광의의 미치광이풀속(Scopolia Jacq. s.l., 가지과-Hyoscymeae족)의 잎표피 미세구조와 이의 계통분류학적 중요성

홍석표,백진협,Hong, Suk-Pyo,Paik, Jin-Hyub 한국식물분류학회 2001 식물 분류학회지 Vol.31 No.3

세계산 Scopolia Jacq. s.l.에 포함되는 세 개의 속인 Scopolia s.s., Anisodus, Atropanthe와 근연 군외군으로 선택된 Przewalskia 식물의 잎표피 미세구조를 조사하기 위하여 4속 10종(37개체)의 잎을 광학현미경 및 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 관찰하였다. 연구 분류군의 기공은 향축면과 배축면 모두에 존재하는 양면기공엽 (amphistomatic type)으로 밝혀졌다. 공변세포의 크기는 $18-64{\times}11-48{\mu}m$로 속과 종에 따라 다소 차이를 보이는데, 가장 작은 공변세포는 군외군으로 포함시킨 단형속인 Przewalskia tangutica($24-27{\times}16-17{\mu}m$)이었고, 가장 큰 공변세포는 Anisodus carniolicoides ($62-64{\times}43-48{\mu}m$)에서 나타났다. 기공복합체의 형태는 대부분 불규칙형 (anomocytic:Scopolia s.s., Anisodus taxa:A. luridus, A. carniolicoides, A. acutangulus)과 불균등형 (anisocytic:Anisodus tanguticus, Przewalskia, Atropanthe)이 나타난다. 공변세포의 모양은 대부분 초생달 모양의 타원형이나, Przewalskia tangutica에서는 거의 원형으로 나타난다. 부세포의 수충벽(anticlinal wall)은 대부분 파상형 (undulate)이며, Przewalskia tangutica에서는 다소 아치형을 이루었다. 표피세포의 형태는 거의 불규칙한 다각형 (polygonal)으로 수충벽은 다소 또는 심하게 굴곡을 이루는 undulate/sinuate형이었다. 표피세포의 표면은 왁스층이 대부분의 분류군에서는 잘 발달되지 않았고, 일부의 분류군(e.g., Anisodus tanguticus)에서만 기공 주변으로 발달한 양상을 보였다. Scopolia s.s.와 Przewalskia 분류군에서는 독특하게 다세포로 구성된 'elongate-headed' 선모가 존재하였고, Atropanthe 및 Anisodus의 대부분의 분류군은 모용이 존재하지 않았고, 단지 1종(A. luridus)에서는 단순(simple) 또는 가지를 친(branched:dendritic-type) 비선모가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 끝으로 조사된 Scopolia s.l.(Przewalskia 포함)의 분류군내의 속간 그리고 종간의 동정과 식별을 위한 잎의 미세형태학적 형질(기공복합체, 모용, 등)의 계통분류학적 또는 생태학적 가치를 검토하였다. To examine the leaf epidermal microstructure of three genera (Scopolia s.s., Anisodus, AtroPanthe, including Przewalskia as an outgroup) in the genera Scopolia Jacq. s.l., leaves of 10 species (37 specimens) were investigated by the light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The stomata of studied taxa were 'amphistomatic type' and the size (guard cell) range was $18-64{\times}11-48{\mu}m$. The size of stomata is slightly differed from between the taxa; the smallest size of stomata were found in the monotypic genus, Przewalskia ($24-27{\times}16-17{\mu}m$), on the other hand the largest one was found in Anisodus carniolicoides ($62-64{\times}43-48{\mu}m$). The stomatal complex was mostly anomocytic (in Scopolia s.s., Anisodus taxa : A. luridus, A. carniolicoides, A. acutangulus) and sometimes anisocytic (in Anisodus tanguticus, Przewalskia, Atropanthe). The stomata is mostly crescent in shape, but rarely circular, especially in Przewalskia tangutica. The shapes of epidermal cells are similar in both adaxial and abaxial sides, and mostly undulate/sinuate polygonal anticlinal wall, but rarely arched in Przewalskia tangutica. The epicuticular wax was not well developed in most studied taxa, except Anisodus tanguticus which is well developed cuticular striae around the stomatal complex. The elongate-headed glandular trichomes were found in Scopolia s.s. and Przewalskia. While the taxa of Anisodus and Atropanthe have not any trichomes (i. e., glabrous), except Anisodus luridus, which has simple or sometimes branched (dendritic- type) non-glandular trichome. Finally, the systematic and ecological significance of the leaf micromorphological features (stomata complex, trichome, etc.) in identification and elucidation of Scopolia s.l. including Przewalskia, especially between or within the genera including among the species is also discussed.

현대건축에서 나타나는 표피의 구조화에 관한 연구

유길용(Yoo, Kil-yong),조경수(Cho, Kyoung-Soo) 한국실내디자인학회 2010 한국실내디자인학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.12 No.1

The change of architectural skin is related to the change of society and the way of expression as well. In the past, the architectural structure has been independent from the skin, but since then there have been many experiments and transformations to the skin. Recently, some of the new significant approaches to architecture has been structuring of the skin. The purpose of this study is to discover structuring of the skin in contemporary architecture, which we can find out how the architecture is represented using the skin of building in its structure. Among the experimental projects of some works, the ones which had been built be an example. According to these results, these architectures have their own individual ideas and strategies in proceeding with this process, but through expression by the structural system, all intended architectural expressions are fully contained. it is verified that these tendencis influence contemporary architecture generated by structuring of the skin.

현대건축에서 구조와 표피 일체화 유형의 건축적 표현특성

이상호(Lee, Sang-Ho),반자연(Ban, Ja-Yuen) 한국실내디자인학회 2016 한국실내디자인학회논문집 Vol.25 No.4

This study tries to categorize trends of “structure and skin integration” and understand the expressive characters of each architectural type. To do so, we listed up 8 architects who are quoted twice or more in related researches, then analyzed their 25 contemporary buildings which integrated structure and skin since 2000. As a result, this study defined four types based on the way of building tectonic system of structure and skin. Key feature of “linear structure-two dimensional skin” type is the communication with the surroundings as a result of .geometric architectural forms, patterned surface and reflection. Characters of “linear-three dimensional” type are organic architectural forms, sculptural skin, and the mysterious space. “Planar-two dimensional” type is a transformational geometry form to express the dramatic images through the skin, therefore gives a sense of rhythm and dynamics to space. “Planar structure-three dimensional” type highlights the texture, and exposes boundary of the inside and outside. In architectures we studied, the structure is the way to make a creative forms and space, and the skin to express various meanings. That said, the “structure and skin integration” is the means of aggressive design expression.

한국산 닭의덩굴속 호장근절 (마디풀과) 식물의 털의 형태와 분류

문혜경,박종욱,박진희 한국식물분류학회 2011 식물 분류학회지 Vol.41 No.1

The microstructure of the leaf epidermis and trichomes of Fallopia sect. Reynoutria are examined using scanning electron microscopy. Fallopia sachalinensis was distinguished from other taxa in this section by its prominent epicuticular wax layer consisting of protruding wax rodlets. In addition, epicuticular rodlets of F. sachalinensis individuals from Ullung Island and Dok Island appear to be thinner than those from other regions,including Japan and Sakhalin. The stomatal size appears to be related to the ploidy level in the sect. Reynoutria, as the hexaploids, octoploids and dodecaploids tend to have larger stomata as compared to tetraploids. Three basic types of trichomes were found in the section; (1) conical unicellular trichomes, (2) uniseriate filiform trichome consisting of 1−8 cells, and (3) peltate glandular trichomes. The trichome types and their distribution appear to be useful in distinguishing the taxa in the section. 본 연구에서는 닭의덩굴속 호장근절의 한반도산 분류군을 중심으로 잎 표피세포 및 털의 미세구조를 관찰하여, 이들 형질의 분류군간/분류군내 변이 양상을 구명하고 식별형질로서의 분류학적 유용성을 검증하고자 하였다. 본 절 분류군들의 표피세포의 형태는 향축면 표피세포의 경우 다각형, 배축면 표피세포는 수층벽이 파상인 부정형으로 근본적으로 유사하였으나, 표피상납질의 발달 정도는 분류군간/지역집단 간에 변이가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. Fallopia sachalinensis는 본 절 다른 분류군과는 달리 모든 잎 배축면의 모든 표피세포에 표피상납질이 조밀하게 발달하며, 또한 울릉도 및 독도에 분포하는 본 종 개체들은 일본 및 사할린에 분포하는 개체들에 비해 표피상납질이 상대적으로 가늘게 발달하는 특징을 나타내었다. 기공의 크기는 분류군내에서도 변이가 존재하였으며, 일반적으로 다배체(6, 8, 12배체)인 개체들이 4배체인 개체에 비해 기공이 큰 경향을 나타내었다. 한편, 본 연구에서 조사된 본 절 분류군에는 크게, (1) 원추형 단세포 털, (2) 단세포 또는 2−8개의 세포가 한 줄로 연결된 선형의 털, (3) 다세포로 구성된 방패상 선모의 3 종류가 분포하였으며, 털의 종류와 분포 양상은 분류군 및 지역집단을 구분하는데 유용한 형질인 것으로 판단되었다.

구조와 표피가 일체화된 현대건축물의 구축적 특성에 관한 연구

이상호,반자연 한국문화공간건축학회 2016 한국문화공간건축학회논문집 Vol.- No.53

In contemporary architecture, “skin” acts as an independent construction unit and has emerged as a means to actively deliver the intents of architects. Under this context, there appear buildings that integrate the structure and the skin to the new format. The purpose of this study is to explore the possibilities of modern architectural space, by analysis the tectonic characters as well as understanding relations among tectonic factors. As the first result, the emergence of a new form of escape from the building of modern architecture through the way the organization applies them to a variety of three-dimensional structure of the system. Second, the diversity and functionality of the material. The skin material as is expanding use of such Steel Panel In addition to the Glass, as ETTE energy savings are achieved through eco-friendly materials. Third, building a new expressiveness of the skin. The pattern of the structure itself, such as Diagrid or Fractal structure is exposed to external mechanical implements at the same time serves as a decorative role , trying in various ways through the skin of the expression pattern of the structure.

베타시트 구조가 도입된 폴리아미노산 유도체의 피부활성에 관한 연구

신성규,한사라,정나슬,지윤숙,정재현 한국응용과학기술학회 2020 한국응용과학기술학회지 Vol.37 No.6

본 연구에서는 발린분자가 접목된 고차구조 폴리아미노산 자기조립체를 활용하여 피부성장인자의 피부활성에 관한 연구를 진행하였다. 친수성 폴리아미노산 유도체에 베타-시트를 형성할 수 있는 발린 분자를 접목하여, 접목도(degree of substitutes)와 중합도(degree of polymerization)가 조절된 양친성 폴리 아미노산을 합성하였다. 고차구조 폴리아미노산과 함께 자기조립 되었을 때 상피세포성장인자는 프로콜라겐 생합성이 20% 향상되었고 티로시나아제 활성 저해능은 6.5배 증가함을 확인하였다. 고차구조 폴리아미 노산 자기조립체를 활용하면 다양한 단백질 성장인자의 구조 안정성을 확보하여 효과적인 피부개선이 가능한 기능성 화장품 물질뿐만 아니라 나아가 의약품으로도 사용 가능하리라 기대된다. In this study, a synthesized poly(amino acid) self-assembly grafted with valine molecules was investigated on the skin activity of skin growth factors. The amphiphilic grafted poly(amino acid) derivatives were successfully synthesized by varying of degree of substitutes(DS) and polymerization(DP) with valine molecules forming a β-sheet structure. Then, the pro-collagen biosynthesis of EGF(epidermal growth factor) was improved by 20%, and the inhibitory ability of tyrosinase activity was increased by 6.5 times by self-assembling of EGF with the poly(amino acid)s having β-sheet structures. This strategy of preparing protein self-assembly with poly(amino acid) derivatives will help improve the stability of protein growth factors and use it in medicals as well as cosmeceuticals through skin improvement.

구조와 표피가 일체화된 현대건축의 유형과 공간감에 관한 연구

이상호(Lee, Sang-Ho),반자연(Ban, Ja-Yuen) 한국실내디자인학회 2017 한국실내디자인학회논문집 Vol.26 No.1

The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibilities of architectural planning and expression of the relationship between structure and skin in contemporary architecture. For this purpose, we show interior space images -integration of structure and skin architecture- to students and experts of the related majors, and let them mark their feeling on the questionnaire composed spatial expression vocabulary extracted through the literature study on spatial sensibility, and analysis data. As a result, in contemporary architecture where the structure and the skin are integrated, form elements have a stronger influence on formation of space sense than elements of light and size, and aesthetics, characteristic, and temporality are common in the inner space, Three types of four types showed unique characteristics, and it was confirmed that there is a causal relationship between the spatial feeling factor and the spatial feeling. This means that the relationship between the structure and the skin can be considered as a planning factor, and this study is expected to be used as such basic data.

이토 토요 건축에 나타난 구조/표피/공간 개념에 대한 연구

장용순(Chang, Yong-Soon) 대한건축학회 2015 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.31 No.12

In the modern architecture represented by Le Corbusier and Mies van der Rohe, structure, skin and space are separated. In contrast with this autonomy and independence of the modern architecture, the concept of "hollow column" and "poché" of Louis Kahn includes space inside of structure, and makes direct relation of structure and space. Ito Toyo, after Sendai mediatheque(2000), begins organicist experiment. This experiment is related to metabolism movement, in which his teacher, Kiyonori Kikutake, has participated, but is differentiated from as this movement as well others contemporary japanese architecture such as Sou Fujimoto and SANAA. This difference and meaning can be found by reading his experiments in the relation of structure/skin/space. In contrast to modern architecture in which structure and skin are autonome each other, in his project structure is not distinguished from skin, and structure disperses in the space. The purpose of this study is to investigate this relation in the history of architecture, and to find the position and the meaning of his recent architectural experiments.

현대건축의 구조화된 표피와 설계적용 가능성 연구

천의영 한국문화공간건축학회 2013 한국문화공간건축학회논문집 Vol.- No.44

This study aims to deal with structured surfaces in contemporary architecture, which is in part related with Gilles Deleuze's philosophical notion on the fold and skins. Actual concerns on ‘skin’ in architectural projects were from the Swiss architects’ group, Herzog & de Meuron. Now the concept is being extended not only to its depth, but also to the media facade and the structured skin. In contemporary market society, architectural buildings are mostly produced not as an work of culture, but as a legal maximum FAR(floor area ratio) commodities. Architects themselves cannot resist the mega forces of global capital gain system. Therefore, the new development of the skin as a medium of architectural space to deal with, was one of the survival strategies of architects in my opinion. The skin, or the surface is not any more superficial part of the whole, as Deleuze describes it. The mediated multiple skins became one of the most trendy concerns among architects, as we have seen in many renowned architectural examples such as 2008 Beijing Olympic Stadium and Beijing National Aquatics Center, Water Cube. The concept of structured surfaces are being applied to the design of K-University's design studio as a case study for localization and actualization. Although, there were many difficulties and practical problems in design and construction, it was meaningful efforts to realize a architectural concept in an academy field into a concrete functioning entity through collaborations with other specialists in different fields.

다층구조 일체 경량소재 적용 인스트루먼트 판넬 개발

곽성복(Sung Bok Kwak),김재옥(Jae Ok Kim),이동기(Dong Gi Lee),주상률(Sang Ryool Ju),김준형(Joon Hyung Kim),고재송(Jae Song Koh),강보성(Bo Sung Kang),정선경(Sun Kyung Jeoung),유승을(Seung Eul Yoo),남재도(Jae Do Nam) 한국자동차공학회 2006 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

Recently, the trend of automotive interior parts is focused on improvement of light weight materials. Thermoplastic foams are materials that are composed of a cellular core structure created by the expansion of blowing agents of volatile gases or liquids, which can be economically used in insulating, packaging, and automobile industries. Thermoplastic olefins (TPO) are currently evaluated as a potential replacement of PVC or ABS blends in automotive interior skins such as Door Trim (DT) and Instrument Panel (IP) skins. In this study, micro cellular foaming materials applied automotive instrument panel was investigated.