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Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate is important for stomatal opening
Lee, Yuree,Kim, Yong-Woo,Jeon, Byeon Wook,Park, Ki-Youb,Suh, Su Jeoung,Seo, Jiyoung,Kwak, June M.,Martinoia, Enrico,Hwang, Inhwan,Lee, Youngsook Blackwell Scientific Publishers and BIOS Scientifi 2007 The Plant journal Vol.52 No.5
<P>Summary</P><P>Previously, we demonstrated that a protein that binds phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P<SUB>2</SUB>] inhibits both light-induced stomatal opening and ABA-induced stomatal closing. The latter effect is due to a reduction in free PtdIns(4,5)P<SUB>2</SUB>, decreasing production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and phosphatidic acid by phospholipases C and D. However, it is less clear how PtdIns(4,5)P<SUB>2</SUB> modulates stomatal opening. We found that in response to white light irradiation, the PtdIns(4,5)P<SUB>2</SUB>-binding domain GFP:PLC&dgr;1PH translocated from the cytosol into the plasma membrane. This suggests that the level of PtdIns(4,5)P<SUB>2</SUB> increases at the plasma membrane upon illumination. Exogenously administered PtdIns(4,5)P<SUB>2</SUB> substituted for light stimuli, inducing stomatal opening and swelling of guard cell protoplasts. To identify PtdIns(4,5)P<SUB>2</SUB> targets we performed patch-clamp experiments, and found that anion channel activity was inhibited by PtdIns(4,5)P<SUB>2</SUB>. Genetic analyses using an Arabidopsis <I>PIP5K4</I> mutant further supported the role of PtdIns(4,5)P<SUB>2</SUB> in stomatal opening. The reduced stomatal opening movements exhibited by a mutant of Arabidopsis <I>PIP5K4</I> (<I>At3g56960</I>) was countered by exogenous application of PtdIns(4,5)P<SUB>2</SUB>. The phenotype of reduced stomatal opening in the <I>pip5k4</I> mutant was recovered in lines complemented with the full-length <I>PIP5K4</I>. Together, these data suggest that PIP5K4 produces PtdIns(4,5)P<SUB>2</SUB> in irradiated guard cells, inhibiting anion channels to allow full stomatal opening.</P>
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Sarowar, Sujon,Oh, Hyun Woo,Cho, Hye Sun,Baek, Kwang-Hyun,Seong, Eun Soo,Joung, Young Hee,Choi, Gyung Ja,Lee, Sanghyeob,Choi, Doil Blackwell Scientific Publishers and BIOS Scientifi 2007 The Plant Journal Vol. No.
<P>Summary</P><P>The CCR4-associated factor 1 (CAF1) protein belongs to the CCR4-NOT complex, which is an evolutionary conserved protein complex and plays an important role in the control of transcription and mRNA decay in yeast and mammals. To investigate the function of CAF1 in plants, we performed gain- and loss-of-function studies by overexpression of the pepper CAF1 (<I>CaCAF1</I>) in tomato and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of the gene in pepper plants. Overexpression of <I>CaCAF1</I> in tomato resulted in significant growth enhancement, with increasing leaf thickness, and enlarged cell size by more than twofold when compared with the control plants. A transmission electron microscopic analysis revealed that the <I>CaCAF1</I>-transgenic tomato plants had thicker cell walls and cuticle layers than the control plants. In addition to developmental changes, overexpression of <I>CaCAF1</I> in tomato plants resulted in enhanced resistance against the oomycete pathogen <I>Phytophthora infestans</I>. Additionally, microarray, northern and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses of <I>CaCAF1-</I>transgenic tomato plants revealed that multiple genes were constitutively upregulated, including genes involved in polyamine biosynthesis, defence reactions and cell-wall organogenesis. In contrast, VIGS of <I>CaCAF1</I> in pepper plants caused significant growth retardation and enhanced susceptibility to the pepper bacterial spot pathogen <I>Xanthomonas axonopodis</I> pv. <I>vesicatoria</I>. Our results suggest roles for plant <I>CAF1</I> in normal growth and development, as well as in defence against pathogens.</P>
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