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철분 결핍성 빈혈이 어린이의 인지도 및 신경계 발달에 끼치는 영향
Walter, Thomas 대한영양사협회 1999 대한영양사협회 학술지 Vol.5 No.2
When iron deficiency anemia ensues during the first 2 years of life it has been associated with delayed psychomotor development and changes in behavior. These effects have been shown to persist after several months of iron therapy, despite complete correction of iron nutritional measures. Moreover, it is still uncertain whether or to what extent they are reversible after a extended period of observation, since the long term prospective follow-up studies reported to date, show the persistence of cognitive deficits at 5~6 and at 10 years of age in those who during infancy had anemia. The inherent difficulties of identifying intervening variables in the complex field of mental development, coupled in some cases with suboptimal design have prevented significant progress in the investigation of iron deficiency. However, two studies, one conducted in Costa Rica (Lozoff et al, 1987) and the other in Santiago, Chile (Walter, et al 1989), taking into careful consideration the potential pitfalls confirm conclusions arising from previous work. The Santiago study was performed in association with a field trial of fortified infant foods. One hundred ninety-six healthy, full-term infants were assessed with the Bayley scales of infant development(Bayley, 1969) at 12, 121/2 and 15 months of age. The Costa Rica study enrolled 191 12 to 23 month-old otherwise healthy infants with diverse iron status. The infants were divided into groups ranging from most to least iron deficient.
Walters, K.,Tamaddon-Jahromi, H.R.,Webster, M.F.,Tome, M.F.,McKee, S. The Korean Society of Rheology 2009 Korea-Australia rheology journal Vol.21 No.4
In various attempts to relate the behaviour of highly-elastic liquids in complex flows to their rheometrical behaviour, obvious candidates for study have been the variation of shear viscosity with shear rate, the two normal stress differences $N_1$ and $N_2$, especially $N_1$, and the extensional viscosity $\eta_E$. In this paper, we shall be mainly interested in 'constant-viscosity' Boger fluids, and, accordingly, we shall limit attention to $N_1$ and $\eta_E$. We shall concentrate on two important flows - axisymmetric contraction flow and "splashing" (particularly that which arises when a liquid drop falls onto the tree surface of the same liquid). Modern numerical techniques are employed to provide the theoretical predictions. It is shown that the two obvious manifestations of viscoelastic rheometrical behaviour can sometimes be opposing influences in determining flow characteristics. Specifically, in an axisymmetric contraction flow, high $\eta_E$ can retard the flow, whereas high $N_1$ can have the opposite effect. In the splashing experiment, high $\eta_E$ can certainly reduce the height of the so-called Worthington jet, thus confirming some early suggestions, but, again, other rheometrical influences can also have a role to play and the overall picture may not be as clear as it was once envisaged.
( Walter E. Grunden ) 한국과학사학회 2021 한국과학사학회지 Vol.43 No.2
This essay examines two aspects of the legacy of Japan’s manufacture and deployment of chemical weapons (CW) in World War II: the medical issues that arose among workers in Japan’s chemical industry related to weapons manufacturing and the long-term environmental impact of abandoned chemical weapons (ACW) remaining in China and Japan. The essay argues that these subjects have received inadequate attention due largely to three factors: the secrecy imposed upon the matter beginning in the immediate postwar period; the bureaucratic inertia that characterized the Japanese government’s attitude toward industrial workers during and after the war as well Chinese victims who suffered injuries as a result of ACW in China; and political constraints imposed by postwar agreements. Consequently, the victims - both Chinese and Japanese - have not been adequately compensated by either government. Nor has this subject received much attention in Korea, another site of Japan’s industrial manufacturing during the war, largely because the munitions plants in question were predominantly located in what is today North Korea. The issue of ACW related illnesses and deaths remains politically charged and controversial, despite efforts of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1997 to address it.
Rheometry of polymer melts using processing machines
Walter Friesenbichler,Andreas Neunhäuserer,Ivica Duretek 한국유변학회 2016 Korea-Australia rheology journal Vol.28 No.3
The technology of slit-die rheometry came into practice in the early 1960s. This technique enables engineers to measure the pressure drop very precisely along the slit die. Furthermore, slit-die rheometry widens up the measurable shear rate range and it is possible to characterize rheological properties of complicated materials such as wall slipping PVCs and high-filled compounds like long fiber reinforced thermoplastics and PIM-Feedstocks. With the use of slit-die systems in polymer processing machines e.g., Rauwendaal extrusion rheometer, by-pass extrusion rheometer, injection molding machine rheometers, new possibilities regarding rheological characterization of thermoplastics and elastomers at processing conditions near to practice opened up. Special slit-die systems allow the examination of the pressure-dependent viscosity and the characterization of cross-linking elastomers because of melt preparation and reachable shear rates comparable to typical processing conditions. As a result of the viscous dissipation in shear and elongational flows, when performing rheological measurements for high-viscous elastomers, temperature-correction of the apparent values has to be made. This technique was refined over the last years at Montanuniversitaet. Nowadays it is possible to characterize all sorts of rheological complicated polymeric materials under process- relevant conditions with viscosity values fully temperature corrected.