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Economic Impacts of Japanese Defense Spending in 1985
( William J Kelly ),( Douglas E Nyhus ) 한국국방연구원 1993 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.5 No.2
This paper examines the economic impacts of various forms of defense spending on the Japanese economy for the calendar year 1985. A simple static 79-sector input-output model was used. For each of three categories, personnel, procurement, and maintenance and other, spend- ing is shown for each of the 79 input-output sectors. The model then incorporates this data and estimates the direct and indirect requirements for goods and services needed to support the defense efforts of Japan. Such estimates, to the best of our knowledge, have not been previously available outside of Japan. The paper shows that while defense expen- ditures are very close to one percent of GNP they account for a far greater proportion of the output of certain key industries such as public administration (6.4 percent), other transport equipment (mainly aircraft) (5.2), communication equipment (4.7), shipbuilding (4.4) and semi- conductors (1.5). The impacts of defense spending are also examined by absolute size and by the impact on employment. The paper then examined the import requirements (direct and indirect) of providing defense. Aircraft, not surprisingly, provide the bulk of imports needed for Japanese defense. Secondly the paper examines the economic impacts of defense spend- ing on the shipbuilding industry. The paper concludes that Japanese defense spending is sixth largest in the world, and because it is such a small percent of GNP Japan has a great capacity to increase defense spending in the future should it so choose. Defense spending also has measurable effects throughout the Japanese economy and economic impacts on other countries.
William Kelly,Guy Kamguia,Peter Mullen,Antonio Ubiera,Kent Göklen,Zuyi Huang,Gerard Jones 한국생물공학회 2013 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.18 No.3
Expanded Bed experiments were conducted using a mixed mode (MM) resin to capture and purify a recombinant protein produced in yeast fermentation. Expanded bed breakthrough profiles show an overshoot in column effluent concentration of the target protein in the presence of cells and other broth proteins, similar to that seen by other researchers when loading two competing species onto packed beds. In this research, a numerical model assuming negligible axial dispersion is developed and first validated for columns loads that contain only the target protein. This model is solved by finite differences in a unique way that uses an embedded analytical-solution to increase solution speed and stability. To model expanded bed breakthrough of the target protein in the actual cell broth, it was assumed that the other non-product proteins in the broth compete for MM resin binding sites and might be represented as a second “average” species via a traditional two-component competitive Langmuir isotherm. Estimates of the Langmuir constant and broth concentration of this second species were then calculated from batch adsorption data. Using these parameters for the second species, and other batch-derived parameters for the target protein with this resin, this unique numerical modeling approach provided results that compare favorably to experimental breakthrough data at various flow rates. Finally, the model was employed for a parameter sensitivity analysis that shows which process variables are most important in determining breakthrough time and the shape and magnitude of the concentration overshoot.
William D. Tobler Jr,Kelly N. Nicholas,Carolyn De La Cruz 대한성형외과학회 2019 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.46 No.4
Umbilical preservation can be challenging, particularly in complex cases involving simultaneous ventral hernia repair and abdominoplasty. Although the umbilicus serves no functional purpose, removal of the umbilicus can draw unwanted attention to the abdominal area and can cause emotional distress to patients. There are several well documented options for umbilical reconstruction. We present a new umbilical reconstruction technique relevant for such cases. This neoumbilicoplasty allows for preservation of the original umbilicus with relocation and reconstruction using local flaps. The technique is relatively simple and the time needed is minimal. The result is a natural, well positioned umbilicus using the principles of spare part surgery.
Tobler, William D. Jr,Nicholas, Kelly N.,Cruz, Carolyn De La Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surge 2019 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.46 No.4
Umbilical preservation can be challenging, particularly in complex cases involving simultaneous ventral hernia repair and abdominoplasty. Although the umbilicus serves no functional purpose, removal of the umbilicus can draw unwanted attention to the abdominal area and can cause emotional distress to patients. There are several well documented options for umbilical reconstruction. We present a new umbilical reconstruction technique relevant for such cases. This neoumbilicoplasty allows for preservation of the original umbilicus with relocation and reconstruction using local flaps. The technique is relatively simple and the time needed is minimal. The result is a natural, well positioned umbilicus using the principles of spare part surgery.
Development of a Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for Scaling-up Ambr Bioreactors
Xianhua Li,Kara Scott,William J. Kelly,Zuyi Huang 한국생물공학회 2018 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.23 No.6
It is known that process scaling-up has always been a challenge in biopharmaceutical and food industry. In recent years, newly emerging microscale bioreactors like Ambr15 and Ambr250 have attracted significant attention for that they can provide high throughput and accelerate upstream process development. In this work, we developed the first multiphase Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model for an in-depth characterization of Ambr bioreactor systems. A number of advanced computational methods, including Reynolds stress turbulence model, population balance model, multiple reference frame (MRF), sliding mesh (SM) and user defined functions (UDFs), were integrated for the first time to systematically study the gas-liquid mixing in Ambr250 bioreactor. We provided detailed comparison between MRF and SM method, demonstrated the limitation of MRF for predicting bubble distribution in asymmetric reactors. Characteristics of hydrodynamics, mass transfer, turbulent dissipation and bubble size distribution were predicted from our CFD models and validated by existing experimental data for a variety of operating conditions for both the Ambr15 and Ambr250 bioreactors. The predicted kLa value ranges are 0.18 – 7.90 h-1 and 2.15 – 11.52 h-1 for Ambr250 and Ambr15, respectively. This work thus provides a superior framework for the computational modeling of microscale stirred bioreactors.
Lessard, Christopher J.,Adrianto, Indra,Kelly, Jennifer A.,Kaufman, Kenneth M.,Grundahl, Kiely M.,Adler, Adam,Williams, Adrienne H.,Gallant, Caroline J.,Anaya, Juan-Manuel,Bae, Sang-Cheol,Boackle, Sus Elsevier 2011 American journal of human genetics Vol.88 No.1
<P>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is considered to be the prototypic autoimmune disease, with a complex genetic architecture influenced by environmental factors. We sought to replicate a putative association at 11p13 not yet exceeding genome-wide significance (p < 5 × 10<SUP>−8</SUP>) identified in a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Our GWA scan identified two intergenic SNPs located between <I>PDHX</I> and <I>CD44</I> showing suggestive evidence of association with SLE in cases of European descent (rs2732552, p = 0.004, odds ratio [OR] = 0.78; rs387619, p = 0.003, OR = 0.78). The replication cohort consisted of >15,000 subjects, including 3562 SLE cases and 3491 controls of European ancestry, 1527 cases and 1811 controls of African American (AA) descent, and 1265 cases and 1260 controls of Asian origin. We observed robust association at both rs2732552 (p = 9.03 × 10<SUP>−8</SUP>, OR = 0.83) and rs387619 (p = 7.7 × 10<SUP>−7</SUP>, OR = 0.83) in the European samples with p<SUB>meta</SUB> = 1.82 × 10<SUP>−9</SUP> for rs2732552. The AA and Asian SLE cases also demonstrated association at rs2732552 (p = 5 × 10<SUP>−3</SUP>, OR = 0.81 and p = 4.3 × 10<SUP>−4</SUP>, OR = 0.80, respectively). A meta-analysis of rs2732552 for all racial and ethnic groups studied produced p<SUB>meta</SUB> = 2.36 × 10<SUP>−13</SUP>. This locus contains multiple regulatory sites that could potentially affect expression and functions of <I>CD44</I>, a cell-surface glycoprotein influencing immunologic, inflammatory, and oncologic phenotypes, or PDHX, a subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.</P>