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Ultrahigh-density phase-change data storage without the use of heating
Jo, Ara,Joo, Wonchul,Jin, Won-Hyeog,Nam, Hyojin,Kim, Jin Kon Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2009 Nature nanotechnology Vol.4 No.11
<P>Non-volatile memories based on scanning probes offer very high data densities, but existing approaches require the probe to be heated, which increases the energy expenditure and complexity of fabrication. Here, we demonstrate the writing, reading and erasure of an ultrahigh-density array of nanoscopic indentations without heating either the scanning probe tip or the substrate. An atomic force microscope tip causes microphase transitions of the polystyrene-block-poly(n-pentyl methacrylate) of a block copolymer to occur at room temperature by application of pressure alone. We demonstrate a data storage density of 1 Tb in(-2), which is limited only by the size of the tip. This demonstration of a pressure-based phase-change memory at room temperature may expedite the development of next-generation ultrahigh-density data storage media.</P>
Protein kinase A-dependent phosphorylation of B/K protein
Chin, Hemin,Choi, Sung-Ho,Jang, Yoon-Seong,Cho, Sung-Min,Kim, Ho-Shik,Lee, Jeong-Hwa,Jeong, Seong-Whan,Kim, In-Kyung,Kim, Grace J,Kwon, Oh-Joo Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2006 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.38 No.2
<P>We have previously isolated a novel protein 'B/K' that contains two C2-like domains. Here, we report the isolation and mRNA distribution of a human B/K isoform, and protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent phosphorylation of the B/K protein. The 1.5 kb human B/K cDNA clone exhibits 89% and 97% identities with rat B/K in the sequences of nucleotide and amino acid, respectively. Human B/K isoform encodes a 474 amino acid protein and shows structural features similar to the rat counterpart including two C2 domains, three consensus sequences for PKA, absence of a transmembrane region, and conservation of the N-terminal cysteine cluster. On Northern and dot blot analyses, a 3.0 kb B/K transcript was abundantly present in human brain, kidney, and prostate. Among the brain regions, strong signals were observed in the frontal and temporal lobes, the hippocampus, the hypothalamus, the amygdala, the substantia nigra, and the pituitary. Recombinant B/K proteins containing three consensus sites for PKA was very efficiently phosphorylated in vitro by PKA catalytic subunit. B/K protein which was overexpressed in LLC-PK1 cells was also strongly phosphorylated in vivo by vasopressin analog DDAVP, and PKA-specific inhibitor H 89 as well as type 2 vasopressin receptor antagonist specifically suppressed DDAVP-induced B/K phosphorylation. These results suggest that B/K proteins play a role as potential substrates for PKA in the area where they are expressed.</P>
Lee, Il-ok,Lim, Eui-sung Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2010 Acta pharmacologica Sinica. Vol.31 No.8
<P>AbstractAim:To investigate the effects of GABA and glycine on analgesia in the central nervous system.Methods:Glycine, taurine, or muscimol was injected with bicuculline into the cistern magna or the lumbar subarachnoidal space in ICR mice. The effects on bicuculline-induced allodynia in a touch-evoked agitation test and on pain threshold index in a hot-plate test were assessed.Results:The dosages of the amino acids administered with bicuculline had no effect on motor behavior in conscious mice. Glycine or muscimol reduced bicuculline-induced allodynia regardless of the administration site, whereas intrathecal taurine reduced bicuculline-induced allodynia. Glycine, taurine, and muscimol all antagonized the effects induced by bicuculline in the hot-plate test, regardless of the administration site.Conclusion:Glycine, taurine, and muscimol were found to have anti-allodynic and anti-thermal hyperalgesic properties in vivo. These observations suggest an interaction between glycine and GABA receptors during the regulation of antinociception.</P>
Choi, S A,Lee, Y E,Kwak, P A,Lee, J Y,Kim, S S,Lee, S J,Phi, J H,Wang, K-C,Song, J,Song, S H,Joo, K M,Kim, S-K Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2015 Cancer gene therapy Vol.22 No.6
<P>Pediatric brainstem glioma is an incurable malignancy because of its inoperability. As a result of their extensive tropism toward cancer and the possibility of autologous transplantation, human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAT-MSC) are attractive vehicles to deliver therapeutic genes to brainstem gliomas. In this study, in a good manufacturing practice (GMP) facility, we established clinically applicable hAT-MSCs expressing therapeutic genes and investigated their therapeutic efficacy against brainstem glioma in mice. For feasible clinical applications, (1) primary hAT-MSCs were cultured from human subcutaneous fat to make autologous transplantation possible, (2) hAT-MSCs were genetically engineered to express carboxyl esterase (CE) and (3) a secreted form of the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (sTRAIL) expression vector for synergistic effects was delivered by a gene transfer technology that did not result in genomic integration of the vector. (4) Human CE and sTRAIL sequences were utilized to avoid immunological side effects. The hAT-MSCs expressing CEsTRAIL showed significant therapeutic effects against brainstem gliomas in vitro and in vivo. However, the simultaneous expression of CE and sTRAIL had no synergistic effects in vivo. The results indicate that non-viral transient single sTRAIL gene transfer to autologous hAT-MSCs is a clinically applicable stem cell-based gene therapy for brainstem gliomas in terms of therapeutic effects and safety.</P>
Shin, Cha-Gyun,An, Dog-Gn,Song, Hyuk-Hwan,Lee, Chan Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2009 The Journal of Antibiotics Vol.62 No.12
<P>Some enniatins (ENs) reportedly exhibit antiretroviral activities in vivo. The potential inhibitory activities of cyclic hexadepsipeptides such as beauvericin (BEA) and ENs H, I and MK1688 were investigated in vitro against human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) integrase and Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase. BEA, EN I and EN MK1688 exhibited strong inhibitory activities against HIV-1 integrase, whereas EN H showed relatively weak activity. None of the examined compounds showed anti-reverse transcriptase activity. BEA was the most effective inhibitor of the tested cyclic hexadepsipeptides in inhibiting HIV-1 integrase. These results indicate the potential of cyclic hexadepsipeptides as a new class of potent inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase.The Journal of Antibiotics advance online publication, 6 November 2009; doi:10.1038/ja.2009.102.</P>