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Chemokine Signaling Pathway Involved in CCL2 Expression in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Lin Zhang,Changyi Li,Min Yu,Jiayin Deng,Xing Lv,Jun Liu,Yu Xiao,Wenjie Yang,Yuru Zhang 연세대학교의과대학 2015 Yonsei medical journal Vol.56 No.4
Purpose: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory joint disorder, the progressionof which leads to the destruction of cartilage and bone. Chemokines are involvedin RA pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the chemokine signaling pathway associated with CCL2 in peripheral blood (PB) and synovial tissues (ST) of RA patients based on our previous work about chemokine signaling pathway involvedin the activation of CCL2 production in collagen-induced arthritis rat ST. Materials and Methods: Total RNA was isolated from PB leukocytes and synoviumof the knee joint in both RA patients and control populations. Real-time polymerasechain reaction was used to determine CCL4, CCR5, c-Jun, c-Fos, and CCL2 expressions. Serum level of CCL2 was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the production of CCL2 in ST was analyzed immunohistochemically. Results: The expressions of CCL4, CCR5, c-Jun, c-Fos, and CCL2 messenger RNA in RA patients were significantly higher than those in healthy controls, both in ST and on PB leukocyte. Serum CCL2 levels were elevated in RA patients. Histological examination of rheumatoid joints revealed extensive CCL2 expression in RA ST. Conclusion: CCL2, CCL4, c-Jun, c-Fos, and CCR5 may play an important role in the recruitment of PB leukocytes into the RA joints. These data provide evidence that the chemokine signaling pathway is involved in CCL2 expression in RA patient tissues, which may contribute to chronic inflammation associated with RA. Targetingthis signaling pathway may provide a novel therapeutic avenue in RA.
Guanyang Liu,Yan Wang,Yuru Zhang,Zheng Xie 대한기계학회 2015 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.29 No.6
This paper proposes a neural network (NN)-based approach to solve the forward kinematics of a 3-RRR spherical parallel mechanismdesigned for a haptic device. The proposed algorithm aims to remarkably speed up computation to meet the requirement of highfrequencyrendering for haptic display. To achieve high accuracy, the workspace of the haptic device is divided into smaller subspaces. The proposed algorithm contains NNs of two different precision levels: a rough estimation NN to identify the index of the subspace andseveral precise estimation networks with expected accuracy to calculate the forward kinematics. For continuous motion, the algorithmstructure is further simplified to save internal memory and increase computing speed, which are critical for a haptic device control systemrunning on an embedded platform. Compared with the mostly used Newton-Raphson method, the proposed algorithm and its simplifiedversion greatly increase the calculation speed by about four times and 10 times, respectively, while achieving the same accuracy level. The proposed approach is of great significance for solving the forward kinematics of parallel mechanism used as haptic devices whenhigh update frequency is needed but hardware resources are limited.
A New Theory for Acupuncture: Promoting Robust Regulation
Yuan Xu,Yang Guo,Yuru Song,Kuo Zhang,Yiping Zhang,Qiang Li,Shouhai Hong,Yangyang Liu,Yi Guo 사단법인약침학회 2018 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.11 No.1
Robustness, an ability of biological networks to uphold their functionalities in the face of perturbations, is a key characteristic of all living systems. Acupuncture is a procedure in which fine needles are inserted into an individual at discrete points and then manipulated, with the intent of preventing and curing diseases. Acupuncture does not directly eliminate pathogenic factors or pathological tissue; rather, acupuncture enhances the ability of the human body to self-medicate itself by activating complex regulatory systems and by maintaining physiological homeostasis to prevent or treat diseases. From this point of view, the effect of acupuncture on the human body is more likely a kind of regulation to promote robustness. That is to say, acupuncture has the ability to promote robustness. In this article, we review the properties and functions of acupuncture in preventing and treating diseases and in maintaining health by enhancing robustness.