냄새변화를 이용한 저장창고 내 사과부패 확인 방법

이효정,김만구 한국냄새환경학회 2011 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.10 No.2

In this study, A method for confirming the putrefaction point of apples by using odor variation as applied in apple storage. The samples were obtained from apple storage at Chuncheon shi Dongnae-myeon using by lung sampler. The complex odor was separated by GC/O and individual odors were then analyzed. In the apple storage, the varieties and number of apples vary based on cultivarsand sales volume of apples. Thus, using an emission chamber in the apple storage is difficult. The odor value of the emission chamber and apple storage is denoted by standardizing the sizes and number of apples. The variations in the ratios of aroma value and off-odor value were investigated. The ratio of the aroma value and off-odor value in the emission chamber increased. However, the apple storage values were applied on the number of apples, thus the values alternately increased and decreased in most cases. If the internal change of apple started, it is ratio of aroma value and off-odor value is cloese to zero. and If the External putrefaction on the apple surface is confirmed, the log value becomes larger than 0.5. Complete putrefaction in the stored apples, the log value close to 1.5. We therefore confirmed that this noninvasive method using odor variation can apply to monitoring the quality of apples in storage. 이 연구에서는 사과의 방치기간에 따른 냄새변화를 이용한 부패시점 확인 방법을 실제 저장창고에 적용할 수 있는지 살펴보았다. 시료는 춘천시 동내면의 사과저장창고에서 순간채취장치를 이용하여 복합냄새를 채취한 뒤 GC/FID/Olfactomety로 개별냄새 분석을 실시하였다. 저장창고는 사과의 재배품종과 수확시기, 판매량에 따라서 저장되는 사과의 품종과 개수의 변화가 나타나므로 기존 방출챔버 실험결과를 적용하기 어렵기에 방출챔버와 저장창고의 저장기간별 냄새 값을 저장창고의 부피와 보관된 사과의 수량에 대해 표준화하여 보정한 뒤 좋은 냄새 값에 대한 나쁜 냄새 값의 비율의 변화를 검토하였다. 방출챔버를 이용한 실험에서는 이 비율이 저장기간에 따라 뚜렷이 증가하였으나, 실제 사과저장창고에서는 창고 내 사과의 저장 개수에 영향을 받아 소폭증가와 감소가 반복되었다. 하지만 전체적인 경향을 방출챔버에서와 같이 좋은 냄새 값에 대한 나쁜 냄새 값의 비율이 사과의 부패가 시작되면 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 따라서 저장창고에 저장된 사과의 내부적인 변화가 시작되면 좋은 냄새 값에 대한 나쁜 냄새 값 비율의 로그값이 0에 가깝게 나타나고, 사과의 부패를 외관상으로 파악할 수 있을 정도로 부패가 진행되면 0.5이상의 값을 나타냈다. 완전히 사과의 부패가 일어난 경우에는 1.5이상의 값을 나타냈다. 따라서 실제 저장창고에서도 저장창고의 냄새를 이용한 비파괴적인 방법으로 사과품질 평가에 적용할 수 있는 것을 확인했다.

한국인 정서에 맞는 냄새 표현 어구 분류

김현욱,최홍림,이기형,김재혁,권우택,김기범 한국냄새환경학회 2004 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.3 No.3

Environmental odors are generally described with four sensory parameters, i.e., threshold concentration(the lowest concentration at which an odor can be detected or recognised), odor intensity, hedonic tone(degree of pleasantness or unpleasantness associated with odor), and odor characters(words describing perceived odor). Recently, due to increased number of complaints related with odors from sewage treatment plants, industrial area, landfill sites, livestock husbandry farms and so on, a number of researches on odor are being studied. However, unlike western european countries, Japan, and northern america, research on odor in Korea does not long history. Moreover, We Koreans do not have systematic standard expression words characterizing odor. For better understanding of odor generation and mitigation, words and phrases to well characterize a korean's sense on odor need to be organized. In this study, an in-depth investigation on korean phrases describing odor characters has been performed. Both foreign and korean literatures were searched and survey was performed to collect phrases describing odors. The collected data was classified according to their similarity in meaning to develop a wheel type table of odor descriptors classified into 10 main odor subjects. Then, each main odor subject is divided into descriptors(total 142 sub odor descriptors). Then, a way of graphically presenting frequency of odor descriptors chosen by odor panels is proposed to easily compare the results of the odor panel character. 관능법을 이용하여으로 냄새를 평가할 때에, 일반적으로 냄새 한계농도(odor threshold:사람이 냄새를 감지할 수 있는 한계 농도), 냄새 강도(odor intensity:감지되어지는 냄새의 세기), 냄새 심미도(hedonic tone:냄새의 불쾌한 정도), 그리고 냄새 성격(odor character:다른 냄새와 구별되는 냄새의 특성)등을 이용한다. 최근, 하수처리장, 공단, 매립지, 가축 사육단지 등에서 발생하는 냄새로 인한 민원의 증가로 냄새에 대한 관심이 증대하고, 그에 따른 많은 연구들도 진행 중에 있다. 하지만 냄새연구가 오래전부터 진행되어 온 서구나 일본등과는 달리, 우리나라에서는 아직까지 냄새에 대한 연구는 초보단계에 있으며, 표준화된 냄새 표현 단어들조차도 체계화되어 있지 않다. 악취발생 혹은 저감에 대한 보다 나은 이해를 위해서는 먼저 한국인들의 정서에 맞는 냄새 표현어구들을 정리할 필요가 있다. 또한 유사 표현어구들의 미묘한 차이를 나타낼 수 있는 방법이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 외국 및 국내 문헌 조사 그리고 설문을 통하여, 표현 가능한 냄새 특성을 조사하고, 조사된 자료를 유사한 특성에 따라 분류하여, 한국인들의 정서에 맞는 냄새 표현 어구 및 단어들을 정리하고, 유사 냄새와 비교하여 차이를 시각적으로 구분하여 보여주는 “표준 냄새 표현 어구 분류표(standard odor descriptors)”를 제안하였다. 표준 냄새 표현 어구 분류표(standard odor descriptors)는 냄새 특성을 먼저 10개의 주요 냄새 표현 단어들로 분류하고, 각각의 표현에 대해서 3~20 개의 상세 표현단어들로 세분화하여 총 142개의 냄새표현 어구들을 분류하였다. 그리고 이렇게 제안된 표현들을 직접 관능법에 의한 냄새 평가에서 얻은 결과에 적용하여 시각적으로 냄새 특성을 평가하여 보았다. 특히 가축시료(계(鷄)분뇨, 돈(豚)분뇨 그리고 젖소 분뇨)와 같은 비슷한 성격을 갖는 시료의 냄새 특성을 자세히 시각적으로 비교하기 위해서, “2차 냄새 표현 어구 그래프”를 도입하여 유사 냄새 특성을 갖는 시료들의 차를 구분하여 시도하였다.

곰팡이 Geotrichum sp. 유래 실내 냄새원인물질 분석

김만구,김경환,정영림,김선화 한국냄새환경학회 2006 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.5 No.1

이 연구에서는 제1보의 실내냄새유발곰팡이의 원인 종 규명에 이어 확인된 Geotrichum sp.에서 방출되는 MVOCs (Microbial Volitile Organic Compounds) 중 주요냄새원인물질을 확인하였다. Geotrichum sp.의 냄새물질을 채취하는 방법으로는 head space-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME)방법을 사용하였다. 냄새물질의 확인은 GC/FID/Olfactometry방법으로 확인하였고, GC/AED방법으로 확인된 냄새물질 중 냄새물질들이 주로 포함하고 있는 산소, 질소, 황이 있는지 알아보았다. 마지막으로 GC/MS를 이용하여 냄새물질을 정성하고 각각의 냄새물질 RI (Retention Index)를 확인하였다. 그 결과 Geotrichum sp.의 MVOCs로는 hydrogen sulfide, methanthiol, 1-butanol, carbon disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, S-methyl thiobutyrate, dimethyl trisulfide, geosmin이었으며, 확인된 주요냄새물질은 변 냄새를 유발하는 물질은 dimethyl disulfide와 dimethyl trisulfide였으며, 곰팡이 냄새를 유발하는 물질은 geosmin으로 확인되었다. In this study, we identified the odor active compounds among MVOCs (Microbial Volitile Organic Compounds) emitted from Geotrichum sp. which was previously identified as the main kinds of mold in indoor air. To sample the odor active compounds emitted from Geotrichum sp. while metabolizing, head space-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method, which is well known for sampling odorants, was used. GC/Flame Ionization Detector/Olfactometry was used to identify main odor active compounds. GC/Atomic Emission Detector was used to identify if some compounds had atoms like oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur which are typically found from odorants. GC/Mass Spectrometry was used to identify the odorants. Finally, Retention Index (RI) of each system was verified. In this study, hydrogen sulfide, methanthiol, 1-butanol, carbon disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, S-methyl thiobutyrate, dimethyl trisulfide, geosmin were identified as MVOCs. Among them, identified main odor active compounds were dimethyl disulfie and dimethyl trisulfide which induce ordure smell and geosmin which induce moldy, earthy smell.

벽지에서 방출되는 TVOCs와 냄새원인물질 분석

정영림,정탁교,장미옥,김선화,김만구 한국냄새환경학회 2006 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.5 No.3

In this study, the TVOCs and odor active compounds emitted from 3 PVC and 5 natural wallpapers were analyzed. The emitted odor intensities and characteristics of the wallpapers were estimated using air dilution sensory and direct olfactory methods. The emissions of TVOCs were measured using the SPME-cryogenic emission test method, which was modified from the RAL-GZ 479 method, which is used in Germany to evaluate the quality of wallpapers. It was found that there was no significant correlation between the emissions of TVOCs and the odor concentration. However, a correlation (0.57) was found between the emitted VOCs and the odor concentration of the low molecular weight compounds, which have strong volatilities, ranging from n-C6 to n-C10. For all 8 wallpapers, vinegar like odor was commonly perceived, with acetic acid identified as the main odor active compound withinthe odor. Benzaldehyde and esters, such as ethyl acrylate and n-butyl acrylate, were identified as odor active compounds, which were expressed as having rubber like smells by the panelists. These results indicate that odor should be included as a domestic regulation for the pollutants emitted from building materials. The identification of odor active compounds emitted from building materials could be useful in the production of eco-environment products. 이 연구에서는 3종의 PVC벽지와 5종의 천연벽지에서 방출되는 TVOCs와 냄새원인물질을 분석해 보았다. 벽지에서 방출되는 냄새강도와 냄새질은 공기희석관능법과 직접관능법으로 측정하였다. TVOCs 방출량은 독일에서 벽지의 품질분석방법으로 사용하고 있는 RAL-GZ 479방법을 변형한 SPME-저온방출시험방법으로 측정하였다. TVOCs와 냄새농도와의 상관성은 거의 없었으나, n-C6~n-C10의 휘발성이 강한 저분자 화합물의 VOCs 방출량과 냄새농도와는 상관성이 0.57로 나타났다. 8종의 벽지에서는 공통적으로 시큼한 냄새가 나타났는데 acetic acid가 주된 냄새원인물질로 확인되었다. 그 외에 고무냄새를 나타낸 화합물로 ethyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate 등의 에스테르류와 benzaldehyde가 벽지에서 방출되는 것으로 확인되었다. 이 연구결과를 통해 국내에서 시행되고 있는 건축자재 오염물질 방출량 기준에 냄새항목을 추가시켜 규제하는 것이 필요하다고 생각된다. 그리고 건축자재에서 방출되는 냄새의 원인물질의 규명은 친환경제품을 제조하는데 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

『냄새센서』를 이용한 악취관리

요시에 야스키 한국냄새환경학회 2002 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.1 No.1

한국에서의 복합악취 숙련도시험 방법의 정립 과정에 관한 연구

권충진,이석준,김금희,최종우,김선태 한국냄새환경학회 2018 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.17 No.3

This study is a summary of the complex odor proficiency testing method using the air dilution sensory method conducted for the last 7 years. Results of the homogeneity and stability test were obtained from the measurement of the standard sample for identifying the range of measurable concentration so that the complex odor proficiency testing method was established through processing the manufactured standard sample and distribution method. Standard samples were prepared using a large Teflon bag after being homogeneously mixed inside a Teflon bag. Also, a distributing container was selected with a polyester aluminum bag in order to avoid samples of the best condition from being contaminated during transport as well as being exposed to invasive odor from a sampling bag. Test results revealed that the mixture of toluene and m-Xylene was most appropriate for this proficiency testing method to the homogeneity and stability of the testing method. In addition, DMS and DMDS were the optimized samples at the outlet area. As a result, the standard method was established to address the analysis quality management to the mixed odor inspection agencies in Korea.

환경대기 중 환원 황 성분의 분석을 위한 측정기관간 내부정도관리 비교연구

송기봉,한진석,이민도,주도원,임문순,김태현,송희일,이명진,곽완순,윤재성,문서연,조성렬 한국냄새환경학회 2007 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.6 No.1

In this study, QA/QC (quality control/quality assurance) data of reduced sulfur compounds from several institutes were obtained and compared based on the Korean standard method for off-odor. From the results, attempts were made to optimize the analytical conditions and improve the measurement reliability of reduced sulfur compounds analyses from detailed CF/TD and GC/PFPD information. Analysis results (minimum detection limit, precision, recovery rate) of reduced sulfur compounds based on the each analytical condition corresponded with the Korean standard methods for off-odor. Therefore, we expect that we could execute the exact analysis if we use the analytical condition of CF/TD and GC/PFPD in this study

설문 및 실측을 통한 대형종합병원 건물의 동계 실내 온열환경 평가

지종현,성민기,조성민,방종일 한국냄새환경학회 2018 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.17 No.2

The healing environment in hospitals is very important. Three factors must be satisfied to create a healingenvironment in the hospital. First, chemical elements such as pathogens and pollutants must be controlled. Second,physical factors such as temperature, humidity and airflow must be satisfied. Third, psychological factors mustbe satisfied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the indoor thermal environment by conducting aquestionnaire (Thermal Sensation Vote, TSV) and a Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) measurement. The questionnaireswere distributed to 20 medical staff (nurse), 84 inpatients and 113 outpatients. Temperature, humidity, air qualityand comfort were evaluated. Measurements were conducted in the waiting room and lobby of the first and secondfloors of the outpatient area as well as wards on 10th floor. Both south and north-facing wards were divided toanalyze the PMV difference by the orientations. The survey results showed high satisfaction values in the outpatientdepartment for temperature satisfaction and comfort. In the inpatient department, air quality satisfaction showedgood values. Moreover, the humidity satisfaction level in the nurse station was high. The PMV measurement resultsshowed that the PMV was lower in the ward than in the outpatient area. Comparison of the questionnaire andmeasurement results showed that the questionnaire results were lower than those of the measurement in theoutpatient area. As a result, it is necessary to reduce the gap between questionnaire and measurement results Itis also important to create an indoor environment that matches the thermal preferences of the occupant by operatingthe air handling unit (AHU).

어린이 생활환경 공간의 ELF-MF 노출량에 관한 연구

정준식,홍승철,이재원,권명희,김부욱,김윤신 한국냄새환경학회 2016 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.15 No.4

The objective of this study was to investigate ELF-MF exposure levels in infant living environmental spaces atdaycare centers. To achieve the objective of the study, we surveyed ELF-MF levels using EMDEX II at daycarecenters from October 2013 to October 2014. The ELF-MF level of 53 daycare centers in terms of arithmetic mean(AM) and geometric mean (GM) were 0.59 ± 0.76 mG and 0.33 mG, respectively. And the ELF-MF level of 260daycare center classrooms was 0.50 ± 0.71 mG (GM: 0.28 mG). The exposure levels of ELF-MF for all daycarecenters were far below the recommended standards cited in guidelines in Korea (833 mG) and internationalreference levels proposed by WHO or ICNIRP (2,000 mG). Furthermore, we discovered out that as distanceincreased, ELF-MF emission levels decreased significantly in all electrical instruments. Below the 2 mG ELF-MFlevels when an electrical instrument moved away stage 1 (Grade). Thus, these results will provide useful data forthe determination of ELF-MF management and reduction methods at infant daycare centers.

연구실 환경에서 화상병균 모니터링을 위해 ATP 형광검출기의 검출범위 조사

김예인,조준우,강민영,김성환 한국냄새환경학회 2022 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.21 No.4

This study was conducted to obtain basic information for the use of the ATP fluorescence detection method in consideration of the most common and frequent contamination situation that occurs in laboratories dealing with fire blight causing bacterium, Erwinia amylovora. ATP luminescence measurements (Relative Light Unit, RLU) were tested against these pathogen cells (CFU/cm2 ) which were artificially introduced on the disinfected surface of a bench floor of a biosafety cabinet (Class 2 Type A1), on a part of the disinfected surface of a lab experimental bench, on a part of the disinfected floor, and on a part of the disinfected floor of an acryl chamber for bioaerosol studies in a biosafety laboratory (BSL 2 class) using two different ATP bioluminometers. RLU values were not much increased with the bacterial cells from 2.15 × 102 /cm2 to 2.15 × 106 /cm2 . RLU values varied among the four different surfaces tested. RLU values measured from the same number of bacterial cells differed little between the two different ATP bioluminometers used for this study. RLU values obtained from bacterial cells higher than 2.15 × 107 /cm2 indicated the presence of bacterial contamination on the four different surfaces tested. The R2 values obtained based on the correlation data for the RLU values in response to different E. amylovora cell numbers (CFU/ cm2 ) on the surfaces of the four test spots ranged from 0.9827 to 0.9999. .