Overexpression of Zoysia ZjCIGR1 gene confers cold stress resistance to zoysiagrass

Yang‑Ji Kim,Dae‑Hwa Yang,Mi‑Young Park,Hyeon‑Jin Sun,Pill‑Soon Song,Hong‑Gyu Kang,Seok‑Cheol Suh,Yong‑Eok Lee,이효연 한국식물생명공학회 2020 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.14 No.1

Zoysia japonica Steud. is a warm-season lawn grass popular in Korea and elsewhere. They are cultivated in many places such as river banks, roadside, and play grounds. However, there still is a disadvantage of frequent mowing, and the grass grows poorly under the chilly conditions. To develop a grass variety that circumvents these drawbacks, we cloned the chitininducible gibberellins-responsive1 gene (CIGR1) from zoysiagrass. The full length of the ZjCIGR1 (Zj; Zoysia japonica Steud.) gene was obtained by 5′/3′ RACE PCR and the phylogenetic tree showed that it belonged to the CIGR1-subgroup in the PAT1-group of GRAS protein family. Expression of the ZjCIGR1 in wild-type plants was confirmed in roots, meristems, leaves, and flowers, especially high in the flowers. The transgenic zoysiagrass was confirmed by PCR using gene-specific primers, phosphinothricin-acetyl-transferase (PAT) strip test, and Southern blot analysis. ZjCIGR1-overexpressing plants acquired tolerance to cold stress displaying morphological phenotypes characteristic of stress resistance. In addition, in the transformants, expression of the ZjCIGR1 as well as cold-regulated (COR) gene was increased compared to the wild-type plants under cold stress condition. These results suggest that ZjCIGR1 gene is an important candidate for regulating cold stress resistance.

Plant Regeneration and Bulblet Formation of Allium wakegi Araki

Song,Won-seob,Yang,Deok-Chun,Yoon,Jae-Ho,Ryu,Sang-Hyun 한국자원식물학회 2004 Plant Resources Vol.7 No.1

Allium wakegi was cultured shoot tip in the condition of light culture. The Allium wakegi added plant growth regulator was observed of plant regeneration and bulblet formation. Callus Induction and growing rate was the best of 78% when added alone 2,4-D 0.5mg/L. In the formation of shoot, its regeneration rate was 96% when added BA 0.5mg/L in the light culture condition. When BA 0.5mg/L and NAA 0.5mg/L mixed and BA 0.5 mg/L and NAA 1.0mg/L mixed, the rates were 99% and 97% respectively, and these conditions were suitable for forming shoot. In the formation of roots, when added NAA 2.0mg/L in the light culture condition, the regeneration rate was 90.6 % and the roots were abnormal. When added NAA 1.0mg/L, the rate was 82 % and the highest. In the formation of bulbs, when BA 05mg/L and NAA 1.0mg/L mixed, the root generantion and its size in the bulbs was the best compare to other treatment experiments.

조선후기 지방재정과 계방의 출현 : 제역 및 제역촌과 관련하여

송양섭(Song Yang-seop) 湖西史學會 2011 역사와 담론 Vol.0 No.59

The Gye-Bang is a form of financing administration reluctantly adopted by local governments as a protocol of Je-yeok witnessed the Daedong Act and the Gyunyeok Act during the eighteenth century. The old practice of Je-yeok, however, was extensively adhered in procuring local incomes even after the enactment of Daedong and the Gyunyeok because the financial compensation was limited to the central government and the local finance was still in trouble. In the meantime, with the background of both communal taxing and the practice of Yang-ho, a various ways of Bang-nab (a sort of proxy tax payment) were widespread; the traditional Jye-yeok Villages (the tax-exempt communities) were, as a result, transformed into a new form of Gye-bang. Same in the cases of contemporaneous Min-go and Gunpogye practices, the Gye-bang was a kind of proxy-taxing agent between local government and community; it was highly propagated with the merits of both evading military duties and financing local institutes though. As a result, the Gye-bang played a significant role in collecting local revenue and this explains why it was strongly customized in the local administration in spite of its banning by central government.

國際프랜차이즈契約上 加盟契約者 保護問題

宋陽鎬 한국기업법학회 2001 企業法硏究 Vol.8 No.-

In Anbetracht der vielen unterschiedlichen Ausgestaltungen von Franchisevertra¨gen in der Praxis kann man kaum von dem zu definierenden Franchising sprechen. Dennoch kann in allgemeinster Form des Frachising festgehalten werden. Es stehen sich als Vertragsparteine der Franchisegerber(franchisor), der dem Franchisenehmer gengen Entgelt das Recht, im Rahmen eines Dauerschuldverha¨ltnisses bestimmte vom Franchisegeber u¨bernommene Waren/Dienstleistungen zu vertreiben, unter Benutzung von Image, Marken, Schutzrechten, technischem und gewerblichem Know-how gewa¨hrt udn der Frachisenehmer(franchisee), der rechtlich selbststa¨ndig bleibt und auf eigene Rechnung handelt, gegenu¨ber. Der Franchisegeber gewa¨hrt Ausbildung, Rat und Beistand. Der Franchisegeber u¨berwa¨cht die Einhaltung der gescha¨ftlichen Systempolitik und setzt diese durch Weisungen durch. Ein eigentlicher Franchise-boom erfolgt jetzt in Korea, als vermehrt auf Marktpansion gedra¨ngt und die Bereitschaft vieler Kaufleute, fremde Produkte auf eigene Rechnung zu vertreiben, ausgenu¨tzt wude. In dieser Zeit fallen auch die Gru¨ndungen der heute als klassische Beispiele fu¨r Franchising geltenden Unternehmugen der schnellimbiβbranche wie Burger King, McDonald's oder Kentucky Fried Chichken. In den folgenden Jahren breitete sich die Franchise-Idee in immer gro¨βerem Masse aus, sodaβ zur Zeit fast in jeder Branche Franchise-System zu finden sind. Zahlen u¨ber die Ha¨ufigkeit von Fanchise-Systmen in Korea sind daum erha¨ltlich. Gema¨β Scha¨tzungen der Koreanischen Franchise-Verinigung gibt es 2001 rund 1500 Franchise-Organisationen mit gegen 150,000 Franchisenehmern, wobei die Tendenz steigend sein soll. Ortmals wird asl mo¨gliche Schwa¨che des Franchise-Systems die relative starke Abha¨ngigkeit des Franchisenehmers vom Franchisegeber angesehen. Daher sollte der Franchisenhmer unter dem Aspekt des Fairplays beim Bestehen eines wirtschaftlich oder sozial unterlegenen Vertragspartners behandelt wereden. Deshalb wird die internationalprivatrechtliche Behandlung des typischen Franchisevertrags unter sozialen Beru¨cksichtigung dargestellt. Anschlieβend wird, ausgehend von der grundsa¨tzlichen Stellungnahme hinsichtlich eines mo¨glichen kollisionsrechtlichen Schutzes des Franchisenehmers, auf die einzelnen Problembereiche der Entscheidungszusta¨ndigkeit und des anwendbaren Rechts eingegangen.

位相的 解析에 依한 韓國住居의 原型 硏究

宋容浩,李鍾國,任亮彬 충남대학교 공업교육연구소 1984 論文集 Vol.7 No.2

In this paper, it is aimed to study the architype of Korean houses with topological analysis. So, first, the meaning & rationality of topological analysis on houses is discussed. Second, the traditional houses devided into Minka & Banka(Korean houses name of low & high society's) are analyzed. Third, the modem houses built since 1970 are analyzed, too. And last, hoses of both traditional ones and modern ones are interpretated comparatively. Conclusionally, the fact that architype of Korean houses comes from Minka is verified.

교육대학생의 교직에 관한 의식 : 춘천교육대학생을 중심으로

宋楊燮 춘천교육대학 학생지도연구소 1984 學生生活硏究 Vol.9 No.-

This study is purposed on the presenting essential materials for the improvements on the teacher training system, the management for the curriculum and the guidance with the analyzing the students' angles on the teaching profession. 302 students in Chun Cheon Teachers College served as subjects, This survey is devided into 6 areas ① The basic angles on the teaching profession, ② The angles on the teaching activities, ③ The angles on the human relations, ④ The angles on the education of children, ⑤ The angles on the social recognition of teaching profession, ⑥ etc, . Conducting this survey.I suggest some proposals as follows. ① It is necessary to establish the systems that students can apply for the teaching profession with the firm beliefs and a sense of duty on the teaching profession. ② It is necessary to reinforce the traning for the preparation, producing materials for the lesson. ③ It is also necessary to change the students' recognition that the educational administrative authorities are supporting positively for the teaching activities of teachers. ④ It is necessary to train the future-teachers that they should have devote themselves to the children with the full understandings and warm affections. ⑤ It is also necessary to improve the training systems for the high professional qualification,the rise in teachers' social status and to produce the atmosphere that the autonomy of teachers can be respected.

江原道 書院現況調査

宋楊燮 春川敎育大學 1986 論文集 Vol.26 No.-

This survey of the Seoweon (書院) has been done for the following objectives. First : To offer the fundamental data needed for the study on the educational system of Seoweon, a knid of traditional and private educational institutes in Korea. Second : To find the basic grounds for utilzation of Seoweon as training places for the national pride and identity through the upsurging of the great respects for our ancient sages and framous teachers. Third : To provide materials desirable for the policy which would stimulate local culture on the basis that Seoweon exercise the great influences on the morality and curtom of the people. The results of the survey are as follows ; 1. There are 10 Seoweons (書院) in Kangweon-do, and they are more distributed in the areas of Kangneung, Wonju and Chuncheon than any other areas. 2. One of them was established in the period of foundation in 17th Century, which falls under from the time of Joong Jong (中宗) to Seon Jo (宣祖). Eight of them were esta131ished in the period of development in 17c-l8c, from the time of Kwuang Hae Kun (光海君) to Jeong Jo (正祖) and the rest were in the period of decline in 19c, from the time of Soon Jo (純祖) to Ko Jong (高宗). O'Bong Seoweon (五峰書院) in Kangneung was the first one (1556) in Kangweon-do. 3. 22 Sages were respected and served ritually at the Seoweon (書院) in Kangweon-do, and each of them has a particular relaton with the place in which Seonweon had been founded. It was Confucius (孔子) and Chu-tzu (朱子) that were served ritually at O'Bong Seoweon (五峰書院) without any relations with the place, and those who do the services are Confucian scholars and civil officials. 4. Seoweon in Kangweon-do were all abolished by the removal policy of Dae Weon Kun (大院君) in 1868, and in 1871. 5. The buldings of Seoweons (書院) were rebuilt as follows. O'Bong Seoweon (五峰書院) in 1964, Songdam Seoweon (松潭書院) in 1971 in Kangneung area, and Don-gmyong Seoweon (東溟書院) in 1982 in Yangyang. 6. Among Seoweons (書院) in Kangweon-do, there arc 4 ones that do the ritual services. O'Bong Seoweon and Songdam Seoweon in Kangneung, Dongmyong Seoweon in Yangyang, and Kyeong haeng Seoweon in Samcheok area. O'Bong Seoweon does the ritual service on the day of the first Jeong (上丁日) in September of the lunar calendar (陰歷 9月), and the other Seoweon do it on the day of the second Jeong (中丁日) in February of the lunar calendar (陰歷 2月). The traditional ritual services are done according to the following procedures ; Jeonpae-rae (奠幣禮), Choheon-rae (初獻禮), A'heon-rae (亞獻禮), Jongheon-rae (綜獻禮), Umbok-rae (飮獻禮), and Mangyae-rae(望痙禮) . 7. The properties of Seoweon in Kangweon-do are mainly books and real estates (e, g. rice paddy fields, patches, and forests, etc.), These properties were transferred to Hyany-Gyo (鄕校) since Seoweon had been abolished. 44 kinds of books (467.volumes) transferred from O'Bong Seoweon and 34 kinds of books (148 volumes) from Songdam Seoweon have now been managed in Kangneung Hyang-Gyo (江陵鄕校) .

국제계약에 있어서 계약언어의 선택과 효과

송양호 韓國仲裁學會 2005 중재연구 Vol.15 No.1

When closing an international contract, both contract parties endeavor to convey their intentions from the stage of negotiation to the moment of signing the contract. Of the many problems presently related to contract language, the first one to consider is which contract party will run the risk of the language deficiencies occurring as a result of the misunderstanding and misinterpretation between different languages. The second problem to consider is whether the interpretation and translation of the contract language is needed and, if so, which party is going to bear the expenses and assume responsibility of the misinterpretation in the translation of, the contract language. The third problem is related to the obligation of explaining to both contract parties the contents and details of the international contract written in different languages. The fourth issue is which language of both contract parties becomes the standard contract language in the procedure of arbitration. The fifth, but not the last problem, is how to solve the language defects in interpreting and translating the contract languages. These five problems can be easily solved by the approval of the contract parties in scrutinizing and selecting the contract languages. However, this research mainly focuses on which effects of the contract language and as how io define and select the contract language.

대학 기숙사생의 식생활 행동과 기호도에 관한 조사연구 : 창원대학교, 경상대학교 기숙사생을 중심으로

송양순 昌原大學校 學生生活硏究所 1992 학생생활연구 Vol.5 No.-

This study was carried out as a basic survey to provide more effective and improved food service for the students of university dormitory during the period of Sep 13-17 in 1991. The subjects are male residents of dormitories at Chang Won Nat'l University and Kyong Sang Nat'l University. Following is the result of survey regarding the situation of their dietary life and their food preference of 209 kinds of foods tuffs. The average age of these subjects is 20 1, with the average height of 172±2 Cm and the average weight of 62.5±1.5 Kg. Their self-estimation shows that 29.4% of them feel "healthy", 43.9% "normal". They are dissatisfied with the current food service because of the taste of the food and the same kind of dishes which are being served too frequently. In other words, there is a need to improved the quality and to diversity the kind of the dishes and the cooking methods. As a staple food, the subjects show high preference for white boiled rice, and they also like those one-dish meals such as fried rice, laver-rolled rice, noodles and dumplings. Among the various porridges, red-bean and pumpkin porridges are preferred. These residents like meat based soups more than vegetable or fish soups. They show the highest preference for boiled chicken and then the beef soup. On the whole, they like vegetables. Uncooked vegetables were preferred to the cooked ones. There is also a high preference for dessert. Among the rice cakes, they like Songpyon and Injolmi. On the other hand, they do not like fishes and there is a low preference for cookies and candies. Regarding the cooking methods, there is a preference for deep-fried food. Pot-stews are preferred to the soups. As examined in the survey, these students want an improvement in the quality of the food. Therefore, there is a need for the diversified food supply and the improved cooking methods and meal service system to provide nutritious foods which meet their preferences.

機械化 集材作業에 따른 適定 林道密度 算出에 關한 考察

梁松鉉 동국대학교 생명자원과학대학 연습림 1993 연습림논문집 Vol.- No.3

The objective of this study is to investigate the optimum forest road density under the actual circumstance of forestry in Korea. In order to analyze the optimum forest road density, this study made use of the method “minimizing the total cost”. In this analysis, only monetary aspect were taken into account. They are: cost for forest road construction and maintenance, and cost for skidding. The applied skidding methods were mobile cable crane(K­300), forestry tractor(MB­Trac) and plastic shute(Leykam Logline). The result of analysis, namely the optimum forest road density is 11.12m/ha. Besides the result of this calculation, it was recommended to reckon in the walking cost of forest work and management, and the reduction of forest area caused by laying out of forest roads.