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李揆河 전북대사학회 1984 전북사학 Vol.8 No.-
When North Korean armed forces broke through the 38th parallel to invade unfortified South Korea on June 25 in 1950, in the Far East, cold war, an unwritten law which had been obeyed since the Berlin blockade, became hot war. Such a sudden provocation made the Europeans frightened. Especially the political leaders in West Germany, chiefly in the capital Bonn, were greatly shocked by the Korean War. They feared that East Germany might commit aggression upon West Germany and that the communists within West Germany might create disturbance. Under these circumstances, they agreed that national security should be the first of all policies lest another war like the Korean War break out in their country. On account of the pressure of circumstances, they had to make prompt decisions on the political problems ; otherwise, they must have put them to debate. When the political crisis reached an extreme, however, they began to have different opinions of the circumstantial judgment. They all realized that Germany was at stake, but they had different opinions as to whether they would participate in the East-West dispute and whether West Germany should take part in the defence of the Western Europe. In the swirl of controversy, Adenauer exploited the Korean War to achieve his political purposes. He believed that West Germany should be united with the Western Europe in order to check the menace of the Soviet Union by rearming his country and to establish home and foreign order. On the other hand, Schumacher, the leader of Social Democratic Party, insited that they should not impede the new start of his country with reckless decisions, because the situation in Germany was different from that of Korea and the People’s Policemen in the eastern part could not invade his country. Before the Korean War, some important issues in Germany had been agreed ; they were, in general, the pro-Western Europe policy, the restoration of their sovereignty, and the re-unification of Germany. At the time of the outbreak of the Korean War, however, political leaders published different opinions on their purposes, because their national security became the most urgent policy as the menace of the People’s Policemen, the puppet of the Soviet, increased. When the world Powers began to urge West Germany to participate in the defence of the Western Europe just before the New York Talks scheduled in September 1950, the government and the outs tried to exploit this opportunity to ensure their security from the Powers and to secure their political equality, that is, the restoration of sovereignty. In the meantime, as the Four Foreign Ministers, Conference in 1947 was broken off, the United States and the Great Britain discussed the rearmament problem again in the fall of 1950. Afterwards the participation of West Germany in the defence of the Western Europe was considered as a necessary and proper measure. As a result, the unification problem on which the Social Democratic Party had put an emphasis was postponed. On the contrary, the main concern of the great Powers was to beef up the military forces of the Western Europe by forcing East Germany to participate in the defence plan. France and the United States made special efforts to make West Germany take partial charge of the immense defence expanses. One of the occupiers of Berlin, the Soviet Union, tried to impede the rearmament of West Germany on the plea of that they held a key to the unification of Germany. Grotewohl in East Germany insisted his Plan of Whole Germany to deter the participation of West Germany in the defence of the Western Europe. On the other hand, the political leaders of West Germany demanded to secure the freedom of foreign policies in consideration of their participation in the defence plan. Adenauer made efforts to take park in the Joint Defence Plan of the Western Europe on the basis of the pro-Western Europe Policy and the rearmament of his country. In the international relations, he tried to restore their sovereignty by securing equal status on military and political plans. He also wanted to participate in the preservation of the traditional European culture based on the Christian religion. Schumacher and his Social Democratic Party took a step backward from his resolute opposition to the participation in the defence of the Western Europe and insisted that West Germany should not participate in the defence plan until his country was on the par with other great Powers in every respect. They advocated the unification of the world democracy from the point of strategy for the protection of its territory and people. They also claimed that the war, if any, be conducted not in the area of Rhein but in Weichsel or in Njemen, outside the residential area of West German people and the strong British and American forces were indispensable for this purpose. Adenauer considered the demilitarization and the neutralization of Germany suggested by the Soviet as deceitful tactics of them intended to communize the Western Europe and to hold supremacy in the Europe. As a result, the security against the manace from the East and the alliance with the Western Europe were actualized, but the unification of Germany based on the power could not come true on account of the more powerful Soviet. Schumacher and his Social Democratic Party believed that their policy would gain a victory over Adenauer’s, but they lost the support of the people because their claims were too theoretical to be actualized and their Claims and activities were full of inconsistencies. The opposition of the Social Democratic Party against the rearmament of West Germany without any alternative could not dismiss the Christianity-centered traditional hatred toward the communism(of the people). In the long run, the people of West Germany followed Adenauer’s policy ; this meant that they sought the security before the unification.
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