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The short gastrulation shadow enhancer employs dual modes of transcriptional synergy
Shin, Dong-Hyeon,Hong, Joung-Woo University of the Basque Country Press 2017 The International journal of developmental biology Vol.61 No.1
<P>It remains unclear how a limited amount of maternal transcription factor Dorsal (Dl) directs broad expression of short gastrulation (sog) throughout the presumptive neurogenic ectoderm in the Drosophila early embryo. Here, we present evidence that the sog shadow enhancer employs dual modes of transcriptional synergy to produce this broad pattern. Bioinformatics analyses indicated that a minimal enhancer region, systematically mapped in vivo, contains five Dl-, three Zelda (Zld)-, and three Bicoid (Bcd)-binding sites; four of these five Dl-binding sites are closed linked to two Zld-and two Bcd-binding sites. Mutations of either the linked Zld-or Bcd-binding sites led to severe reduction in lacZ expression width, length, and/or strength in transgenic embryos. In addition, alteration of the helical phasing in this enhancer region by insertion of spacer sequences between linked sites also resulted in aberrant lacZ expression. These results suggest that synergistic interactions between Dl and Zld and between DI and Bcd are required for broad sog expression.</P>
Lee, Ji Yeoun,Lee, Eun Sun,Kim, Saet Pyoul,Lee, Myung-Sook,Phi, Ji Hoon,Kim, Seung-Ki,Hwang, Young-Il,Wang, Kyu-Chang University of the Basque Country Press 2017 The International journal of developmental biology Vol.61 No.8
<P>The caudal cell mass (CCM) is known as the main player in secondary neurulation, forming the secondary neural tube (2NT). This suggests that the CCM may have the character of neural progenitor cells. The neural potential of the CCM and the 2NT (CCM + 2NT) was assessed by in vitro culture of neurospheres during Hamburger and Hamilton stages (HH) of secondary neurulation (HH16 to HH32). We also analyzed the neural potential of the developing central nervous system (CNS) by comparing the neurosphere culture from the brain, upper / lower spinal cord, and CCM + 2NT from various HH stages. The CCM + 2NT was capable of forming neurospheres. Of the various HH stages, the greatest number of neurospheres from CCM + 2NT were cultured at HH28. Because the 2NT is most prominent at HH28, we hypothesized that the 2NT, rather than the CCM, had the main potential to produce neurospheres. When the neurospheres were cultured separately from the CCM and the 2NT, 2NT made significantly more neurospheres. When comparing different parts of the CNS, at HH16, the greatest number of neurospheres was formed from the brain. At HH32, it was the CCM + 2NT. The region with the greatest number of neurospheres progressed in a cephalo-caudal direction during development. This study showed that neurospheres can be cultured from CCM + 2NT, and the main player in neurosphere formation was the 2NT. The present study has also revealed cephalo-caudal trend in the neural potential of developing CNS.</P>
Evolving tales of autophagy in early reproductive events
Lim, Hyunjung J.,Song, Haengseok University of the Basque Country Press 2014 The International journal of developmental biology Vol.58 No.2
<P>Cells learn to thrive under unfavorable conditions by various mechanisms, and autophagy, self-eating, is one such mechanism. Autophagy is always ongoing in cells at a basal level to turn over old proteins, provide building blocks for new proteins, and to dispose of unnecessary byproducts of metabolism, and normally it does not cause deleterious effects on other parts of basic cellular processes. Autophagy is often dubbed a 'double-edged sword', as it is a necessary process for many cells, but its exaggeration may lead to cell death. Evidence is accumulating that autophagy is crucially involved in specific aspects of reproduction. Several recent studies have illustrated how the uniqueness of self-eating is manifested in germ cells and embryos. In this review, we attempt to portray where this relatively young field of autophagy research is heading in the context of reproductive biology research.</P>
DNA methylation state is preserved in the sperm-derived pronucleus of the pig zygote
Jeong, Young-Sun,Yeo, Seungeun,Park, Jung-Sun,Koo, Deog-Bon,Chang, Won-Kyung,Lee, Kyung-Kwang,Kang, Yong-Kook University of the Basque Country Press 2007 The International journal of developmental biology Vol.51 No.8