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黃元九 亞細亞文化硏究 1999 亞細亞文化硏究 Vol.3 No.-
The relationship between Ch`ing and Choson was a relationship established within the realm of China`s perspective of international order. But, from the late 18th century and on, the relation toward Ch`ing shifted from essential that of a tributary state to a quasi-tributary state. Before this shift the emphasis of the relationship primarily centered on protocol, economy and politics. With the change, though, the emphasis now was on cultural relations. Before Ch`ing had united China it had caused severe economic hardship for its neighbors and Choson was no exception. As such, Choson had a negative view of Ch`ing until Keonryung era. From this time and on, economic burden became lightened and cultural ties began to increase. This change in the nature of the relationship brought about gradual improvement in viewing Ch`ing. Sino-Korea relationship had always been shaped by utility and justification, today and back then. Factors such as whether China was in a state of unification, divisive state, Han-ruled state, or ruled by other conquerors determined each country`s position toward each other. Of course, for China, whether Korea was in a state of unification or a divisive state was also important. But, when compared, the two country`s relationship can be better expressed in terms of utility rather than justification. Likewise, academic exchange and it`s result that occurred between Sino-Korean scholars in the 18th and 19th century was no exception.