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진관훈 제주학회 2022 濟州島硏究 Vol.57 No.-
The purpose of this study is research about slash-and-burn cultivation field and rents in Jeju. The study on slash-and-burn cultivation field is very important in history of Jeju but its good research is very poor. So I researched about historical significance of slash-and-burn cultivation field in Jeju. First, I studied historical progress and change of slash-and-burn cultivation field in Jeju. Also I studied village of slash-and-burn farming and slash-and-burn farmer, Second, I studied about an annual tribute of rents for slash-and-burn farming. I think, that is the cause of farmer’s uprisings in Jeju during late period of Choseon. Meanwhile, academical concerns of slash-and-burn cultivation field in Jeju are very little at that because farmer’s uprisings in Jeju during late period of Choseon and Jeju ‘4.3’. Therefore, We try immediately rumination of historical progress of slash-and-burn farming in Jeju and custom, culture, traditional folklore of slash-and-burn farmers. This exertion make slash-and-burn cultivation field as a key words about historical implication of Jeju agriculture and rural life. And slash-and-burn cultivation field, slash-and-burn farming, slash-and-burn farmer positioning as a major stems in Jeju history during Japanese colonial era, late period of Choseon, Choseon Dynasty period, 이 글은 제주지역 화전(火田)과 화전세(火田稅)에 관한 연구이다. 제주 근대사의 요체(要諦)라고 여겨지지만 정작 이에 관한 연구는 아주 빈약하다고 할 수 있는 제주지역 화전과 화전세가 가지는 역사적 의미와 실체를 고찰해고자 한다. 이를 위해, 우선 제주 화전의 역사적 변천 과정을 살펴보려 한다. 그 과정에서 고지도에 나타난 화전마 을과 기존 연구에 나타난 화전민의 생활을 살펴보았다. 이어 구한말 제주지역의 조세 제도와 구한말 제주지역 민란의 주요 원인이었던 화전세의 세폐(稅弊)를 살펴보았다. 그동안 제주지역의 화전과 화전마을, 화전민에 대한 사회적․ 학문적 관심은 아주 낮은 편이다. 이에는 몇 차례의 제주민란과 ‘제주 4.3’ 등으로 인해 자의적으로 왜곡된 역사적 기억들이 한몫하고 있다. 지금이라도 제주도 화전 농업의 역사적 변천 과정과 경작방법, 그 속에 살아왔던 화전민이 생활 풍속, 문화, 민속 등을 되새기려 노력해야 한다. 이런 노력으로 조선 시대, 구한말, 일제강점기 초기 제주도의 농업사, 농촌생활사를 함축(含蓄)하는 키워드로 ‘화전’을 내세우고, 또 화전․화전 농업․화전민을 제주사(濟 州史)의 엄연한 줄기로 자리매김하게 할 수 있다.
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조선후기 강릉부 우계면의 삼공(蔘貢) 관련 완문(完文) 연구
박도식 ( Doh Sik Park ) 한국고문서학회 2012 古文書硏究 Vol.40 No.-
As Wanmun is official document issue to Hyanggyo(鄕校, the confucian temple and school to teach local students in the Choseon Dynasty period), Seowon(書院, a memorial hall for confucianist services to honor distinguished scholars and statesmen), association(結社), village(村) an individual by the government office. It is characteristics of certification, prescription or disposition which ascertains whether something is true and even accept right or privilege. Wanmun was unilaterally issued in office, but usually published by the appeal or petition of a person or a group concerned. This Wanmun is a material related to Samgong(蔘貢, jinseng`s tribute) in Gangneungbu-Woogyemyun in late Choseon Dynasty. Samgong assigned at Gangwondo in early Choseon Dynasty and gathered by the Minjeong(民丁) had been offered to the Gamyeong(監營, provincial capital). But as days go by it was difficult to collect ginseng, and each Gunhyun(郡縣, regional reign) paid ginseng dealers and made them Bangnap(防納, blocking the delivery of the tribute). It was the reason why it was hard to gather ginseng, also ginseng became rare due to the extension Hwajeon(火田, fire-field agriculture) and gradually reducing the ginseng-producing area. Gangneung was the most suffering area because of surcharge of ginseng tribute. Gangneung dedicated in ginseng 55nyang(a denomination of weight), but the harvested ginseng got less and less than 20nyang. So the ginseng dealers had to buy it out of town and paid it to government. The ginseng dealers, moreover, could`` pay the tax to government with fixed ginseng price 80nyang paid by each Gunhyun bacause of the jinseng the prices. Thus although Gangneung raised them to 2,354nyang aside from paying 5,004nyang annually, they demanded moer and more every year. According to fluctuation in ginseng price and raising taxes, Gangneung received Sikrichon(殖利錢, moneymaking money) 6,100nyang which was financial aid from the national government and lent it to Minho, and got back principal with three-tenth interest. Gangneungbu especially established Bosam-gungwan(補蔘軍官) with 756members and collected 1nyang 5jeon per man. Villagers living in Ssanggye(雙溪)·Bukdong(北洞)·Ohgog(梧谷), Woogyemyun, Gangneungbu based upon Sanjeon(山田, a field in the mountains). They paid money in taxes instead of Whasok(火粟), Samgyeol(蔘結) and Wolgwahwasok-yeoncheong(月課火粟烟淸, the monthly honey tribute in fire-field agriculture). For example, Hhasok was 1jeon(錢) 2pun(分) each bok(卜), Samgyeol was 3jeon each bok. Althouch Yeongdong area in Gangneung was not essentially imposed with Wasamjeon(火蔘田), this must pay it bacause ginseng was produced in Naemyun(內面), Gangneung. After losing Hwajeonse(火田稅) and ginseng picker, Gangneung collected the ginseng taxes from Mingyeol of Yeongdong. Most local residents, who ground under the heavy burden of ginseng tax which was imposed on Hwajeon in Woogyemyun, even had become bankrupt owing to the years famine. Villages finally faced pulling apart. Aroung then, to solve the problem of jinseng tax, Go Jin-Chang and Lee Tae-Won with other 14members organized the Geumokgye(金玉契) and paied ginseng taxes instead of them.
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