한국전쟁기간 중국의 군비지출과 대북지원

Wang Yuan Zhou 건국대학교 통일인문학연구단 2011 통일인문학 Vol.52 No.-

중화인민공화국 건국 1년도 채 되지 않은 1950년 6월 25일 발발한 한국전쟁으로 당시 중국공산당의 재정은 매우 어려운 상황에 직면했다. 이 위기에서 벗어나기 위해 중국은 노력하고 있었다. 미국이 한국전쟁에 개입하여 전세가 역전되었을 때 중국은 파병여부를 토의하는 과정에서 군사문제뿐만 아니라 재정적인 부담 또한 고려해야만 했다. 한국전쟁 이후 중국과 북한간의 구상무역이 어려워지자 북한은 중국에 각종 물자, 현금과 인적 자원의 원조를 요청하였고, 중국 동북지역은 사실상 북한의 후방 지원 기지가 되었다. 북한의 각종 원조에 대해 중국정부는 동북인민정부와 동북군구에 명하여 북한이 만족할 수 있도록 충분한 지원을 하도록 하였다. 심지어 당시 제공된 원조 성격을 가지지 않는 물자와 비용은 전후 모두 원조한 것으로 처리하였다. 정전 협정 이후 중국과 북한은"경제와 문화 협력에 관한 협정"을 체결하여 구 인민폐 8조 원 지원하고, 북한의 철로 등 교통 시설 복구에 참여했을 뿐만 아니라 북한학생의 중국 유학과 기술자를 양성하여 북한의 전후 복구에 있어 중요한 역할을 하였다. The Korean War, broke out in June 25, 1950 which was only one year after People's Republic of China(PRC) was found, aggravate the financial difficulties of Communist Party of China (CPC). CPC recognised that it was not only military affairs but also financial issues when they were discussing whether to fight due to USA was involved in the Korean War and turned the tide. North Korea requested PRC for help in resources, financial and human resource areas. The north eastern part of China became the back base for supporting. CPC required the local people's governments and army headquarters in north eastern China to satisfy all the requirements from North Korea. After the armistice of Korean War was signed, PRC and North Korea signed an Economic and Cultural Cooperation Agreement. The amount of assistance from PRC to North Korea was 8 trillion old yuan. PRC helped North Korea repairing the transportations such as railway and trained their technical staff via studying in China. In conclusion, PRC plays a key role in the reconstruction of North Korea after the Korean War.

First-principles Study of the Electronic Structure of Nonmetal-doped Anatase TiO2

Yuan Wang,Jing Ma,Jian-Ping Zhou,Xiao-Ming Chen,Jing-Zhou Wang 한국물리학회 2016 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.68 No.3

In this paper, we present a detailed study of the structure, defect formation energy, and electronic and magnetic properties of nonmetal-doped TiO2 by using the first-principles projector augmented wave (PAW) potential within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The formation energy reduces with increasing electronegativity of the dopant. After doping with nonmetal elements, some band gaps of the doped-TiO2 become narrow, and others become wide, in which impurity states appear in the band gap. The relative positions of the impurity states are much different, mainly caused by the different electronegativities of the nonmetal elements F, O, B, C and N. When H is added to achieve a charge balance, the impurity states approach the valence band maximum, because the electronegativity difference among the nonmetal elements is decreased. Therefore, nonmetal and H codoping is an effective way to improve the visible-light catalytic activity of anatase TiO2. In addition, N-doping and C-doping can cause spin polarization of the TiO2 electronic structure and form 1.0 μB and 2.0 μB magnetic moment, respectively.

Association Study of Polymorphisms in Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subunit Genes With Schizophrenia in the Han Chinese Population

Yuan-yuan Li,Rui-jie Geng,Shun-ying Yu,Guan-jun Li,Zhou-ye Wang,Hua-fang Li 대한신경정신의학회 2021 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.18 No.10

Objective To investigate the relation between nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit (nAChR) genes and schizophrenia, and the relation between tag single nucleotide polymorphism (rs1317286, rs1044396, rs6494212, rs16969968, and rs684513) and schizophrenia in Han Chinese people. Methods The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network among nAChR protein and 350 proteins encoded by schizophrenia-related susceptibility genes was constructed through the String database to explore whether nAChR genes were associated with schizophrenia in these known databases. Then, five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CHRNA3 (rs1317286), CHRNA4 (rs1044396), CHRNA7 (rs6494212), and CHRNA5 (rs16969968, rs684513) were analyzed in a sample of 1,035 schizophrenic patients and 816 healthy controls. The interaction between the markers was analyzed using multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) software. Power analysis was performed using the Quanto program. Results There are no significant differences in genotype or allele distribution were identified between the patients and controls (p>0.05). The haplotypes constructed by four markers rs1317286, rs6494212, rs16969968, and rs684513 were not associated with schizophrenia either. However, a significant association between models made of rs1317286, rs1044396, rs6494212, and rs684513 and schizophrenia was revealed in interaction analysis (p<0.05). Conclusion The nAChR protein may have effects on the development of schizophrenia through the interaction with proteins encoded by schizophrenia-related susceptibility genes, but no relation was found between selected polymorphisms and schizophrenia in the collected Han Chinese people. However, interaction analysis suggested four-SNP model has an important effect on schizophrenia.

Transiting Exoplanet Monitoring Project (TEMP). IV. Refined System Parameters, Transit Timing Variations, and Orbital Stability of the Transiting Planetary System HAT-P-25

Wang, Xian-Yu,Wang, Songhu,Hinse, Tobias C.,Li, Kai,Wang, Yong-Hao,Laughlin, Gregory,Liu, Hui-Gen,Zhang, Hui,Wu, Zhen-Yu,Zhou, Xu,Zhou, Ji-Lin,Hu, Shao-Ming,Wu, Dong-Hong,Peng, Xi-Yan,Chen, Yuan-Yuan Astronomical Society of the Pacific 2018 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pa Vol.130 No.988

Reformability evaluation of blasting-enhanced permeability in in situ leaching mining of low-permeability sandstone-type uranium deposits

Wang Wei,Liang Xuanyu,Niu Qinghe,Wang Qizhi,Zhuo Jinyi,Su Xuebin,Zhou Genmao,Zhao Lixin,Yuan Wei,Chang Jiangfang,Zheng Yongxiang,Pan Jienan,Wang Zhenzhi,Ji Zhongmin 한국원자력학회 2023 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.55 No.8

It is essential to evaluate the blasting-enhanced permeability (BEP) feasibility of a low-permeability sandstone-type uranium deposit. In this work, the mineral composition, reservoir physical properties and rock mechanical properties of samples from sandstone-type uranium deposits were first measured. Then, the reformability evaluation method was established by the analytic hierarchy process-entropy weight method (AHP-EWM) and the fuzzy mathematics method. Finally, evaluation results were verified by the split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) experiment and permeability test. Results show that medium sandstone, argillaceous sandstone and siltstone exhibit excellent reformability, followed by coarse sandstone and fine sandstone, while the reformability of sandy mudstone is poor and is not able to accept BEP reservoir stimulation. The permeability improvement and the distribution of damage fractures before and after the SHPB experiment confirm the correctness of evaluation results. This research provides a reformability evaluation method for the BEP of the low-permeability sandstone-type uranium deposit, which contributes to the selection of the appropriate regional and stratigraphic horizon of the BEP and the enhanced ISL of the low-permeability sandstone-type uranium deposit.

Role of folP1 and folP2 Genes in the Action of Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim Against Mycobacteria

( Tian Zhou Liu ),( Bang Xing Wang ),( Jin Tao Guo ),( Yang Zhou ),( Mugweru Julius ),( Moses Njire ),( Yuan Yuan Cao ),( Tian Wu ),( Zhi Yong Liu ),( Chang Wei Wang ),( Yong Xu ),( Tian Yu Zhang ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2015 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.25 No.9

The combination of trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) has been shown to be active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in clinical tuberculosis (TB) treatment. However, the mechanism of action of TMP-SMX against Mtb is still unknown. To unravel this, we have studied the effect of TMP and SMX by deleting the folP2 gene in Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm), and overexpressing the Mtb and Msm folP1/2 genes in Msm. Knocking out of the folP2 gene in Msm reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration of SMX 8-fold compared with wild type. Overexpression of the folP1 genes from Mtb and Msm increased the MICs by 4- and 2-fold in Msm for SMX and TMP, respectively. We show a strong correlation between the expression of folP1 and folP2 genes and TMP-SMX resistance in mycobacteria. This suggests that a combination of FolP2 inhibitor and SMX could be used for TB treatment with a better outcome.

한국전쟁기 세균전 문제와 세균학자 방관혁의 선택

왕원주(Wang, Yuan-zhou),신규환(Sihn, Kyu-hwan) 의료역사연구회 2020 의료사회사연구 Vol.5 No.1

방관혁(方觀赫: 1912-2015, 중국명 팡량方亮)은 1935년 세브란스연합의학전문학교 졸업 후 중국 베이징협화의학원(北京協和醫學院)에서 인턴을 거쳤고, 그 후 베이징협화의학원에서 학생들을 가르치며 세균학 연구에 종사했다. 태평양전쟁 발발 이후, 그는 위베이징대학교의학원(僞北京大學校醫學院)으로 자리를 옮겼고, 중공 지하당 조직과 연계하여 항일운동에 적극 헌신했다. 전후(戰後), 방관혁은 중국공산당에 가입하였고, 베이징대학교의‘민주교수’로 유명해졌다. 1949년 이후로, 그는 주로 지식인의 통일전선 공작을 수행했다. 한국전쟁 중 미군의 세균전 문제가 대두되자, 방관혁은 중국인민 항미원조 지원방역검험대(中國人民抗美援朝志願防疫檢驗隊) 부대장으로 북한으로 가게 되었고, 이로 인해 세균전의 소용돌이에 휘말리게 되었다. 당시에는 세균전의 증거를 찾는 것이 국가 이익에 직결되는 문제였기 때문에, 세균학 전문가인 방관혁은 방역검험대에 참여하여 세균전 증거를 수집하는데 열중했다. 그의 의학자로서의 활동은 정치적인 요구에 종속되어 있었다. 한국전쟁 정전 후, 방관혁은 중국으로 돌아가, 계속해서 베이징대학교의학원과 시안의학원(西安醫學院)에서 일했고, ‘조선족 지식인’의 선진 전형으로 여겨졌다. 요컨대, 방관혁은 1930년대 중국에 자리잡은 한국인 가운데 전문직에 종사하면서 항일전쟁과 신중국 건립에 참여한 대표적인 좌파 지식인이라 할 수 있다. 한국의 의사이자 독립운동가로 출발한 그의 인색 역정은 중국의 세균학자이자 혁명원로로서 이방인의 삶을 마감하였다. Bang Gwan-hyeok(1912-2015: Chinese name is Pang Liang) interned at Peking Union Medical College(PUMC) in China after graduating from Severance Union Medical College, then taught students at PUMC and engaged in bacteriology research. After the outbreak of the Pacific War, he moved to Puppet Peking National University of Medicine and actively devoted himself to the anti-Japanese movement in conjunction with the Chinese underground party organization. After the war, Bang Gwan-hyeok joined the Chinese Communist Party and became famous as the ‘Democratic Professor’ of Peking University. Since 1949, he participated in the United Front mainly operated by intellectuals. When the issue of U.S. bacteriological warfare emerged during the Korean War, he joined t he a id i nspection team and went t o North Korea, w hich c aused i t to b ecom e embroiled in a whirlwind of the issue. At that times finding evidence of bacteriological warfare was a matter directly related to the national interest, so Bang Gwan-hyeok, an expert in bacteriology, participated in the Chinese People s Qurantine and Inspection Support Unit and concentrated on collecting evidence of bacterial warfare. His scientific enthusiasm was subordinate to the political demands of the Cold War in the name of the interests of the state and the people. After the Korean War finished, he returned to China, continuing to work at PUMC and the Xian Medical College, and was considered an advanced epitome of ethnic Korean intellectuals. In short, Bang Gwan-hyeok is a representative figure of a left-wing expert among ethnic Koreans who came to China in the 1930s and lived in a period of political subordination of science after New China.

Clinical Significance of BCR-ABL Fusion Gene Subtypes in Chronic Myelogenous and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemias

Ye, Yuan-Xin,Zhou, Juan,Zhou, Yan-Hong,Zhou, Yi,Song, Xing-Bo,Wang, Jun,Lin, Li,Ying, Bin-Wu,Lu, Xiao-Jun Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.22

Background: Some reports have suggested that chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients have a higher prevalence of M-bcr than acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients, which show a higher prevalence of m-bcr. However, the relationship between BCR-ABL subtypes and progression of CML and ALL remains unclear. Materials and Methods: 354 CML chronic phase (CML-CP) patients, 26 CML blastic phase (CML-BP) patients and 72 ALL patients before treatment with BCR-ABL positive were recruited for blood routine examination and bone marrow smear cytology. Some 80 CML-CP and 32 ALL patients after imatinib (IM) treatment were followed-up for BCR-ABL relative concentrations detected after treatment for 3, 6 and 9 months and 1 year. Results: Before treatment, CML-CP patients showed lower BCR-ABL relative concentrations with a higher proportion of M-bcr (42.7%) compared to CML-BP and ALL patients while ALL patients had a higher BCR-ABL relative concentration with high expression of m-bcr (51.4%). Patients with M-bcr demonstrated higher WBC counts than those with m-bcr and the mixed group and higher PLT counts were noted in the CML-CP and ALL groups. After imatinib (IM) treatment, patients with m-bcr showed higher BCR-ABL relative concentrations in both CML-CP and ALL groups. Conclusions: This study identified the BCR-ABL gene as an important factor in CML and ALL cases. The M-bcr subtype was associated more with CML while the m-bcr subtype was associated more with ALL. Patients with m-bcr seem to have a poorer response to IM in either CML or ALL patients compared to M-bcr patients.

Phosphorylation of Silk Fibroin via Maillard Reaction and Its Behavior of Biomimetic Mineralization

Jingjing Yuan,Qian Zhou,Ping Wang,Chao Deng,Jiugang Yuan,Qiang Wang 한국섬유공학회 2019 Fibers and polymers Vol.20 No.8

Silk fibroin (SF) has the characteristics of non-toxicity, good biocompatibility and low immunogenicity, andexhibits many potential applications in biomaterial fields. In the present work, chemical phosphorylation of SF was carriedout via the Maillard reaction using D-glucose-6-phosphate (GP), aiming at increasing the number of binding-sites forcalcium ion and promoting the biomimetic mineralization of SF films. Changes in the molecular weight of SF before andafter GP grafting were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and SEC chromatogram. Structures, morphologies, and elementalcompositions for the fibroin-based films before and after mineralization were evaluated by the means of EDS, SEM, FTIR,and XRD. The results indicated that GP was successfully grafted onto SF surfaces, companying with a slight decrease in themolecular weight. Biomimetic mineralization led to a noticeable deposition of hydroxyapatite (HAp) on the film of SF-g-GP, and higher contents of calcium and phosphorous were detected on the mineralized material, revealing thatphosphorylation promoted the mineralization processing. Meanwhile, biocompatibility of the obtained SF-g-GP/HAp wasabove the acceptable level according to ISO 10993-5-2009. The present work provides an alternative to prepare the fibroinbasedbone repair materials.

조선후기 북벌대의론의 변화와 영향: 조선중화의주의에 대한 시론

왕원주 ( Yuan Zhou Wang ) 연세대학교 사회과학연구소 2009 社會科學論集 Vol.40 No.1