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Analytical Models For Genetics of Human Traits Influenced By Sex
Bentham Science Publishers 2016 CURRENT GENOMICS Vol.17 No.5
<P>Analytical models usually assume an additive sex effect by treating it as a covariate to identify genetic associations with sex-influenced traits. Their underlying assumptions are violated by ignoring interactions of sex with genetic factors and heterogeneous genetic effects by sex. Methods to deal with the problems are compared and discussed in this article. Especially, heterogeneity of genetic variance by sex can be assessed employing a mixed model with genetic relationship matrix constructed from genome-wide nucleotide variant information. Estimating genetic architecture of each sex would help understand different prevalence, course, and severity of complex diseases between women and men in the era of personalized medicine.</P>
Pluronic-based core/shell nanoparticles for drug delivery and diagnosis.
Jung, Yon Woo,Lee, Hwanbum,Kim, Jae Yeon,Koo, Eun Jin,Oh, Keun Sang,Yuk, Soon Hong Bentham Science Publishers 2013 Current medicinal chemistry Vol.20 No.28
<P>Pluronic-based core/shell nanoparticles (NPs) were formed using various strategies such as self-assembly and temperature induced-phase transition. To improve their functionality as a nanomedicine for diagnosis and therapy, the vesicle fusion and layer by layer approach were employed. Because of the hydrophilic nature of the Pluronic shell and the relatively small size, Pluronic-based core/shell NPs were used in order to improve their pharmacokinetic behaviors in drugs and in imaging agents. This review will introduce various types of Pluronic-based core/shell NPs according to their preparation method and formation mechanism. The focus will be on the Pluronic-based core/shell NPs for tumor targeting, stimulated release of proteins, and cancer imaging capabilities.</P>
Gadolinium oxide nanoparticles as potential multimodal imaging and therapeutic agents.
Kim, Tae Jeong,Chae, Kwon Seok,Chang, Yongmin,Lee, Gang Ho Bentham Science Publishers 2013 Current topics in medicinal chemistry Vol.13 No.4
<P>Potentials of hydrophilic and biocompatible ligand coated gadolinium oxide nanoparticles as multimodal imaging agents, drug carriers, and therapeutic agents are reviewed. First of all, they can be used as advanced T1 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents because they have r1 larger than those of Gd(III)-chelates due to a high density of Gd(III) per nanoparticle. They can be further functionalized by conjugating other imaging agents such as fluorescent imaging (FI), X-ray computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and single photon emission tomography (SPECT) agents. They can be also useful for drug carriers through morphology modifications. They themselves are also potential CT and ultrasound imaging (USI) contrast and thermal neutron capture therapeutic (NCT) agents, which are superior to commercial iodine compounds, air-filled albumin microspheres, and boron ((10)B) compounds, respectively. They, when conjugated with targeting agents such as antibodies and peptides, will provide enhanced images and be also very useful for diagnosis and therapy of diseases (so called theragnosis).</P>
Recent advances in radiopharmaceutical application of matched-pair radiometals.
Park, Ji-Ae,Kim, Jung Young Bentham Science Publishers 2013 Current topics in medicinal chemistry Vol.13 No.4
<P>Theranostic medicine is relatively a new term that describes integration of diagnostic and therapeutic functions within the same platform of pharmaceuticals. Such a design may in principle permit the molecular diagnosis, targeted therapy, and simultaneous monitoring and treatment necessary to achieve personalized medicine for cancer. Theranostic radiopharmaceuticals, for instance, carry the properties of both diagnostic radioimaging and radioimmunotherapy (RIT). As nuclear imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) have excellent sensitivity and can provide biochemical information on pathological conditions, much effort has been made in order to accomplish a more effective and powerful theranostic combination. Some recent examples include SPECT-therapy, PET-therapy, and therapy-therapy. In particular, the combined therapy-therapy method is the result of realization that RIT relying on a single radioisotope has an inherent limitation for practical cancer treatment. Thus the success of theranostic nuclear medicine depends on a proper choice of different radioisotopes that will lead to a perfect couple. This pair of radioisotopes is called matched-pair radioisotopes. The structural motif for radiopharmaceuticals based on matched-pair consists of a bifunctional chelator (BFCA) and a biologically active molecule (BAM). This review will focus on recent advances in radiopharmaceutical application of matched-pair radiometals in clinics as well as preclinics.</P>
Toll-like receptors: sensor molecules for detecting damage to the nervous system.
Lee, Hyunkyoung,Lee, Soojin,Cho, Ik-Hyun,Lee, Sung Joong Bentham Science Publishers 2013 Current protein & peptide science Vol.14 No.1
<P>Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type I transmembrane signaling molecules that are expressed in cells of the innate immune system. In these cells, TLRs function as pattern recognition receptors (PRR) that recognize specific molecular patterns derived from microorganisms. Upon activation, TLRs trigger a cascade of intracellular signaling pathways in innate immune cells, leading to the induction of inflammatory and innate immune responses, which in turn regulate adaptive immune responses. In the nervous system, different members of the TLR family are expressed on glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells) and neurons. Recently, increasing evidence has supported the idea that TLRs also recognize endogenous molecules that are released from damaged tissue, thereby regulating inflammatory responses and subsequent tissue repair. These findings imply that TLRs on glial cells may also be involved in the inflammatory response to tissue damage in the nervous system. In this review, we discuss recent studies on TLR expression in the cells of the nervous system and their roles in acute neurological disorders involving tissue damage such as strokes, traumatic spinal cord and brain injuries, and peripheral nerve injuries.</P>