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Role of mixing mediums in the synthesis of single phase CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO)
Rosyaini Afindi Zaman,Wan Fahmin Faiz Wan Ali,Mohamad Johari Abu,Julie Juliewatty Mohamed,Mohd. Fadzil Ain,Zainal Arifin Ahmad 한양대학교 세라믹연구소 2016 Journal of Ceramic Processing Research Vol.17 No.6
The role of mixing mediums on synthesizing high purity CCTO as a function of calcination temperature was systematicallyinvestigated via solid state reaction (SSR) route. The efficacy of the mediums (ethanol, deionised water, distilled water, and drymix) was primarily determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and FESEM, respectively. It is found that, a single phaseCCTO was successfully synthesized in all mediums, with the deionised water showed the lowest reaction temperature (950 oC)to fully crystallize the powder mixtures compared to other mediums. No significant changes were seen in the grain shape sinceonly a bimodal structure with grain size ranging from 0.5 μm to 2.57 μm was observed. The effect of media was also seen intheir dielectric properties of the calcined powders. Dry mixing (DM) had the highest dielectric permittivity (εr = 118) whereasothers are only between 59-99. Therefore, this observation proved that mixing medium could influence the formationtemperature and dielectric properties of CCTO.
Zainal Muhammad Thalhah,Mohd Yasin Mohd Fairus,Wan Ali Wan Fahmin Faiz,Tamrin Khairul Fikri,Ani Mohd Hanafi 한국탄소학회 2020 Carbon Letters Vol.30 No.5
Although fame synthesis promises economic beneft and rapid synthesis of carbon nanotube (CNT), the lack of control and understanding of the efects of fame parameters (e.g., temperature and precursor composition) impose some challenges in modelling and identifying CNT growth region for obtaining better throughput. The present study presents an investigation on the types of carbon precursor that afect CNT growth region on nickel catalyst particles in an ethylene inverse difusion fame. An established CNT growth rate model that describes physical growth of CNT is utilised to predict CNT length and growth region using empirical inputs of fame temperature and species composition from the literature. Two variations of the model are employed to determine the dominant precursor for CNT growth which are the constant adsorption activation energy (CAAE) model and the varying adsorption activation energy (VAAE) model. The carbon precursors investigated include ethylene, acetylene, and carbon monoxide as base precursors and all possible combinations of the base precursors. In the CAAE model, the activation energy for adsorption of carbon precursor species on catalyst surface Ea,1 is held constant whereas in the VAAE model, Ea,1 is varied based on the investigated precursor. The sensitivity of the growth rate model is demonstrated by comparing the shifting of predicted growth regions between the CAAE model and the VAAE model where the CAAE model serves as a control case. Midpoint-based and threshold-based techniques are employed within each model to quantify the predicted CNT growth region. Growth region prediction based on the midpoint-VAAE approach demonstrates the importance of acetylene and carbon monoxide to some extent towards CNT growth. Ultimately, the threshold-VAAE model shows that the dominant precursor for CNT growth is the mixture of acetylene and carbon monoxide. A simplifed reaction mechanism is proposed to describe the surface chemistry for precursor reactions with nickel catalyst where decomposition of the ethylene fuel source into acetylene and carbon monoxide is accounted for by chemisorption.