인지 기능 연구에서의 사건관련전위의 이용

권준수 ( Jun Soo Kwon ) 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2000 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.1 No.1

사건관련전위(Event-related potential)는 현재 인지기능연구에 있어 가장 좋은 방법으로 알려져 있다. ERP는 외부의 자극 혹은 내부의 심리적 과정에서 발생하는 전기적인 변화인데, 뇌 기능을 연구하는 영상 방법 중 시간해상력이 가장 뛰어나다. ERP에는 외부의 자극에 의하여 파(wave)의 모양이 결정되는 외인성 ERP와와 자극과 관계없이 내부의 인지과정에 의하여 결정되는 내인성 ERP가 있다. 내인성 ERP에는 P300, N400, P600, Contingent negative variation(CNV) 등이 있는데, P300은 외부에서 들어오는 자극을 구별하는 지각적 결정(perceptual decision)과 관련이 있으며, N400은 의미적 처리 과정(semantic processing) 혹은 기억과정과 관련이 있다고 알려져 있다. P600은 재구성(reconstruction) 혹은 회상 과정(recollective process)을 나타내는 지표로서 장기 기억에 저장되어 있는 정보를 근거로 하여 자극을 더 정교하게 처리하는 과정을 의미한다고 한다. CNV는 기대(expectancy), 준비(preparation) 또는 운동기능(motor activity)과 밀접하게 관련되어 나타난다. ERP의 가장 큰 한계는 두피 바깥에서 측정하기 때문에 실제 뇌에서 어떤 현상이 나타나는지? 혹은 신호를 나타내는 국소원(local source)이 어디인지 알 수 없다는 데 있다. 그러나 최근 국소원 추정방법을 이용하여 ERP를 발생시키는 국소원의 추정이 가능하게 되었다. 또한 공간해상력을 극복할 수 있는 고밀도 뇌파기(high-density ESI system)의 등장으로 더욱 더 정확한 ERP 측정과 신호원을 가능케 함으로서, 인지기능 연구에 큰 도움을 줄 수 있는 방법론으로 대두되고 있다.

Talking Space: Inference from Spatial Linguistic Meanings

( Vincent Wang-maścianica ),( Bob Coecke ) 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2021 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.22 No.3

This paper concerns the intersection of natural language and the physical space around us in which we live, that we observe and/or imagine things within. Many important features of language have spatial connotations, for example, many prepositions (like in, next to, after, on, etc.) are fundamentally spatial. Space is also a key factor of the meanings of many words/phrases/sentences/text, and space is a, if not the key, context for referencing (e.g. pointing) and embodiment. We propose a mechanism for how space and linguistic structure can be made to interact in a matching compositional fashion. Examples include Cartesian space, subway stations, chesspieces on a chess-board, and Penrose’s staircase. The starting point for our construction is the DisCoCat model of compositional natural language meaning, which we relax to accommodate physical space. We address the issue of having multiple agents/objects in a space, including the case that each agent has different capabilities with respect to that space, e.g. the specific moves each chesspiece can make, or the different velocities one may be able to reach. Once our model is in place, we show how inferences drawing from the structure of physical space can be made. We also show how our linguistic model of space can interact with other such models related to our senses and/or embodiment, such as the conceptual spaces of colour, taste and smell, resulting in a rich compositional model of meaning that is close to human experience and embodiment in the world.

Pragmatic Strengthening is not Strong Enough: Meanings of Sequential Closed-Class Forms

( Konrad Szczesniak ) 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2015 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.16 No.2

This study focuses on the semantics of word patterns and schematic constructions. Examples of constructions with purportedly rich meanings are shown to convey readings less complex than is claimed in the literature. Many previous studies stressed these constructions’ idiosyncratic properties which have been held up as arguments in favor of their special construction status.pairings of (usually unique, conventionalized) form and (usually idiosyncratic) meaning. I wish to argue that although the constructions reviewed here do have clear meanings, their form and function are not as idiosyncratic, irregular, or unpredictable as they are portrayed in the literature. Indeed, the formal and functional properties of one construction analyzed here, the Incredulity Response Construction fit well within traditional characterizations of items located on the syntactic side of the lexicon-syntax continuum. I will attempt to demonstrate that the form of the construction is an iconic representation of its reading. Additionally, I question the reading itself, arguing that the incredulity that gave rise to the construction’s very name is not its semantic contribution. Instead, I propose a more general and abstract reading of incongruousness or “cognitive dissonance”. Finally, it is argued that there are no known mechanisms that could equip constructions with overly rich semantic content. One potential candidate, pragmatic strengthening, capable of endowing constructions with meanings does not go beyond fairly sparse readings already known to occur in grammatical forms.

Analysing Ambiguous Nouns and Verbs with Quantum Contextuality Tools

( Daphne Wang ),( Mehrnoosh Sadrzadeh ),( Samson Abramsky ),( Víctor H. Cervantes ) 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2021 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.22 No.3

Psycholinguistic research uses eye-tracking to show that polysemous words are disambiguated differently from homonymous words, and that ambiguous verbs are disambiguated differently than ambiguous nouns. Research in Compositional Distributional Semantics uses cosine distances to show that verbs are disambiguated more efficiently in the context of their subjects and objects than when on their own. These two frameworks both focus on one ambiguous word at a time and neither considers ambiguous phrases with two (or more) ambiguous words. We borrow methods and measures from Quantum Information Theory, the framework of Contextuality-by-Default and degrees of contextual influences, and work with ambiguous subject-verb and verb-object phrases of English, where both the subject/object and the verb are ambiguous. We show that differences in the processing of ambiguous verbs versus ambiguous nouns, as well as between different levels of ambiguity in homonymous versus polysemous nouns and verbs can be modelled using the averages of the degrees of their contextual influences.

Effects of lexical accent type on rendaku in noun compounds: evidence from production experiments

( Masaki Sone ),( Yuki Hirose ) 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2018 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.19 No.3

This study investigates morpho-phonological processes involved in Noun- Noun compound production, focusing on the interaction between segmental level processing and suprasegmental-level processing. Our production experiments manipulate lexical accent type in the first and second constituents of compounds in Tokyo Japanese, which in turn controls the explicitness of the application of the Compound Accent Rule (CAR). This allows us to examine whether the explicitness of compound processing at the suprasegmental-level influences the occurrence of rendaku, which results from segmental planning in compound production. The study finds that rendaku is more likely to occur when CAR application is obvious from the accent pattern of the second constituent. This result is consistent with an interactive model in which compound construction at a suprasegmental -level facilitates rendaku application at the segmental level. On the other hand, no reliable effect of the accent type of the first constituent was observed. This study thus supports Kawahara and Sano’s (2012, 2014) claim that the original version of Lyman’s law, but not the strong version, plays a role in the process of producing novel compounds.

Word Associations and Depression In Adolescents

Hyeon Cho 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2022 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.23 No.2

This study examines how words are associated in adolescents with depressive symptoms. For the main purpose of this paper two research questions were raised. The first question was whether and how a depressive disorder would be related to the words associated when being primed by a school-related stimulus item. The second question was whether age and gender would be related. In an attempt to respond to these two major concerns, a word association task was administered. Results showed that there was a similar ranking pattern in the most frequent words produced by all three groups of participants: the typical, potential, and risky groups. By contrast, the frequency ratios of a particular set of associated words were different at a statistically significant level across the three groups. As regards these main findings, this study proposed that a semantic relationship, a semantic network, and semantics of emotional words should be taken into consideration in interpreting the words associated most frequently in response to school-related stimuli in adolescents with depressive symptoms.

Individual Differences in the Expectation-based Comprehension: An ERP Study

Hongoak Yun,Dongsu Lee,남윤주 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2022 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.23 No.1

Readers’ active use of linguistic cues from a given context elicits anticipatory processing of yet-to-be-encountered information. In this study, we aimed to examine whether the patterns of anticipatory comprehension would systematically differ by the degree of readers’ working memory capacity. Readers’ evoked responses potentials (ERPs) in response to words were recorded in the processing of Korean dative sentences (i.e., subject+[recipient+theme]/[theme-recipient]+adverb+verb) in which the presentation order of arguments (i.e., role predictability) and the likelihood corresponding to argument role fillers (i.e., word predictability) were manipulated. We found quantitative and qualitative differences in ERPs among readers during sentence comprehension. The N400 emerged in the integration of unpredictable words, and it occurred more frequently among readers with low working memory. Of our interest, we observed the asymmetrical distribution of the negativity and the positivity, attributable to the differences in readers’ working memory, at adverbs and verbs in which readers were busy with integrating previously-presented arguments into sentences and processing incoming words. Our results suggested that readers with low working memory are more involved in the lexical retrieval process, whereas those with high working memory are more attentive to the structural or semantic integration process. In short, we argued that the lack of working memory capacity could make readers fall behind in using lexical and structural information during sentence processing, particularly for argument integration.

What should be the Place of the Normative Database in Speech Perception Research?

( Bernadine Cocks ),( Jana Smith ),( Graham A Jamieson ) 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2013 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.14 No.4

To assess the practice of using normative database values to control for confounds in English speech perception research, six separate surveys gathered normative data from a contemporary Australian population on a corpus of 140 English language words. After averaging across participants, these individual word values were then compared with values retrieved from CELEX, the BNC and the MRC. Contrary to predictions, there were significant correlational differences between all four sources for familiarity/frequency, as well as significant mean corpus differences between the current study and the MRC for concreteness and imageability. Furthermore, significant differences were found between written and spoken presentations in both the current study`s surveys and the BNC. This suggests that although the use of normative database values may be common, the practice should be approached with a degree of caution.

Can Computers Understand Words Like Humans Do? Comparable Semantic Representation in Neural and Computer Systems

Linmin Zhang 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2022 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.23 No.4

Semantic representation has been studied independently in neuroscience and computer science. A deep understanding of human neural computations and the revolution to strong artificial intelligence appeal for a joint force in the language domain. To investigate comparable representational formats of lexical semantics between these two complex systems, we used fine temporal resolution neural recordings to create a novel open dataset and innovated analysis methods. Specifically, we evaluated three natural language processing (NLP) models with electroencephalography (EEG) recordings under a semantic priming paradigm. With our novel single-trial analysis method, we found semantic representations generated from computational models significantly correlated with EEG responses at an early stage of a typical semantic processing time window in a two-word semantic priming paradigm. Moreover, three representative computational models differentially predicted EEG responses along the dynamics of word processing. Our study thus developed an objective biomarker for assessing human-like computation in computational models. Our novel framework trailblazed a promising way to bridge across disciplines in the investigation of higher-order cognitive functions in human and artificial intelligence.

Introduction to the Special Issue: AI at the Crossroads of NLP and Neurosciences

( Michael Zock ) 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2020 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.21 No.1