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Protecting Caches from Soft Errors : A Microarchitect’s Perspective
Ko, Yohan,Jeyapaul, Reiley,Kim, Youngbin,Lee, Kyoungwoo,Shrivastava, Aviral Association for Computing Machinery 2017 ACM transactions on embedded computing systems Vol.16 No.4
<P>Soft error is one of the most important design concerns in modern embedded systems with aggressive technology scaling. Among various microarchitectural components in a processor, cache is the most susceptible component to soft errors. Error detection and correction codes are common protection techniques for cache memory due to their design simplicity. In order to design effective protection techniques for caches, it is important to quantitatively estimate the susceptibility of caches without and even with protections. At the architectural level, vulnerability is the metric to quantify the susceptibility of data in caches. However, existing tools and techniques calculate the vulnerability of data in caches through coarse-grained block-level estimation. Further, they ignore common cache protection techniques such as error detection and correction codes. In this article, we demonstrate that our word-level vulnerability estimation is accurate through intensive fault injection campaigns as compared to block-level one. Further, our extensive experiments over benchmark suites reveal several counter-intuitive and interesting results. Parity checking when performed over just reads provides reliable and power-efficient protection than that when performed over both reads and writes. On the other hand, checking error correcting codes only at reads alone can be vulnerable even for single-bit soft errors, while that at both reads and writes provides the perfect reliability.</P>
조영빈(Youngbin Cho),권보미(Bomi Gweon),고웅현(Ung Hyun Ko),신현정(Jennifer H. Shin) 한국가시화정보학회 2015 한국가시화정보학회지 Vol.13 No.1
Collective cell migration is a fundamental phenomenon observed in various biological processes such as development, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. During the collective migration, cells undergo changes in their phenotypes from those of stable to the migratory state via the process called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Recent findings in biology and biochemistry have shown that EMT is closely related to the cancer invasion or metastasis, but not much of the correlations in kinematics and physical forces between the neighboring cells are known yet. In this study, we aim to understand the cell migration and stress distribution within the expanding cell cluster. We constructed the in vitro cell cluster on the hydrogel, employed traction force microscopy (TFM) and monolayer stress microscopy (MSM) to visualize the physical forces within the expanding cell monolayer. During the expansion, cells at the cluster edge exhibited enhanced motility and developed focal adhesions that are the essential features of EMT while cells at the core of the cluster maintained the epithelial characteristics. In the aspect of mechanical stress, the cluster edge had the highest traction force of ~90 Pa directed toward the cluster core, which means that cells at the edge actively pull the substrate to make the cluster expansion. The cluster core of the tightly confined cells by neighboring cells had a lower traction force value (~60 Pa) but the highest intercellular normal stress of ~800 Pa because of the accumulation of traction from the edge of the monolayer.
Na, Youngbin,Ko, Do-Kyeong Elsevier 2019 OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY Vol.112 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We present a spatial light modulator (SLM) based phase shifting interferometry (PSI) using an optical vortex for sensing the refractive index (RI) of liquids. The vortex phase rotates according to the phase shift introduced by a medium, and its rotation angle quantifies the index of refraction of the sample. An interferometer modified with the SLM is designed to obtain reliable results. We experimentally demonstrate the stability of the SLM-based system by measuring interference and phase fluctuation. Experimental results show that the proposed system keeps the fluctuation small. The vortex probe PSI combined with the SLM-based interferometer enables not only detecting extremely small changes in concentration but also precisely measuring the RI with high resolution of ∼10<SUP>−5</SUP> refractive index unit.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The vortex phase rotates according to the phase shift introduced by a medium. </LI> <LI> The rotation angle of the vortex can quantify the refractive index of liquids. </LI> <LI> A system based on a spatial light modulator is built to retrieve the vortex phase. </LI> <LI> Compared with a Michelson interferometer, the proposed system is more stable. </LI> <LI> Extremely small differences in concentration, the order of 0.01%, is distinguished. </LI> </UL> </P>