings. Further research is needed to understand what function these high-floor buildings served, in addition to the possibility of the Danseok.

彌勒寺址 塔址의 調査過程에 대한 檢討

梁正錫(Yang Jeong-seok) 고려사학회 2009 한국사학보 Vol.- No.36