C. H. 해스킨스의 '12세기 르네상스론'에 대한 사학사적 검토

박민아(Park Min A) 한국사학사학회 2014 韓國史學史學報 Vol.0 No.30

20세기 초 미국의 혁신주의가 현저히 모습을 드러내고 그 중심에는 윌슨주의가 팽배해 있었던 시대적 상황 속에서 해스킨스는 현실정치에 적극적으로 참여하였던 역사가였다. 1927년에 출간된 해스킨스의 『12세기 르네상스』는 미국이 강대국으로 성장해나가는 전환기적 시대 흐름 속에서 요구되었던 강력한 정치적 이데올로기의 결과물이었다. 해스킨스가 『12세기 르네상스』에서 강조하였던 지식인들의 대두, 관료제와 중앙집권화의 시작, 대학의 형성은 오늘날 근대국가가 탄생하게 된 지적 배경이 되었다. 해스킨스는 12세기 유럽의 지적 혁명과 제도적 변화들을 20세기 미국의 강력한 국가 만들기를 위한 발전 모델로 인식했던 것이다. 『12세기 르네상스』로 대변되는 해스킨스의 '12세기 르네상스론'은 중세에 대한 근대적 의제를 고취시킴으로써 중요한 시사점을 던져주었다. 중세의 근대성을 강조했던 해스킨스의 '12세기 르네상스론'은 미국 중세사 분야에서 중세주의적 해석의 전형으로 자리매김하고 있다. 또한 미국에서 중세사가 학문으로서 저변 확대되는 계기를 마련하였다는 점에서 중세사 연구의 초석이 되기도 하였다. 그러나 해스킨스가 '12세기 르네상스론'을 주장한 배경은 중앙집권적 국가 모델이 되었던 12세기 유럽에서 20세기 미국의 역사적 교훈을 얻고자한데 있었다. 말하자면 해스킨스의 '12세기 르네상스론'은 중세가 없는 젊은 국가 미국의 역사적 기원을 12세기 중세 유럽의 역사를 통해 이어받고자 했던 것으로 목적론적ㆍ현재주의적 역사관이 반영된 해석이었다. During that period of pervasive Progressivism and Wilsonism in America, Haskins was a historian who participated actively in realistic politics. Haskins argued against Jacob Burckhardt' assertion that the Italian Renaissance started in the 14th and 15th century by insisting 'the theory of the 12th century Renaissance'. While America was growing as 'the Great Powers', 『The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century』, which was published in 1927, was the product of a powerful political ideology. Haskins acknowledged that an intellectual revolution and institutional change were essential for the 12th century of Europe development model to make 20th century America the Great Powers. According to Haskins, the birth of a modern state on those times was based upon intellectual backgrounds, such as the appearance of intellectuals, the beginning of bureaucracy and centralization, the formation of the university which Haskins emphasized in 『The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century』. 'The theory of the 12th-century renaissance' of Haskins to stress the modernity of the Middle Ages is recognized as the archetype of the interpretation of Medievalism. During that period Haskins expanded the base of learning into Western Medieval History through it, his theory also laid the foundation of studies of Medieval History. 'The theory of the 12th century renaissance' of Haskins is full of implications and suggestions by inspiring the agenda of modernity. But the background to claim 'the theory of the 12th century Renaissance' is to learn a historical lesson by taking up 12th Europe as the model of a centralized state. Again, Haskins hoped America, which was absent the Middle Ages, to succeed the 12th century history of Europe. That is to say, 'the theory of the 12th century Renaissance' of Haskins is reflected in his teleological-realistic historical view.

12세기 르네상스와 장기 12세기 담론

이희만 숭실대학교 역사문물연구소 2018 숭실사학 Vol.0 No.40

With the assumption that the twelfth century renaissance and the long twelfth century are closely related, this article aims to shed light on the meaning of the twelfth century renaissance, its main research trends, and the characteristics of the long twelfth century. The Renaissance of Twelfth Century by Charles Haskins contributed to dispelling the prejudice that the middle ages were dark and stagnant and brought a new understanding of the dynamism and the creativity of the culture of European society in the twelfth century. It was Haskins who established the twelfth century renaissance as a historical term and spread it widely. Haskins defined the twelfth century renaissance not as are revival of classicism from a narrow perspective, but as an intellectual-cultural movement from a broad perspective. He criticized Jacob Burckhardt’s view of renaissance which underlined the historical and cultural discontinuity between the Middle Ages and the Italian Renaissance. The Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century published in 1982 is also an important book because it showed not only the influence of classicism on architecture, arts, and law, but also the new approaches to the sources of the twelfth century renaissance like positive attitude to nature and society. On the other hand, owing to the influence of postmodernism against modernity, the research trends in the twelfth century renaissance changed greatly. Thus, there were changes in three major paradigms. First, there was an increase of interest in women and the social weak which had been neglected because of the interest in the public field such as state and institutions. Second, the interest in the mentalité of people of the middle ages increased. Third, the research of the vernacular renaissance grew. Recently, some historians tried to understand the twelfth century with the terms of the long twelfth century, similar to the longue durée. They understand the twelfth century chronically not from one century merely, but from two or three centuries, that is, considering a long process. They regard the history and culture of twelfth century as a set of cumulative and continuous growths which began in the eleventh century and lasted to the thirteenth century. A distinctive characteristic of these historians is that they view the long twelfth century as the period of transformations. They also recognize significant changes in certain fields such as law, cities, knowledge, and religion as revolution. I consider the long twelfth century as an important case study on how to understand not only the twelfth renaissance and but also the high middle ages in terms of long term and structure.

12세기 르네상스 연구: 살스베리의 존의 『메타로기콘』을 중심으로

박영희 ( Young Hee Park ) 한국교육철학학회 2010 교육철학연구 Vol.48 No.-

This paper introduces the renaissance of the twelfth century. its highest representative, John of Salisbury and his educational treatise, Metalogicon. I pointed out two historical backgrounds of intellectual revival of the century. One is the cathedral schools as the most active intellectual center, the other is the translations of Aristotelian corpus. In describing John of Salisbury`s life I focused on the masters of the schools where John of Salisbury studied and especially more in detail about grammar instruction of Bernard of Chartres. Then I analyzed Metalogicon into its meaning, motive, structure, content, Cornificius` identity and claims. Finally I analyzed the educational theory in Metalogicon into its aim of education, curriculum, method, and epistemology. The twelfth century is the age when there are active controversies on education. John of Salisbury provides not only the dominant views of education during his time, but also argues the usefulness and importance of trivium against the Cornificians. His greatness is in the fact that he did not lose the balance between the classics and new studies. Thus, although he was the first scholar who introduced New Logic of Aristotle in entirety he was not engulfed into the dialectical movement, rather he warned its danger.

Acceptance and rejection of medical knowledge: Latin translation of Arabic medical texts during the 11th~14th centuries

남종국 한국서양중세사학회 2023 西洋中世史硏究 Vol.- No.52

In his The Cantebury Tales, the 14th century English poet Geoffrey Chaucer denounced Constantine the African as a damned monk. This article starts with the question of against what background this accusation was made. Moving from Africa to Southern Italy at the end of the 11th century, Constantine became a Benedictine monk and translated Arabic medical texts into Latin. Among the many medical books he translated, [De coitu] proved to be the most scandalous in Christian society. From the 11th century to the 13th century, Christian Europe translated Arabic writings in various fields of the sciences, including medicine, into Latin. There was resistance to the acceptance of new science and knowledge. In particular, Islamic medical knowledge about sexual intercourse was at odds with Medieval Christian sexual morals and ethics. This article attempts to analyze in what respect the Medieval Christian sexual ethics and Islamic medical knowledge differed, and what results these differences produced. Even though from the beginning, Christianity had not dealt with sexual issues (including sexual intercourse) from an oppressive point of view, the church’s attitudes towards sexual intercourse came to be more and more oppressive. The church argued that sexual intercourse was a punishment following the expulsion from the Garden of Eden and, as such, was never to be a pleasurable act. It was permitted only for legally married couples and the church emphasized that its purpose should be reproduction, not pleasure. For that reason, the church declared that Christians should avoid this shameful act as much as possible, and even specified the days when sexual intercourse was permitted. On the other hand, Islamic medical texts translated and introduced to Europe in the 11th to 13th centuries provided positive knowledge about sexual intercourse. In these texts, it was taught that sexual intercourse was pleasurable and that it could be used as a cure for many ailments. These different perspectives and positions on sexual intercourse sparked conflict, and for that reason, some content was omitted in the process of translations. Although this article does not explain it in detail, the influx of new knowledge that was not omitted in translation contributed, to a certain extent, to gradually changing the perceptions of medical and sexual knowledge in Medieval Christian society.