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Stress Signaling Pathways for the Pathogenicity of <i>Cryptococcus</i>
Bahn, Yong-Sun,Jung, Kwang-Woo American Society for Microbiology 2013 EUKARYOTIC CELL Vol.12 No.12
<P>Sensing, responding, and adapting to the surrounding environment are crucial for all living organisms to survive, proliferate, and differentiate in their biological niches. This ability is also essential for <I>Cryptococcus neoformans</I> and its sibling species <I>Cryptococcus gattii</I>, as these pathogens have saprobic and parasitic life cycles in natural and animal host environments. The ability of <I>Cryptococcus</I> to cause fatal meningoencephalitis is highly related to its capability to remodel and optimize its metabolic and physiological status according to external cues. These cues act through multiple stress signaling pathways through a panoply of signaling components, including receptors/sensors, small GTPases, secondary messengers, kinases, transcription factors, and other miscellaneous adaptors or regulators. In this minireview, we summarize and highlight the importance of several stress signaling pathways that influence the pathogenicity of <I>Cryptococcus</I> and discuss future challenges in these areas.</P>
韓國 木造古建築의 合閣지붕마루에 관한 硏究 : 造形意識的 接近
柳翼善,金泰永,潘好鎔 청주대학교 산업과학연구소 1995 産業科學硏究 Vol.13 No.-
This study is to clarify the ridge of the half-hipped roof in the Korean ancient architecture, through the comparative study with the Chinese and Japanese ancient architecture from a form-oriented point of view. The results of this study, which are respectively based on 20 samples of Korean, Chinese, and Japanese architecture, are as follows, 1. The ridge of the hipped gable(합각마루) is just positioned inside of the shingle(너새) in Korean and Chinese ancient architecture, but more inside in Japanese. 2. The ridge line of the hipped gable, which is below the crossing with the hipped ridge(추녀마루) is longer an the shingle width in Chinese and Japanese ancient architecture, but very short in Korean. 3. The suspended curve of e ridge line(용마루선) occupies all of Korean ancient architectures, but the insignificant curve and e straight line are divided in two parts in Chinese and Japanese. It is supposed that the above qualities are caused by the vernacular and form-oriented background.
요추 추간판 탈출증 환자의 보존적 치료결과와 흡연의 상관성에 대한 임상적 고찰
반효정(Hyo-Jung Bahn),김석(Seok Kim),윤현석(Hyun-Seok Yoon),김한겸(Han-Kyum Kim),김선민(Sun-Min Kim),김지용(Jee-Yong Kim),김태헌(Tae-Hun Kim),박병윤(Byoung-Yoon Park) 척추신경추나의학회 2010 척추신경추나의학회지 Vol.5 No.2
Objectives : To investigate the association between cigarette smoking and clinical outcomes of conservative treatment for lumbar herniated disc. Methods : We reviewed 74 male patients with lumbar herniated disc who were hospitalized at the Jaseng Oriental Medicine Hospital. 74 patients were divided into 2 groups(smokers, non-smokers) and we measured age, ODI score, SF-36 score, VAS. Results : Between smokers and non-smokers, statically significant differences were found in clinical symptoms on the time of 6 months later, effective scores of treatments, value of ODI and value of VAS on the time of 6 months later. And in these values of measurements, non-smokers were higher than those of smokers. Conclusion : These results suggest that possibility of the association between cigarette smoking and clinical outcomes of conservative treatment for lumbar herniated disc.
A Phenylpropanoid Glycoside as a Calcineurin Inhibitor Isolated from Magnolia obovata Thunb
( Won Jeong Lee ),( Jae Sun Moon ),( Sung In Kim ),( Yong Sun Bahn ),( Hanna Lee ),( Tae Hoon Kang ),( Heung Mook Shin ),( Sung Uk Kim ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2015 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.25 No.9
To identify plant-derived cell signaling inhibitors with antifungal properties, a twocomponent screening system using both wild-type Cryptococcus neoformans and a calcineurin mutant was employed owing to their counter-regulatory actions on the Hog1 mitogenactivated protein kinase and calcineurin pathways. Of the 2,000 plant extracts evaluated, a single bioactive compound from M. obovata Thunb. was found to act specifically on the calcineurin pathway of C. neoformans. This compound was identified as magnoloside A, and had potent antifungal activities against various Cryptococcus strains with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 1.0 to 4.0 μg/ml.
Lee, Dong-Jik,Bahn, Yong-Sun,Kim, Hong-Jin,Chung, Seung-Yeon,Kang, Hyun Ah American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Bi 2015 The Journal of biological chemistry Vol.290 No.3
<P><I>Cryptococcus neoformans</I> is an encapsulated basidiomycete causing cryptococcosis in immunocompromised humans. The cell surface mannoproteins of <I>C. neoformans</I> were reported to stimulate the host T-cell response and to be involved in fungal pathogenicity; however, their <I>O-</I>glycan structure is uncharacterized. In this study, we performed a detailed structural analysis of the <I>O</I>-glycans attached to cryptococcal mannoproteins using HPLC combined with exoglycosidase treatment and showed that the major <I>C. neoformans O</I>-glycans were short manno-oligosaccharides that were connected mostly by α1,2-linkages but connected by an α1,6-linkage at the third mannose residue. Comparison of the <I>O</I>-glycan profiles from wild-type and <I>uxs1</I>Δ mutant strains strongly supports the presence of minor <I>O</I>-glycans carrying a xylose residue. Further analyses of <I>C. neoformans</I> mutant strains identified three mannosyltransferase genes involved in <I>O</I>-glycan extensions in the Golgi. <I>C. neoformans KTR3</I>, the only homolog of the <I>Saccharomyces cerevisiae KRE2/MNT1</I> family genes, was shown to encode an α1,2-mannosyltransferase responsible for the addition of the second mannose residue via an α1,2-linkage to the major <I>O</I>-glycans. <I>C. neoformans HOC1</I> and <I>HOC3</I>, homologs of the <I>Saccharomyces cerevisiae OCH1</I> family genes, were shown to encode α1,6-mannosyltransferases that can transfer the third mannose residue, via an α1,6-linkage, to minor <I>O</I>-glycans containing xylose and to major <I>O</I>-glycans without xylose, respectively. Moreover, the <I>C. neoformans ktr3</I>Δ mutant strain, which displayed increased sensitivity to SDS, high salt, and high temperature, showed attenuated virulence in a mouse model of cryptococcosis, suggesting that the extended structure of <I>O</I>-glycans is required for cell integrity and full pathogenicity of <I>C. neoformans</I>.</P>
( Won Jeong Lee ),( Jae Sun Moon ),( Sung In Kim ),( Young Tae Kim ),( Oyekanmi Nash ),( Yong Sun Bahn ),( Sung Uk Kim ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2014 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.24 No.10
In order to discover and develop novel signaling inhibitors from plants, a screening system was established targeting the two-component system of Cryptococcus neoformans by using the wild type and a calcineurin mutant of C. neoformans, based on the counter-regulatory action of high-osmolarity glycerol (Hog1) mitogen-activated protein kinase and the calcineurin pathways in C. neoformans. Among 10,000 plant extracts, that from Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv. exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity against C. neoformans var. grubii H99 with fludioxonil. Bioassay-guided fractionation was used to isolate two bioactive compounds from H. abyssinica, and these compounds were identified as chebulagic acid and chebulanin using spectroscopic methods. These compounds specifically inhibited the calcineurin pathway in C. neoformans. Moreover, they exhibited potent antifungal activities against various human pathogenic fungi with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.25 to over 64 μg/ml.