자율주행 레벨 4에 대한 독일의 법제적 대응

주현경 경북대학교 IT와 법연구소 2022 IT와 법 연구 Vol.- No.24

레벨 4 이상의 자율주행의 상용화 단계에서는 기존 도로교통법에서 고수하고 있는 ‘운전자’ 개념 및 운전자의 안전운행의무 등과 관련된 법제도의 내용이 기술발전에 걸맞지 않은 문제가 발생한다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 독일은 2021년에 도로교통법 및 의무보험법을 개정함으로써 자율주행 레벨 4 수준 이상의 자율주행자동차 상용화에 대응하는 내용을 추가하였다. 이는 이미 2017년 레벨 3 수준의 자율주행 상용화에 대응하여 도로교통법을 개정한 내용을 한 단계 발전시킨 것이다. 이 글에서는 2021년 7월부터 시행되고 있는 독일 도로교통법 및 의무보험법 개정 내용을 검토하였다. 독일의 법제도 개정은 기술개발보다 한 단계 먼저 법령을 정비함으로써 자율주행 상용화에 대한 기반을 다지는 것으로 평가할 수 있다. 특히 독일의 법제도 개정은 세 가지 점에서 중요하다고 볼 수 있다. 첫째, 유럽연합 중 독일에서 자율주행 레벨4를 포괄하는 법제를 선제적으로 다루었다는 점, 둘째, 특별법을 제정하기보다는 도로교통법 내부에서 자율주행의 근거를 마련하였다는 점, 셋째, 자율주행에 관련된 자연인으로서 기술감독관(Technische Aufsicht) 제도를 도입하였다는 점, 넷째, 자율주행의 기술적 요건에 관련하여 인간의 생명 우선원칙 및 인간생명 동등의 원칙을 명시하였다는 점이다. 우리나라에서는 최근에서야 도로교통법 내에 자율주행 상용화에 대응하는 입법을 이루어내었으나, 상용화 단계에 필요한 구체적인 내용들은 계속 추가되어야 하는 실정이다. 이번 입법을 계기로 더 이상 운전자 개념을 요구하지 않는 자율주행 레벨 4의 상용화에까지도 영향을 미칠 수 있는 구체화된 논의가 신속히 진행되어야 할 것이다.

EU 단일특허와 특허법조약(PLT) 가입확대 등에 따른 글로벌 특허시스템 논의와 한국 특허법에 미치는 영향

배대헌 경북대학교 IT와 법연구소 2015 IT와 법 연구 Vol.0 No.11

A recent discussion and relating efforts with regard to patent laws in EU, USA, and WIPO are focused on establishing new regulations of their own Patent Law in order to reduce the time and cost on patent application and its examination. They are also interested on minimizing their patent litigation cost against infringement. In light of a global patent reformation, this simply means that an applicant is granted a right to patent with a little expenditure. Moreover, an adaptation to Patent Law Treaty(PLT) shows that each country tries to harmonize the procedural steps to patent prosecution. This article examines the impact of global patent system such as EU Unitary Patent, PLT Implementation in USA, and their discussion on the Patent Law Harmonization of World Intellectual Property Organization upon the Korean Patent Act. In addition, it also focuses on seeking the patent policy and the legal framework for Korean Patent Progress. This article is composed of six chapters; after the first chapter refers on the problem approach in this article, the second chapter on the patent policy and its regulation from EU Unitary Patent and Unified Patent Court. Third chapter referring the recent Patent Act reformation and the PLT implementation in USA, and the fourth chapter examines the existing Korean Patent Act which has adopted and revised according to some provisions of PLT, even though Korea is not a member country of it. And the fifth chapter looks the impact upon the existing Patent Act with the eyes of global patent system and its relating patent policy, finally it gives a conclusive opinion to the progressive direction of existing Patent Act.

블록체인 기술의 사회에서의 보편적 활용을 위한 규범성 고찰

송영현 경북대학교 IT와 법연구소 2021 IT와 법 연구 Vol.0 No.22

This study handles the legal issues in relation to social changes brought by blockchain technology connected to artificial intelligence. Concretely, this study aimed to seek the possibility to secure the normativity implying legal meanings as a countermeasure for giving social legitimacy to various digital acts based on blockchain technology that could be the advanced scientific technology of modern times. Thus, this study also mentions the value and characteristics of legal norms according to legal acts applied with blockchain technology. As one of the core powers in the 4th industrial revolution era, the blockchain technology is widely-known as technology that would change the industrial structure. The blockchain technology that could be used for financial area such as payment/settlement or stock exchange, electronic notarization, smart contract, establishment of transaction network, easy login program, and government use could become a core digital service that could accelerate new lifestyles. Nevertheless, this is still a controversial issue. As an example, there is a problem of cryptocurrency like Bitcoin. Bitcoin is digital cryptocurrency based on blockchain technology. The recognition as currency that could be used as a payment method in social transaction was good enough to raise social interest in Bitcoin. Even though Bitcoin was expected to show equal use equipped with universality, in reality, there are some problems like concentrated possession or intervention of speculative elements. For this reason, the problems like regulation or control of cryptocurrency are raised by highlighting the stability of trading system. However, the blockchain technology has the high applicability to sharing economy, public sector, and market as it could greatly reduce complex transaction process and cost, so many people argue the necessity to find the measures for absorbing it into social system somehow. The blockchain technology is neither settled, nor stable as it is under development yet. And it could also have side effects like technical aggression such as cyber hacking or privacy violation, which makes people demand for giving the legal character to this series of processes. In other words, to establish and settle down the blockchain-based identity authentication or universality as a service model, it would be preferentially required to secure not only the technical stability, but also the normativity as a scale. Meanwhile, in the present time point moving toward the hyper-connectivity and hyper-intelligence era, it is quite difficult to predict the future environment as it is interlinked with concentration of wealth and digital information gap, which should be also considered in relation to this problem. For this reason, some people remind of its adverse effect and feel afraid of life changes that could be brought by the development of scientific technology. And the safety system to get rid of such uncertainty and fear is legal norms. In order for blockchain technology with infinite potential to be used while its security and transparency are guaranteed and all sorts of social risks are removed, it would be needed to perform policy-level reviews and also to enact a suitable law in time. For legal assessment, there should be legal facts. In extended society, the legal acts based on blockchain technology are the existing reality and phenomenon. Giving the normativity to it should be more carefully approached as our laws guarantee the development of scientific technologies.

부정경쟁방지법상 시정권고에 관한 공법적 고찰

신상민 경북대학교 IT와 법연구소 2019 IT와 법 연구 Vol.0 No.18

지금까지 부정경쟁행위를 다루고 있는 부정경쟁방지법은 사법 또는 지식재산권법의 시각에서 입법화 및 논의가 이루어져 왔다. 하지만 부정경쟁방지법 제8조의 시정권고는, 일반적으로 사법 영역으로 여겨지고 있는 부정경쟁행위 규율 체제에 있어 공법적인 관점에서 접근해볼 수 있는 제도로서 의의가 있다. 공법과 사법의 구별기준에 의할 때, 소비자의 권리 보호 및 공정한 거래질서 확립의 목적을 갖는 부정경쟁행위 유형에 대하여 행정청에 의한 행정조사절차가 수반된 경우에는, 공법관계로 볼 여지가 있다. 공법적 관점에서 시정권고의 법적 성격을 검토해 보면, 행정청의 일방적인 비공식 행정작용으로서 행정지도에 해당한다. 이러한 행정지도로서의 시정권고는, 부정경쟁방지법 내의 조항, 다른 법률 체계와의 비교, 판례의 법리 등을 종합적으로 검토해 보았을 때, 처분성을 인정할 수는 없다. 현행 시정권고 제도에 대하여 공법적 관점에서 입법적 개선방안으로는, ① 법집행의 실효성 제고를 위하여 시정권고 이행을 강제하는 조항 또는 처분성이 있는 시정명령 조항을 도입하는 방안, ② 시정권고 절차 진행 시 절차 보장에 관한 규정을 법률 단계로 상향시키거나 행정절차법을 준용하도록 하는 방안, ③ 부정경쟁방지법 제14조의7의 조사기록 송부 규정의 실효성을 제고시키는 방안, ④ 하도급법, 공정거래법 등의 공법과 상호보완적 관계로 작용하는 방향으로 제도를 운영하는 방안 등이 있다. 향후 지금까지의 민사적 권리구제 체계를 행정적으로 보완하여 다른 공법과 전체적 체계성을 기함과 동시에 국민의 권리구제를 제고하는 논의도 계속되어야 할 것이다.

가상화폐의 몰수․추징에 관한 형사법적 검토 - 대법원 2018.5.30. 선고 2018도3619 판결 -

선종수 경북대학교 IT와 법연구소 2019 IT와 법 연구 Vol.0 No.18

최근 대법원은 피고인의 정보통신망법 위반(음란물유포)죄와 도박개장방조죄는 범죄수익은닉규제법에 정한 중대범죄에 해당하며, 비트코인은 경제적인 가치를 디지털로 표상하여 전자적으로 이전, 저장 및 거래가 가능하도록 한 것이다. 그리고 비트코인은 재산적 가치가 있는 무형의 재산이라고 보아야 하고, 몰수의 대상인 비트코인이 특정되어 있으므로 비트코인을 몰수할 수 있다고 판시하였다. 이 판결은 가상화폐인 비트코인에 관한 첫 판결이라는 점에서 그 의미가 매우 크다. 현재 우리나라에서는 가상화폐와 가상통화에 대한 법적 정의는 없으며, 디지털 통화, 가사화폐, 암호화폐, 가상통화 등 다양한 용어로 사용되고 있다. 비트코인이 현행법상 몰수대상 여부의 판단은 그 법적 성질이 무엇인가에 따라 그 결론이 달라진다. 즉 형법상 몰수대상이 되기 위해서는 비트코인이 ‘물건’에 해당되어야 한다. 이와 관련하여 비트코인을 ‘정보’, 정보가 내재된 ‘전자파일’ 등으로 구분하여 살펴볼 수 있지만, 현행법의 해석상 물건의 범주로 해석하는 것은 무리가 있다. 다음으로 범죄수익은닉규제법상 몰수 대상성이 되기 위해서는 몰수․추징 대상 특정범죄에 포함되어야 하고, ‘범죄수익’ 또는 ‘재산’에 해당되어야만 비트코인을 몰수할 수 있다. 비트코인은 범죄수익은닉규제법상 중대범죄에 포함된다고 해석할 수 있으며, ‘범죄수익’ 또는 ‘재산’에 해당된다고 해석할 수 있다. 범죄수익은닉규제법상 비트코인을 통하여 획득한 범죄수익을 몰수를 할 수 있지만, 현재 법체계에서는 규제의 공백이 있을 뿐만 아니라 각종의 범죄에 악용되고 있는 것이 현실이다. 따라서 법체계를 완비할 필요성이 있으며, 이를 통하여 범죄에 악용되는 경우를 줄여야 할 것이다.

중국의 개인정보보호 법제 구축에 대한 소고 -중화인민공화국 개인정보보호법(초안)을 중심으로-

배덕현 경북대학교 IT와 법연구소 2021 IT와 법 연구 Vol.0 No.22

중국은 2020년 10월 21일 「개인정보보호법」 초안을 공개하고 본격적인 제정작업에 박차를 가하고 있다. 중국의 일반적인 법제정 관행과 정치일정을 고려해 보았을 때 동 법률안은 2021년 3월 개최가 예정된 전국인민대표대회에서 통과될 것이 유력시되고 있다. 총 8개장으로 구성되어 있는 「초안」은 개인정보처리의 원칙, 정보주체의 권리와 개인정보처리자의 의무, 민감정보의 처리, 개인정보의 역외이전 및 법적효과 등의 내용을 담고 있는데, 전체적으로 유럽연합의 「일반 개인정보보호법(GDPR)」의 영향을 상당히 많이 받은 것으로 평가되고 있다. 이러한 점을 고려해보면 상기 법률안은 중국에서의 개인정보보호에 상당부분 기여할 수 있을 것으로 판단되나, 여전히 몇 가지 부분에서 아쉬움이 남아있다. 첫째는 정보주체의 권리와 개인정보처리자의 의무와 관련된 규정들이 너무 원론적이고 모호하게 규정되어 있어, 개인정보보호에 있어 실질적인 기능을 다 하지 못할 수도 있다는 우려가 있다. 두 번째는 국가가 개인정보처리자인 경우 정보주체의 권익을 보호할 수 있는 장치들이 제대로 작동하기 어려운 상황이라는 점이다. 세 번째는 특정한 목적과 충분한 필요성이 인정되는 경우에는 민감정보 처리를 원칙적으로 허용하고 있는데, 이는 개인정보보호 차원에서 적절하지 못한 규정으로 생각된다. 최종안에서는 이러한 부분들이 개선될 수 있기를 기대해본다.

가상 인플루언서의 등장과 그 규제에 대하여 -미국에서의 논의와 시사점을 중심으로-

김경우 경북대학교 IT와 법연구소 2022 IT와 법 연구 Vol.- No.24

This paper intends to examine the legal issues related to virtual influencers in terms of consumer protection. To this purpose, I will examine the concept and current status of virtual influencers in US, and provide implications and suggestions for virtual influencers In the case of influencer marketing, it is important to disclose whether you have material connections in order to avoid deceptive advertising. The question is whether such disclosure obligations can be extended to virtual influencers. The FTC's ‘Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsement and Testimonials in Advertising (Endorsement Guides)’ does not yet have regulations on virtual influencers. Although this guides is not binding, it provides a basis for advertisers and endorsers to voluntarily comply with the law. There is little discussion about how to regulate virtual influencers if they do not disclose their material connections when they receive economic benefits. Because existing norms assume that influencers are humans, it is important to know whether virtual influencers should be treated the same as humans, or whether only the creators who made virtual influencers can be held accountable. In addition, it is also very important whether to disclose in advance the identity of virtual influencers. Perhaps the most controversial issue with virtual influencers is to seek an answer to the question of “Are virtual influencers inherently deceptive?” Anyone should easily identify that virtual influencers are not real persons. If consumers know that it is a post created by virtual influencers and purchase it, and recognize that virtual influencers are posting it without honest opinions or real experiences, it will be easy to say that the post is not an unfair advertisement. However, even you catch the identity of the virtual influencer, it is difficult to immediately recognize that it does not have the ability to ensorse. The fact that virtual influencers do not have the ability to ensorse should also be disclosed.

법 분야 위험의 예측을 위한 인공지능 알고리즘과 관련된 법적 쟁점

양종모 경북대학교 IT와 법연구소 2021 IT와 법 연구 Vol.0 No.22

In this paper, I will focus on tools for predicting risk in the public domain, including predicting the risk of recidivism. In Korea, the introduction or use of such algorithms has not yet been in full swing, but prior to full-scale introduction, it is necessary to preemptively examine various problems of risk prediction by artificial intelligence algorithms. Artificial intelligence algorithms used in the private sector's legal services do not replace the decision-making of legal experts such as lawyers, but rather assist lawyers and enhance the capabilities of lawyers. It is not properly addressed in this paper because it’s legal issue is small, and focuses on the algorithm for predicting the risk of recidivism and the predictive security algorithm, which are mainly used in criminal proceedings. The tool to measure the likelihood of a criminal violating the law again, that is, the risk of recidivism, was first used in the 1930s to determine the prisoners to be released on parole, and is gradually being used to determine the sentence at the time of sentencing. This tool is a type of regression analysis model that uses race, ethnicity, education, and intelligence as predictors. With the recent rise of machine learning algorithms, new risk assessment tools that apply machine learning algorithms on top of the basic principles of existing recidivism risk measurement tools have been developed one after another. What is common in these risk assessment tools is to take as input variables several factors that are thought to have an influence on recidivism, and use the complex computational power of machine learning algorithms to calculate recidivism's risk score. All of the recent risk prediction tools use artificial intelligence algorithms, and among them, machine learning algorithms are frequently used. As the name suggests, machine learning learns using enormous amounts of data and performs tasks assigned with improved performance. The learning function operates even in the user's use process, and when machine learning algorithms are used, the performance gradually improves. However, as the prediction results are biased and differentiating problems arise, they are surrounded by harsh criticism. A widely used predictive security algorithm along with the recidivism risk assessment tool predicts when and where a crime will occur using crime data and machine learning. The predictive policing algorithm, called the crime prediction algorithm, is based on the idea that analyzing existing data on past crimes can predict when and where new crimes are most likely to occur. Based on the fact that certain types of crime tend to cluster in time and space, we predict where the crime will occur in the future based on the criminal record maintained by the police and the recent crime area. This algorithm has long been used for the deployment of police patrol personnel in more than 60 cities in the United States, including Atlanta and Los Angeles, and is evaluated as contributing greatly to lowering the crime rate. However, due to the manipulation of criminal statistics, there are my flaws in the data used in the machine learning algorithm, and the risk of crime in the region where the past crime occurred is overestimated due to the prejudice inherent in the data. The prejudice inherent in the data is not only a problem of accuracy, but also a problem of racial discrimination. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to acknowledge the error of the algorithm and find a way to solve it. In addition, it is necessary to recognize the importance of the integrity of the data used in the algorithm, and make considerable effort to collect and clean the data. In addition, as it is mainly used in criminal proceedings, it is necessary to make efforts to harmonize with efficient law enforcement by placing importance on the aspects of ensuring fairness of the procedure and ensuring due process.

온라인 중개 플랫폼 이용계약에서 공정거래질서 확립에 관한 연구 -디지털콘텐츠 중개 표준계약서의 개정방안을 중심으로-

고형석 경북대학교 IT와 법연구소 2022 IT와 법 연구 Vol.- No.24

The digital content industry is a high value-added industry and a basic industry for all industries. Therefore, continuous support is needed for the continuous growth and development of the digital content industry, but it is more necessary to create a foundation for self-growth and development in the market. Therefore, it is essential to establish a fair trade order in order to establish a virtuous cycle of fair profit allocation, investment, and development of high-quality digital content. One of the measures is to create a fair contract culture, and the government has prepared and distributed various standard contracts. It must faithfully reflect the environment of market change and the contents of the enacted and amended laws in order for such a standard contract to play its original role or function. The Ministry of Science and ICT enacted a standard contract for digital content in 2014 and revised it in 2015 to establish a fair trade order in the digital content industry. About six years have passed since then, and many changes have been made in the industrial environment and related legislation. Therefore, amendment is necessary for the standard contract to play its role as a contract suitable for the transaction situation. To this end, a plan to amend the brokerage standard contract was proposed based on the contents of the recently amended laws. These amendments are centered on the contents of the current laws and regulations, and the government and the National Assembly are currently pushing for various legislation or revisions to establish a fair trade order in the online platform market, including the app market. This means a rapid change in the online platform market, and it means that standard contracts should also be amended periodically to reflect the changed environment and laws, not just once. Therefore, it is expected that the standard contract will fulfill its role as a basis for the continuous growth and development of the digital content industry, and it is emphasized again that periodic and timely revisions are necessary to faithfully perform its role.

차기 정부의 IT법제 개선 과제

김도승 경북대학교 IT와 법연구소 2012 IT와 법 연구 Vol.0 No.6

There, in 2012, are both the opportunity and risk. The revolution of smart-fusion being accelerated, the IT market will also be animated. Notably, both presidential and parliamentary elections which will be held this year include a major stake. As the next government puts efforts to develop the IT industry and the Korean society sufficiently, the IT will have a tremendous progress. This paper is devoted to analyze the evolution of legal systems around the information and communication technology, bound by the paradigm shift of IT. To do this, first, we studied the change of the paradigm of IT itself and assumed that the impact that will be made by the amendment. Then, we analyzed the legal system to the current time and demonstrated the problems of this system which should be produced since it does not correspond to the paradigm shift of IT. Finally, some guidelines are presented for adaptations of each division of the legal system so that they could be prepared for the evolution of the paradigm of IT. It is necessary to analyze the phenomenon of "Smart" and prospect further developments since the change of the paradigm of IT is revealed by the real-world applications. Such prospecting will be a key cruciel to establish the adjustment of legal system. We explain the three elements that represent recent developments in the climate of IT and propose some changes to be implemented as those create. 1. 'mobile' as the base material 2. 'social' as the kind of service 3. 'tangible content' as content. Especially, it is necessary to analyze the possible criterion for allocating roles between the public and the private and this will show the directions of institutional restructuring. We hope that this analysis would be useful to prepare to adapt the system initially. Studies of this article lead us therefore to present a vision of future policy "IT to contribute to build the social capital"