1920년대 전반기 김홍일의 항일무장투쟁

윤상원(Yun, Sang-Won) 독립기념관 한국독립운동사연구소 2014 한국독립운동사연구 Vol.0 No.47

이 글은 1918년 약관의 나이로 식민지 조선을 떠나 해방이 될 때까지 일제에 맞선 무장투쟁에 올곧게 헌신하였던 김홍일의 1920년대 전반기 항일무장투쟁 과정을 밝히려는 목적에서 작성되었다. 1918년 중국으로 망명한 김홍일이 목적지로 삼은 곳은 당시 중국 각 지역의 군벌들이 경쟁적으로 설립하여 운영하고 있던 군관학교였다. 그는 처음부터 무장투쟁으로 독립을 이루려는 뜻을 두고 있었던 것이다. 결국 그는 귀주육군강무학교를 졸업하고 본격적으로 항일무장투쟁의 길로 나서게 된다. 김홍일은 간도에서 군비단을 이끌고 러시아 연해주로 이동하였으며, 연해주 이만에서는 군비단을 대한의용군으로 재편하여 중대장에 임명되고, 사관학교의 교관으로 활동했다. 이후 1921년 12월에 시작된 원동해방전쟁에서 김홍일은 대한의용군을 이끌고 혁혁한 공적을 세웠다. 그 공적으로 대한의용군은 한인특립보병대대라는 이름으로 하바롭스크 주변 일대를 수비하는 임무를 맡게 되었다. 김홍일은 이 부대의 부대대장으로 임명되었다. 하지만 한인특립보병대대를 대규모 항일군단으로 조직하려던 김홍일의 꿈은 한인부대 내부의 갈등과 이를 핑계로 한 원동공화국 당국의 약속 불이행으로 사라지고 말았다. 한인특립보병대대는 해체되었고 김홍일은 이를 뒤로 한 채 중국령으로 돌아갔다. 이상 간도와 연해주에서 김홍일의 활동을 살펴보면 두 가지 사항을 알 수 있다. 첫째, 김홍일의 활동이 줄곧 항일무장투쟁에 집중되어 있다는 점이다. 이는 어쩌면 그가 귀주육군강무학교를 선택한 이후부터는 당연한 일일 수도 있다. 하지만 그는 이후까지도 항일무장투쟁의 노선에서 한 번도 눈을 돌린 적이 없다. 둘째, 김홍일은 개별적 전투를 이끌기도 했지만, 그의 궁극적 목표는 항상 대규모 항일군단의 건설에 놓여있었다는 점이다. 이를 위해 그는 군비단을 이끌고 자유시로 향했으며, 자유시에서의 노력이 실패로 돌아가고 난 뒤에는 연해주에서 항일군단을 조직하고자 하였다. 이는 그의 항일무장투쟁의 노선이 궁극적으로 독립전쟁론으로 이어져 있음을 뜻하는 것이라고 할 수 있다. 즉, 1920년대 전반기 김홍일의 항일무장투쟁은 대규모 항일군단을 조직해 일본과 독립전쟁을 벌이고자 하는 희망과 계획 아래 이루어졌다고 할 수 있다. The purpose of this article is to elucidate the process of the anti-Japanese armed struggle of the eminent patriot, Kim Hong-il, who left colonized Josun at his young age in 1918, dedicated himself for armed struggle against Japanese imperialism until the day of liberation. In 1918, after exiling in China, Kim Hong-il settled down at the military school. At that time, warlords from each region of China were competitively establishing and operating military schools. This suggests that from the very first, he had his mind in achieving liberation by armed struggle. Eventually, he began a journey for armed struggle against Japanese imperialism, after graduating from the Military school in Guijou. Kim Hong-il led Kunbidan in Kando and moved to Maritime province in Russia. In Iman, Kunbidan was reorganized as Taehanuiyonggun(Korean Voluntary Army). Consequently, he was nominated as a commander of Taehanuiyonggun and worked as an instructor in the military school. During the Liberation War in Far East, which started in December 1921, Kim Hong-il commanded Taehanuiyonggun and made a significant contribution. Thanks to this contribution, Taehanuiyonggun began in charge of defending the surroundings of Khabarovsk under the name of Korean infantry battalion. Hong-il Kim was appointed to general of this troop and had a dream to organize Korean infantry battalion into large-scale anti-Japanese troop. However, this dream put an end because of internal conflicts in Korean force and failure to keep the promise of the Far Eastern Republic. Thus, Korean infantry battalion was deactivated and Kim Hong-il went back to Chinese territory behind all these incidents. Following Hong-il Kim’s activities in Gando and Maritime province reveals two facts. Firstly, his activities were mostly concentrated in militant anti-Japanese movement, which might seem natural since he had chosen the Military school in Guijou. However, he never turned his attention away from the militant anti-Japanese movement even at later times. Secondly, although he had led individual battles, his ultimate aim was to build a large-scale anti-Japanese army. He led Kunbidan to the Jayu-si(city Svabodnii) to achieve this goal, and when his efforts proved futile, he tried to form an anti-Japanese army in Maritime province. This suggests that he intended his militant anti-Japanese movement to lead a war of independence. Therefore, it can be said that Kim Hong-il’s militant anti-Japanese movement in early 1920s was carried out under the hope and plan of forming a large anti-Japanese army and starting a war of independence against Japan.

김홍일의 중국 국민혁명군 경험과 '국방개론' 저술

김지훈 국방부군사편찬연구소 2019 군사 Vol.- No.112

이 글은 1948년 8월 한국군이 창설된 시기 김홍일의 군사경험과 국방이론에 주목한다. 그리고 김홍일의 중국 국민혁명군 경험을 살펴보고 그의 국방론이 형성되는 과정을 추적했다. 선행연구에서 국방 문제는 주로 일제시기 또는 박정희정부시기로 양분⋅집중되어 있었다. 양 시기의 논리를 연속적으로 파악하고 한국군의 군사 사상에 대해 탐구하기 위해서는 한국군이 창설될 1948년 전후의 시기에 주목해야한다. 국방의 건설이라는 담론은 제1차 세계대전 이후, 전훈을 바탕으로 본격화된 논의이다. 국방은 총력전을 대비하기 위해 평시부터 전시를 준비하는 것이다. 국가 중심의 강력한 통제경제하에 군사를 중심으로 경제와 정치를 통합하는 방식이다. 이 과정에서 폭력성을 수반한다. 국방을 건설하는 논의의 기원은 독일이며, 루덴도르프가 가장 유명한 일례이다. 동아시아에서는 1920년대 이래 일본이 수용⋅발전시켰다. 일본에서는 일군의 ‘총력전장교’들이 추동하였다. 중국에서는 국민당이 1930년대 이래 이들을 참고하며 국방 건설을 목표했다. 김홍일은 중국 국민혁명군에서 복무했다. 군벌에 대한 북벌전쟁, 공산당에 대한 초공작전 그리고 일본군에 대한 항일전쟁에 모두 참여했다. 여기서 그는 주로 군수참모로 복무했다. 일선의 장교부터 시작하여 중일전쟁이 끝날 때는 국민혁명군 소장이 되었다. 이 글에서 주목하는 김홍일의 이력은 그가 국민정부 군사위원회 산하 군정부 기관에서 군수참모로 복무한 점이다. 또한 장개석 정부가 총력전 관료를 여산훈련단, 군사엘리트코스인 육군대학교의 수학배경 역시 연구하였다. 그가 체득한 국방 이론은 중국 국민혁명군의 영향을 강하게 받은 것이었다. 또한 이의 계보적 연원은 궁극적으로 독일과 일본의 국방 이론에 맞닿아 있는 것이다. 1948년 한국 정부 수립과 한국군 창설 이후 김홍일은 귀국했다. 그는 한국군에 창설 과정에 일부 참여했고, 육군사관학교 교장이 되었다. 이 시기 김홍일은 『국방개론』을 작성했다. 이것은 사관학교 생도들을 위한 책이었는데, 대중에게 판매되었다. 이 책을 중심으로 김홍일의 국방 이론을 파악해 볼 수 있다. 김홍일의 국방이론은 신행 한국군을 위한 것이었다. 그는 한국이 국방을 건설하기 위해 국가가 주도하여, 강력한 통제경제 정책을 주장했다. 그리고 군사를 중심으로 사회의 모든 분야가 조직되어야한다고 주장했다. 그리고 최고국방위원회의 운영을 주장했다. 김홍일의 계획은 현실적으로 불가능했다. 시작부터 모순을 가지고 있엇다. 김홍일은 한국이 국방을 건설하기 위해 미국의 ECA 원조를 사용하자고 주장했다. 그러나 ECA는 동아시아 지역에서 반공주의와 봉쇄전략을 위한 것이었다. 미국의 원조는 소련, 중화인민공화국, 북한에 이데올로기적, 심리적 압박 수단이었다. 결국 김홍일의 국방론은 채택되기 어려웠다. 미국의 관점에서 김홍일의 논리는 수용하기 힘든 것이었다. 김홍일 이후에도 한국 사회에서 국방 이론은 단절되었다고만 볼 수는 없다. 자립경제의 달성, 사회의 군사화, 극도의 효율성 추구라는 국방의 테제는 한국 현대사의 주요 쟁점이다. 보편적으로 국방 이론은 제1차 세계대전과 대공황 이후 수정자본주의의 한 방법으로 이해된다. 이 길은 후발 자본주의 국가의 급진적인 발전 전략이다. 또한 중국과 한국처럼 탈식민지 국가에서 국민국가를 건설하는 지름길로 생각되었다. This article throws light on the military experience and national defense theory of Kim Hong-il by examining the formation of his defense theory during his career in the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China. While previous research on national defense has focused either on the Japanese occupation or the Park Chung-hee government era, this paper directs attention to the period around August 1948, when the Republic of Korea Armed Forces were established. This approach is expected to bridge the two separate time periods and facilitate the understanding of Korean military ideology as a continuous theoretical development. The discourse on building national defense, or Wehrstaat, emerged from the lessons of war in the aftermath of World War I. In the era of total war, it meant making preparations for war in peacetime. It required the integration of state-controlled economy with politics for military ends, the process of which involved violence. The theory of Wehrstaat was put forth by German theorists, most notably by Erich Ludendorff. In East Asia, Japan adopted and expanded on it from the 1920s, a change urged on by a group of “total war officers.” From the 1930s, the Nationalist Party of China (KMT) drew from these sources in its attempt to build its own national defense. During his service with the KMT Revolutionary Army, Kim Hong-il took part in the Northern Expedition against regional warlords, Encirclement Campaigns against the Communist Party of China, and the Second Sino-Japanese War against the Imperial Japanese Army. He started out as an officer on the front, gradually rising to the rank of brigadier-general. It is noteworthy that throughout his military career with KMT, his responsibility was in supply and logistics. He served as quartermaster for a subsidiary organization to the Ministry of Defense within the Military Commission. Kim Hong-il mastered national defense theory at Lushan summer training camp, and later at the Military University in Chongqing. The KMT version of national defense he was taught could be traced back to Japanese and German Wehrstaat theory. Kim Hong-il returned to Korea in August 1948, shortly after the establishment of the Republic of Korea and the Armed Forces. He participated in the early organization of the army and was appointed principal of Korea Military Academy. Around this period, he wrote Introduction to National Defense as a textbook for the cadets, but it was also available for purchase to the general public. Kim Hong-il’s national defense theory had been formulated for the newly-created Korean army. He argued for a strong state-controlled economy in order to build national defense. It was his belief that every sector of society should be re-organized around the military. He advocated the installation of a Supreme Commission of National Defense to oversee this process. Unfortunately, Kim Hong-il’s scheme was impractical from the beginning. He wanted to use US assistance via Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) to implement his plans. However, ECA aid in East Asia in the 1950s operated on the level of enhancing agricultural productivity in underdeveloped countries. It was unlikely that Kim Hong-il’s proposal could be adopted, since the underlying logic of his scheme would have been unacceptable to US authorities. Nevertheless, it cannot be said that the theoretical tradition of national defense was lost in Korea after Kim Hong-il. The national defense ideals of militarization, economic independence and maximum efficiency are some of the most contentious topics in modern Korean history. In general, national defense theory can be understood as the military aspect of revised capitalism after World War I and the Great Depression. It was a radical development strategy deployed by latecomer capitalist countries, as well as an effective shortcut to nation-state building in postcolonial countries like China and Korea.

창군기 기동군 창설 담론에 관한 연구: 김홍일과 지청천의 기동군 창설 담론과 한계를 중심으로

김영환 육군군사연구소 2023 군사연구 Vol.- No.156

창군기 한국군은 광복군, 일본군, 만주군, 학도병 등 다양한 군 집단에서 군사적 경험을 쌓은 창군 인원의 노력으로 창군의 토대가 형성될 수 있었다. 이 시기 김홍일과 지청천은 기동군 중심의 미래 한국군 건설에 관한 비교적 구체적인 청사진을 제시했다. 지청천은 1947년 9월 18일 미군정사령관 하지(John Reed Hodge)에게 보낸 ‘건군계획’을 통해 김홍일은 1949년 발행된 그의 저서 『국방개론』을 통해 미래 기동군 중심의 한국군 창설의 당위성과 구체적인 편제를 제시했다. 아울러 기동군 창설은 장차 한반도에서 공산 진영과 무력충돌이 발생할 수 있다는 전제하에 전쟁지역을 한반도 외부지역으로 한정시키고, 더 나아가 잃어버린 고토(故土)인 만주 지역을 되찾기 위한 건설적인 국가전략 수행을 위한 수단이었다. 비록 창군기 미국의 대한반도 정책 방향으로 인해 빈약한 전력을 갖춘 10만 명 수준의 경무장 보병부대로 창설되었지만, 한국군 역사상 가장 진보적이고 공세적인 군의 미래에 대한 구상이 이루어졌다. 따라서 창군기 한국 군사사상의 원류로서 김홍일과 지청천의 기동군 창설 계획은 큰 의의가 있다. This study started with the question of what is the basis of modern Korean military thought. After Korean liberation from Japanese colonial rule, the Armed Forced was formed by the efforts of the leaders who had gained military experience in various military groups such as the Liberation Army, the Japanese Army, Manchuria Army, and student soldiers. However, early Korean military thought were formed by the architects of the Liberation Army, who had experience in commanding large-scale military units in relatively high-ranking positions. This study focused on the military thought of Kim Hong-il and Ji Cheong-cheon from the Liberation Army in the process of finding the origin of Korean military thought during the period of the founding of the Armed Forced after Korean liberation. On September 18, 1947, Ji Cheong-cheon presented the direction of future development of the Korean military through the “The Establishment Plan of the ROK Armed Force” sent to Hodge who was the U.S. military government minister. And Kim Hong-il presented the direction through his book, Introduction to National Defense, published in 1949. Although the direction of the U.S. policy on the Korean Peninsula made the ROK armed force be a 100,000-strong light-armed infantry unit with poor military strength, contrary to the wishes of the elders, the establish plan of the most progressive and offensive military in Korean modern history was achieved. Therefore, the military thought of Kim Hong-il and Ji Cheong-cheon is of great significance as the origin of Korean modern military thought.

한국광복군총사령부 간부의 회고를 통해 본 한국광복군 인식과 활동 조경한·채원개·김홍일을 중심으로

조은경 한국근현대사학회 2020 한국 근현대사 연구 Vol.95 No.-

This study set out to examine the “self-identity” of fighters in the Korea Independence Army(K.I.A.) based on the recollections of Jo Gyeong-han, Chae Won-gae, and Kim Hong-il that worked for the K.I.A. at its general headquarters. Jo Gyeong-han fought in the K.I.A. from its establishment to 1942, “personalizing” the army’s roles and achievements in the establishment and activity process. Reflecting his identity as a middle-management executive of Korean Independence Party, he mentioned facts related to the party’s special requests. Serving in the K.I.A. from its establishment to its restoration, Chae Won-gae held office as an executive at the general headquarters for most of his service years. He was, however, unable to reflect on the activities of the general headquarters because it was taken over by the Chinese military and not able to perform its roles after the “Nine Rules of Conduct.” His experiences of changing his party membership from Korean Independence Party to Korean National Revolutionary Party made him highlight his position of the 1st zone leader as his self-identity as a member of Independence Army. Kim Hong-il was appointed as the chief of staff in May, 1945 and served the army for about three months. Staying in Chongqing before joining the K.I.A, he showed interest in the north march of the Korean Volunteer Corps. After being appointed as the chief of staff, she revealed the joint operation between the K.I.A. and the 74th Corps of Chinese forces. He, however, omitted to mention the internal conflict caused by his appointment as the chief of staff in the army and the training teams of Korean people in Seongdo. In short, there were rather differences among the recollections of soldiers of the K.I.A. contrary to an assumption that “Soldiers of K.I.A. would share similar memories.” The differences happened as they emphasized different points according to the situations around the time they joined the army and their political positions. In the end, there were differences in “images of K.I.A.” created by those who had experiences with the army based on their self-identity and memories. 본 연구는 광복군 총사령부 출신 인사 조경한, 채원개, 김홍일의 회고를 통해광복군으로서의 ‘자기 정체성’을 살펴보고자 했다. 광복군 창설부터 1942년까지광복군에 합류한 조경한은 광복군 창설과 활동 과정에서의 역할과 성과를 ‘자기화’ 했다. 한독당 중견간부로서 자신의 정체성을 반영해 광복군 내 한독당 특별당부관련 사실을 언급했다. 창설부터 복원까지 광복군에 재직한 채원개는 대부분 총사령부 간부로 지냈다. 하지만 총사령부 활동을 구체적으로 회고하지 않은 것은 ‘9개 준승’ 후 총사령부가중국군에 장악되어 역할을 하지 못했기 때문이었다. 한독당에서 민혁당으로 당적을 바꾼 경험은 광복군으로서 자기 정체성으로 제1지대장을 내세우게 했다. 1945년 5월 참모장으로 부임하여 3개월가량 재직한 김홍일은 광복군 합류 전충칭에 머물며 조선의용대 북상에 관심을 보였다. 참모장 부임 후에는 중국군 제74군단과의 합작 사실을 밝혔다. 하지만 자신의 참모장 부임으로 야기된 광복군 내부갈등, 그리고 청두 한인 훈련반에 대한 언급은 생략했다. 결론적으로 ‘광복군 경험의 기억은 비슷할 것’이라는 인식과 달리 오히려 회고마다 차이를 보였다. 이는 광복군 합류 당시 각자의 상황, 정치적 입장 등에따라 회고 과정에서 강조점을 달리한 데 따른 결과였다. 결국 광복군을 경험한인물이 각자 자기 정체성을 담아 기억으로 그려내는 ‘광복군상’은 차이가 있었던것이다.

6·25전쟁 초기 김홍일의 활동과 예편

이동원(Lee, Dong-Won) 국방부 군사편찬연구소 2016 군사 Vol.- No.99

The Han river defensive operation that Siheung theater commander, Kim Hong-il led, have a historical significance because it was the first battle that recover the early failures of Korean war under the clear notion of ‘delaying tactics.’ This tactics had became the fundamental concept of the ROK army operations in Korean war until Nak-dong river defensive operations. The Han river defensive operation also contributed to the U.S. ground troops deployment as it gave the opportunity of General Macarthur"s inspection for the front line. Moreover, it secured the time and space to engage the U.S. ground troops in warfare. Hereby a big turning point, the formation of ROK-US combined operations, was created. For such a reason, the role of Siheung theater commander, Kim Hong-il who successfully led the 6 days’ Han river defensive operation has a important meaning in Korean war history. Since then, Kim Hong-il came into conflict with the U.S. commanders and the military advisory group, and he was discharged as a lieutenant general in March 1951 as a means of president Rhee’s controlling the military. But he should be reviewed again as a representative of ROK army in Korean war history.

金弘壹의 생애와 독립운동

김종문 한국근현대사학회 2014 한국 근현대사 연구 Vol.68 No.-

Kim Hong Il was an activist for Korean independence during the Japaneseoccupation of China, Manchuria, and the Maritime Province of Siberia. He joinedthe Chinese army for Korean independence after he was exiled to China andremained there until the liberation of Korea. Kim Hong Il was born on September 23rd, 1898 in Yongcheon, Pyeonganbukdo. He experienced the Russia-Japan war. He also learned the new knowledge andspirit of independence at Osan school. Since then, he took a teaching positionat Kyeongshin school in Hwanghae-do. In September 1918, Kim Hong Il exiled to China in order to participate inthe resistance against Japan after graduating from a Chinese military school. KimHong Il entered Guizhou military school and started his cooperation with Chinesearmy for Korean independence after graduation. In 1926, Kim Hong Il participated in the north expedition of Chinese NationalistParty. Kim Hong Il was appointed Major-General during this war. He wasdistinguished by his service at the battle of Yongdam and in the Jenam War. In 1937, he joined the Chinese army to fight against Japan. The battles heparticipated in such as the battles of Mangaryeong, Sango and the second battleof Jangsa were the most successful victories during the China-Japan war. Duringthis war, Kim Hong Il became Major-General which was the highest rank thatKorean activists participating in the Chinese army could achieve. He alsoparticipated in the Korean independence movement. The first was the armedresistance in Manchuria, and the Maritime Province of Siberia in 1920. He joinedthe Goryeo Volunteer Corps and the Korea Volunteer Corps re-organized aftertheir dismissal as a result of the catastrophe in Jayushi and started the fightagainst Japan until 1922. Kim Hong Il joined the Korean Patriot Organization and took an importantrole in fights with Lee Bong Chang and Yun Bong Gil. He supported a varietyof activities of the Korean Patriot Organization as a manager of Shanghai ArmoryIronworks. He was a director of the information department for the 19th regiment. The activities of Lee Bong Chang and Yun Bong Gil were made possible withthe explosives provided by Kim Hong Il. He was also involved with the ChosunNational Revolutionary Party by participating in establishing the Chosun VolunteerCorps. In May 1945, Kim Hong Il was appointed Deputy Chief of Korean Resistance. Despite the short duration of three months, he actively sought for cooperationbetween the Korean Resistance and the National Revolutionary Party. With Japan’s collapse on August 15th, 1945 Kim Hong Il headed north asSenior Deputy Chief under the North East Security Commandership. He establisheda judicial office to protect Koreans in the north as the Nationalist Party madean effort to take over the north eastern region. He also competed with the delegatesin China over the leadership in managing the Koreans in the region. His activityas an officer of the people’s Revolutionary Army proved to be meaningful whenhe protected the north eastern regions where the largest number of Koreanimmigrants lived. He became a specialist of the People’s Revolutionary Army and moved underits jurisdiction until returning to Korea on August 23rd, 1948 after more than30 years of living in exile. In summary, Kim Hong Il was active in both the Chinese army and the Koreanresistance from the beginning of his exile until its end. He participated in thebattles against Japan as a Chinese soldier and at the same time supported theKorean independence movement. By doing so the resistance was more stimulatedand the cooperation between Korean and Chinese people were enhanced. KimHong Il continued fighting against Japan as a resistance activist in China whileit was occupied by Japan and contributed to a strong bond between Korea and China.

중국군으로 대일항전을 전개한 김홍일

한시준 ( Han Seejun ) 단국사학회 2018 史學志 Vol.57 No.-

Kim Hong-il was a Korean, yet participated in Chinese Army for nearly 30 years. He entered Guizhou Military Academy for Army (貴州陸軍講武學校: Guizhou Lujun Jiangwu Xuexiao) in 1919 for military training; since then till he came back to Korea in 1948, he served for Chinese army. For the time, Kim Hong-il participated in the Northern Expedition as a member of National Revolutionary Army (國民革命軍: Guomingemingjun); and during the Sino-Japanese War he fought against the Japanese empire as a commanding officer of Chinese army. His rank reached Brigadier General of Army (陸軍少將), and he passed through Army College (陸軍大學) which was the highest training course in Chinese Army. Besides the period in the early 1920’s in which Kim Hong-il served for Korean National Independence Army in Siberia, most of his military career was in Chinese Army. He started his Chinese Army career in 1926 as a major (小校) in the Eastern Rout Corps (東路軍) General Headquarter of National Revolutionary Army; he, then in sequence, took the posts of the vice-commander of an independent defence regiment in Zhejiang Province, the chief of staff and manager of arsenal of Wusong (吳淞) Fortress in Shanghai, the adjutant general of Army Engineering School in Nanjing, a member of Munition Planning Committee of Chinese Military Committee, the senior staff of Southwestern Government (西南綏靖公署) in Guizhou (貴州), the chief of staff in the 102nd division, the chief of staff of the 19th corps headquarter, the commander of the 19th division under the 19th corps, the chief of staff in the 2nd Army in Guilin (桂林), and the chief of staff of the Korean Liberation Army. After Japanese Empire surrendered, he took the office of the senior staff of the Northeastern Security Headquarter (東北保安司令部) which recovered Manchu area. Kim Hong-il participated in Northern Expedition and Sino-Japanese War as a member of Chinese Army. In 1926, he joined into National Revolutionary Army in Shantou (汕頭) of Guangdong Province, and fought against Warlord Sun Chuanfang in Fujian (福建), Shanghai (上海), and Hangzhou (杭州). Especially, he defeated Sun Chuanfang’s troops in Longtan (龍潭) nearby Nanjing; for this he received a medal from Guomintang Government. Since Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937, he as a commanding officer fought several battles against Japanese army. Among them, the Battle of Wanjialing in October of 1938 and the Battle of Shanggao in March of 1941 represents the victories of Kim Hong-il as a commander. He participated in the Battle of Wanjialing as the chief of staff of the 102nd division, and in the Battle of Shanggao as the commanding general of the 19th division. He destroyed Japanese camp by firing mortars in Wanjialing; and he lured Japanese troops into a trap and besieged them in Shanggao. Especially, the Battle of Shanggao was one of China’s great notable victories in the history of Sino-Japanese War, and is known as ‘Shanggao Huizhan (上高會戰)’. Kim Hong-il’s activities should be highlighted as important examples of Chinese-Korean Anti-Japanese Alliance. During the first half of the 20th century, Korea and China shared a common fate fighting against the Japanese Empire, Korean and Chinese peoples allied together in various ways against Japanese army throughout Manchu and Chinese continent. One of the ways is that Koreans participated in Chinese Army in order to fight against the Japanese empire, like the case of Kim Hong-il. Thus, the historical cases in which Korean and Chinese peoples allied together against the Japanese empire should be discovered and researched.

제4장 윤봉길 의사 상해의거의 역사성

이현희(Hyun-Hee Lee) 한국민족사상학회 2008 민족사상 Vol.2 No.1

Yun Bong Gil's heroic deed(Bomb throwing to Japanese Army General Shirakawa at Hongkou park) had contributed great achievements in our independent history and had thought the way to seek a new way to our provisional government in 1920's, when they faced dilemmas, and gave positive beliefs to our authorities. Not only giving, hopes and courages to all our citizens when they were suffering from loosing confidences since merged their country to japanese invaders, but had provided cooperations in politics and military channels from chinese government. 윤봉길의사의 4.29상해의거는 한국독립운동사상 큰 영광과 큰 업적을 남긴 역사성을 갖고 있다. 이는 1920년대 와서 침체국면에 접어들어 그 진로 타개책에 부심하고 있던 임시정부의 광복정책을 선명하고도 새로운 협조체제로 나아가게 활로를 트여주었다. 또 1930년대에 이르러 한국민족이 광복투쟁에 관하여 전망이 불투명하고 자신감과 용기가 저상되고 있을 때 윤봉길의사의 의거는 국내외 흩어져 있는 한민족에게 재기할 수 있는 민족재기의 신념과 희망을 제고시켜 주었다. 그리고 윤의사의 상해작탄의거로 침략자는 어느 곳에도 발붙일 땅을 완전히 제거 당하였다는 기상과 의지를 확실히 보여주었고, 타국을 침입하는 자는 온전하게 살아남을 수 없다는 교훈을 당당하게 제시하였다. 또한 중국 등 자유우방의 정치 외교 군사적인 지원체계가 보다 현실적으로 형성되어 가기 시작하였다. 윤봉길의사의 상해의거의 역사성은 당시 자유 세계민이 모두 경악, 찬탄하였고 타국을 침탈한 민족에게는 경고성 교훈을 던져주었다. 윤 의사의 역사적 의거로 인하여 온 세계가 감격과 감탄을 아끼지 않았던 것처럼 나라 없어 힘없는 민족으로만 인식된 한국의 민중이 결코 자유 정의 폭력 앞에 죽지 않으며 분기하여 민족의 끈질긴 생명력과 자주성은 광복할 자격과 신념이 넘치는 민족임을 굳게 인식할 수 있게 믿음을 주었던 것이다.

제5장 윤봉길의 상해의거와 대한민국임시정부

황묘희(Myo Hee Hwang) 한국민족사상학회 2008 민족사상 Vol.2 No.1

대한민국임시정부는 1920년대 들어 여러 가지 어려운 문제가 발생함으로 혼란을 겪게 되자 김구 등 임정 핵심세력은 침체를 수습할 수 있는 방안을 강구하였다. 그러나 임정내의 갈등과 경제적 곤란, 인물난 등에 따른 침체는 쉽게 극복되지 못하였고, 일제에 의해 조작된 만보산사건으로 한중민간의 불신이 커짐으로 중국내에서 한국독립운동을 전개하는데 있어 큰 장애가 되었다. 그리고 만주사변과 상해사변을 일으킨 일제의 본격적인 중국 침략은 한국독립운동과 임정의 광복정책에 있어 새로운 변화를 모색하게 하였다. 이에 김구는 획기적인 특무공작을 계획하고 이를 실행할 특무대로써 한인애국단을 조직하였다. 그 특무공작의 성공적인 결과가 윤봉길의 상해의거이며, 이는 침체되었던 임정과 한국독립운동을 소생시키는 새로운 기폭제를 제공하였다. 상해의거는 당시 일제의 식민지 통치하에서 고통받던 한국인의 실상과 투철한 한국인의 독립의지를 전 세계민들에게 알리는 기회가 되었다. 이 의거는 각국 주요 신문들을 통해 대대적으로 보도되었고, 이를 통해 한국인들의 독립투쟁 의지를 알림으로 한국독립운동사 전반에 있어 큰 민족사적 의미를 갖는다. 그리고 상해의거는 1920년대 들어 침체의 늪에 빠져 있던 대한민국임시정부의 광복정책에 활력을 제공하였다. 물론 의거 이후 윤봉길의 희생과 임정이 상해를 떠나야 하는 어려움을 겪게 되었지만 새로운 희망을 갖게 된 국내외 한인 동포들이 임정의 존재가치와 광복정책의 중요성을 인식하고 전폭적인 지원을 재개하였다. 또 중국 국민당정부와 각 혁명단체들의 임정에 대한 지원도 구체화되어 임정 활동의 새로운 전환점을 갖게 되었다. 이처럼 임정의 특무공작으로 단행된 윤봉길의 상해의거는 임정과 한국독립운동의 침체를 극복할 수 있었던 쾌거였으며, 임정과 김구가 민족독립운동의 중심축으로서 위상을 정립하는데 기여하였다. Provisional Government of The Republic of Korea had successfully conducted her mission as pivot of Independent organization but had to faced various difficulties in early 1920's. Accordingly, Kim Ku and other cabinet members examined every possibilities but it was far beyond to there abilities. Furthermore, Manbo mountain accident aroused in 1931 deepened mutual dis-trust and feud in between Chinese and Korean citizens further worse. As an escape, they had organized “한인의용단(Korean Patriot Corp.)” and it's crop has materialized through Yun Bong Gil's Shanghai assassination. His heroic deed had provided vital power to Provisional Government as well leading most of Koreans residing in Korea and abroad to recognize existence of their Provisional Government and their faith of Independent wills. His deed not only gave shocks to Japanese invaders but, on the contrary, enhanced mutual residence spirits against Japanese to Koreans and Chinese. In conclusion, Yun Bong Gil's heroic deed had paved new road to Provisional Government and her Independent policy.