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A Review Study on Ozone Phytotoxicity Metrics for Setting Critical Levels in Asia
Evgenios Agathokleous,Mitsutoshi Kitao,Yoshiyuki Kinose 한국대기환경학회 2018 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.12 No.1
Ground-level ozone (O3) can be a menace for vegetation, especially in Asia where O3 levels have been dramatically increased over the past decades. To ensure food security and maintain forest ecosystem services, such as nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration and functional diversity of soil biota, in the over-populated Asia, environmental standards are needed. To set proper standards, dose-response relationships should be established from which critical levels are derived. The predictor of the response in the dose-response relationship is an O3 metric that indicates the dose level to which the plant has been exposed. This study aimed to review the relevant scientific literature and summarize the O3 metrics used worldwide to provide insights for Asia. A variety of O3 metrics have been used, for which we discuss their strengths and weaknesses. The most widely used metrics are based only on O3 levels. Such metrics have been adopted by several regulatory agencies in the global. However, they are biologically irrelevant because they ignore the plant physiological capacity. Adopting AOT40 (O3 mixing ratios Accumulated Over the Threshold of 40 nmol mol-1) as the default index for setting critical levels in Asia would be a poor policy with severe consequences at national and Pan-Asian level. Asian studies should focus on flux-based O3 metrics to provide relevant bases for developing proper standards. However, given the technical requirements in calculating flux-based O3 metrics, which can be an important limitation in developing countries, no-threshold cumulative exposure indices like AOT0 should always accompany flux-based indices.
Mohammed Zia Uddin Kamal,Masahiro Yamaguchi,Fumika Azuchi,Yoshiyuki Kinose,Yoshiharu Wada,Ryo Funada,Takeshi Izuta 한국대기환경학회 2015 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.9 No.2
In Bangladesh, increases in the tropospheric ozone (O3) concentration and in soil salinization may lead to crop damage. To clarify the effects of O3 and/or soil salinity on Bangladeshi wheat cultivars, BAW1059 (salt-tolerant) and Shatabdi (salt-sensitive) were exposed to 70-day treatments with O3 (charcoal-filtered air (CF), 1.0×O3, and 1.5×O3) and different levels of soil salinity (0, 4, and 8 dS m-1). In both cultivars, the whole-plant dry mass and grain yield were significantly reduced by exposure to O3. Increased soil salinity caused significant reductions in whole-plant growth and yield in Shatabdi, but the reductions were negligible in BAW1059. No significant interactions between O3 and salinity were detected for growth, yield, and leaf gas exchange parameters in both cultivars. We concluded that the effects of O3 are not ameliorated by soil salinity in two Bangladeshi wheat cultivars, regardless of their salinity tolerance.
Kamal, Mohammed Zia Uddin,Yamaguchi, Masahiro,Azuchi, Fumika,Kinose, Yoshiyuki,Wada, Yoshiharu,Funada, Ryo,Izuta, Takeshi Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 2015 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.9 No.2
In Bangladesh, increases in the tropospheric ozone ($O_3$) concentration and in soil salinization may lead to crop damage. To clarify the effects of $O_3$ and/or soil salinity on Bangladeshi wheat cultivars, BAW1059 (salt-tolerant) and Shatabdi (salt-sensitive) were exposed to 70-day treatments with $O_3$ (charcoal-filtered air (CF), $1.0{\times}O_3$, and $1.5{\times}O_3$) and different levels of soil salinity (0, 4, and $8dS\;m^{-1}$). In both cultivars, the whole-plant dry mass and grain yield were significantly reduced by exposure to $O_3$. Increased soil salinity caused significant reductions in whole-plant growth and yield in Shatabdi, but the reductions were negligible in BAW1059. No significant interactions between $O_3$ and salinity were detected for growth, yield, and leaf gas exchange parameters in both cultivars. We concluded that the effects of $O_3$ are not ameliorated by soil salinity in two Bangladeshi wheat cultivars, regardless of their salinity tolerance.